Therapists in Massachusetts

View cities and counties in Massachusetts
Photo of Amelia Hasbun, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amelia Hasbun
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
I enjoy working with couples, the LGBTQIA+ community, women, people of color, children, families, those of various cultural backgrounds, those with anxiety and depression, and those navigating life stressors or geographic moves. I like working with clients who are ready to work authentically on stated goals.
I enjoy working with couples, the LGBTQIA+ community, women, people of color, children, families, those of various cultural backgrounds, those with anxiety and depression, and those navigating life stressors or geographic moves. I like working with clients who are ready to work authentically on stated goals.
(781) 745-3882 View (781) 745-3882
Photo of Annette C Mooney, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Annette C Mooney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
East Boston, MA 02128
Waitlist for new clients
All sessions available in English and Spanish. Through my own and shared life experiences, I have come to know many perspectives throughout the world. Underlying the richness and uniqueness of each culture - racial, ethnic, familial, and all the nuance of what defines us - I have learned there is a common longing: to not only live but to thrive in life; to give and to receive; to have purpose and to know it. Challenges are a given along life’s journey. Contrary to what many believe, to seek help does not make one weak but rather, on some level indicates one is willing and capable of growth and, as needed, of change.
All sessions available in English and Spanish. Through my own and shared life experiences, I have come to know many perspectives throughout the world. Underlying the richness and uniqueness of each culture - racial, ethnic, familial, and all the nuance of what defines us - I have learned there is a common longing: to not only live but to thrive in life; to give and to receive; to have purpose and to know it. Challenges are a given along life’s journey. Contrary to what many believe, to seek help does not make one weak but rather, on some level indicates one is willing and capable of growth and, as needed, of change.
(857) 384-5167 View (857) 384-5167
Photo of David McDonald, MA, LLM, AiT
David McDonald
MA, LLM, AiT
Verified Verified
Housatonic, MA 01236
Waitlist for new clients
I'm a Jungian-oriented psychoanalyst. I work with people seeking to navigate the complexities and challenges of their lives, in particular relationships, issues of self esteem, depression and anxiety, and major life transitions. This work is about connecting more fully with our unconscious – that part of it which binds us to the past and that which points to the future. The goal is that, over time, we develop a more robust, self-reflective form of experience which breaks through the closed circle of outdated and self-defeating narratives, embraces agency and responsibility, and leads to a life that is full, authentic, and our own.
I'm a Jungian-oriented psychoanalyst. I work with people seeking to navigate the complexities and challenges of their lives, in particular relationships, issues of self esteem, depression and anxiety, and major life transitions. This work is about connecting more fully with our unconscious – that part of it which binds us to the past and that which points to the future. The goal is that, over time, we develop a more robust, self-reflective form of experience which breaks through the closed circle of outdated and self-defeating narratives, embraces agency and responsibility, and leads to a life that is full, authentic, and our own.
(413) 300-9855 View (413) 300-9855
Photo of Josephine Banigo - Victoria Counseling Services, PMNP-BC, ACNP-BC
Victoria Counseling Services
PMNP-BC, ACNP-BC
Verified Verified
Marlborough, MA 01752
As an Acute/Critical Care Nurse Practitioner, I was not cognizant of the impact of mental illness on family and society, until I decided to pursue a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Degree. I believe that societal stigmatization of mental illness, and the shame felt by families who have a loved one with mental illness, makes it difficult for these patients to recover, and live peacefully for the rest of their lives. Psychiatric illness should be treated like a medical illness with no stigma, no blame or shame.
As an Acute/Critical Care Nurse Practitioner, I was not cognizant of the impact of mental illness on family and society, until I decided to pursue a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Degree. I believe that societal stigmatization of mental illness, and the shame felt by families who have a loved one with mental illness, makes it difficult for these patients to recover, and live peacefully for the rest of their lives. Psychiatric illness should be treated like a medical illness with no stigma, no blame or shame.
(508) 906-7395 View (508) 906-7395
Photo of Yolanda Guante, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Yolanda Guante
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dracut, MA 01826
If you have decided to seek professional help you have accomplished the first step. You have been courageous & will now embark on a journey of self-discovery. Finding the most suitable therapist is the second step. I tailor my therapeutic approach to the needs of my clients; I believe that each person should be treated as an individual and that each individual has their own set of needs. I work together with my clients to figure out what those needs are while building trusting, judgment free relationships and through the use of humor whenever possible.
If you have decided to seek professional help you have accomplished the first step. You have been courageous & will now embark on a journey of self-discovery. Finding the most suitable therapist is the second step. I tailor my therapeutic approach to the needs of my clients; I believe that each person should be treated as an individual and that each individual has their own set of needs. I work together with my clients to figure out what those needs are while building trusting, judgment free relationships and through the use of humor whenever possible.
(339) 444-5445 View (339) 444-5445
Photo of Kelly Williams, LMHC, Counselor
Kelly Williams
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Norwood, MA 02062  (Online Only)
My approach to therapy is a collaborative style that is tailored to your unique needs. I bring compassion, patience, and humor to the process as we explore what may be interfering with your goals. I feel privileged to hear life's stories and to help you navigate and make sense of them. Together, let's build on your strengths so you can be empowered to be your best self.
My approach to therapy is a collaborative style that is tailored to your unique needs. I bring compassion, patience, and humor to the process as we explore what may be interfering with your goals. I feel privileged to hear life's stories and to help you navigate and make sense of them. Together, let's build on your strengths so you can be empowered to be your best self.
(781) 570-5180 View (781) 570-5180
Photo of John Francis Schatzel - Schatzel Counseling Group, PC, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Schatzel Counseling Group, PC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Quincy, MA 02169
Growth toward a more comfortable and confident you. Services are provided so that clients may develop growth across a number of domains. Clients are asked to be active participants in our work together, in addition to any plans for their own personal development. Approaches include but are not limited to developing a repertoire of skills based around the following categories: Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, Distress Tolerance, and Mindfulness/Meditation. Furthermore, Schatzel Counseling Group takes a humanistic and client centered approach which incorporates several disciplines from a varying array of fields.
Growth toward a more comfortable and confident you. Services are provided so that clients may develop growth across a number of domains. Clients are asked to be active participants in our work together, in addition to any plans for their own personal development. Approaches include but are not limited to developing a repertoire of skills based around the following categories: Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, Distress Tolerance, and Mindfulness/Meditation. Furthermore, Schatzel Counseling Group takes a humanistic and client centered approach which incorporates several disciplines from a varying array of fields.
(617) 751-6358 View (617) 751-6358
Photo of Ashley M Weaver-Unadkat - Movement For The Mind, LMHC, LCAT, BC-DMT, CMA, Counselor
Ashley M Weaver-Unadkat - Movement For The Mind
Counselor, LMHC, LCAT, BC-DMT, CMA
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02115  (Online Only)
The therapy session is a time and space one sets aside to focus on self. To be with self. And to build one’s self. It can be challenging to reflect on patterns, thoughts and emotions, relationships, past events and/or change, but it can also be transformative and rewarding. My role as your therapist is to witness your process and to reflect back with you along the way. The therapeutic relationship is an essential piece of my practice and is built on honesty, trust, empathy, and compassion.
The therapy session is a time and space one sets aside to focus on self. To be with self. And to build one’s self. It can be challenging to reflect on patterns, thoughts and emotions, relationships, past events and/or change, but it can also be transformative and rewarding. My role as your therapist is to witness your process and to reflect back with you along the way. The therapeutic relationship is an essential piece of my practice and is built on honesty, trust, empathy, and compassion.
(617) 535-8684 View (617) 535-8684
Photo of Heznie Bubb, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Heznie Bubb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Brockton, MA 02301  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients! The journey towards mental wellbeing is filled with multifaceted complexities. As your therapist, allow me to support and empower you to overcome a multitude of life circumstances ranging from anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. Language and cultural barriers should not hinder one's ability to achieve mental wellness. My experience working with diverse communities has provided me with a cultural lens that can be used to guide you through this mental wellness journey.
Accepting new clients! The journey towards mental wellbeing is filled with multifaceted complexities. As your therapist, allow me to support and empower you to overcome a multitude of life circumstances ranging from anxiety, depression, trauma, and life transitions. Language and cultural barriers should not hinder one's ability to achieve mental wellness. My experience working with diverse communities has provided me with a cultural lens that can be used to guide you through this mental wellness journey.
(781) 785-9531 View (781) 785-9531
Photo of Richard Jobin, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Richard Jobin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Plainville, MA 02762
Richard is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience offering a variety of interactive strength based and solution focused services to individuals and couples experiencing stress due to life transitions, anxiety, and depression. He specializes in assisting couples to learn/practice communication skills in order to enhance and enrich all facets of their relationship. He is licensed in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and earned his Master Degree from Boston University.
Richard is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience offering a variety of interactive strength based and solution focused services to individuals and couples experiencing stress due to life transitions, anxiety, and depression. He specializes in assisting couples to learn/practice communication skills in order to enhance and enrich all facets of their relationship. He is licensed in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and earned his Master Degree from Boston University.
(774) 273-7518 View (774) 273-7518
Photo of Hannah Peters, PsyD, Psychologist
Hannah Peters
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wellesley, MA 02482
As a psychologist, I offer individual therapy for adults and college students. I am warm, engaged, and collaborative. Together we create realization, connection, and understanding that lead to deep and lasting change. My clients want to improve quality of life, strengthen relationships, and create their lives with intention. We will collaborate to reduce anxiety, improve your relationship with food, cope with fertility struggles, and recover from trauma. I am also certified to treat Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders. I truly enjoy working with anyone who wants to reflect on, and grow from, the inevitable challenges life presents.
As a psychologist, I offer individual therapy for adults and college students. I am warm, engaged, and collaborative. Together we create realization, connection, and understanding that lead to deep and lasting change. My clients want to improve quality of life, strengthen relationships, and create their lives with intention. We will collaborate to reduce anxiety, improve your relationship with food, cope with fertility struggles, and recover from trauma. I am also certified to treat Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders. I truly enjoy working with anyone who wants to reflect on, and grow from, the inevitable challenges life presents.
(781) 705-7142 View (781) 705-7142
Photo of Raven Anne Register, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Raven Anne Register
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Needham, MA 02492
Not accepting new clients
Finding the right therapist with whom to create a strong therapeutic alliance is paramount to success. I work with my clients in a framework of compassion, honesty, trust and safety. Together we will identify your goals, empower you to change what you can in your life and to learn acceptance, not passive resignation, for that which you can not change. Carl Jung put it best, “I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become”.
Finding the right therapist with whom to create a strong therapeutic alliance is paramount to success. I work with my clients in a framework of compassion, honesty, trust and safety. Together we will identify your goals, empower you to change what you can in your life and to learn acceptance, not passive resignation, for that which you can not change. Carl Jung put it best, “I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become”.
(781) 343-7374 View (781) 343-7374
Photo of Elisabeth Secor, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elisabeth Secor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Wilmington, MA 01887
Starting therapy is a powerful step toward personal growth and fulfillment. In my therapy practice I strive to create a welcoming, collaborative space for clients. I provide individual therapy to preteens, adolescents and adults. I have experience working with a variety of treatment issues including anxiety, trauma, life transitions, depression, chronic illness, and challenging relationships.
Starting therapy is a powerful step toward personal growth and fulfillment. In my therapy practice I strive to create a welcoming, collaborative space for clients. I provide individual therapy to preteens, adolescents and adults. I have experience working with a variety of treatment issues including anxiety, trauma, life transitions, depression, chronic illness, and challenging relationships.
(781) 613-2572 View (781) 613-2572
Photo of Eric Krog, LMHC, Counselor
Eric Krog
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spencer, MA 01562
Thank you for visiting my profile! Choosing to attend therapy is difficult, while finding the right therapist can be crucial. I am a licensed clinician with 30+ years experience and work with adults who present a variety of issues and needs. These include anxiety, ADHD, bipolar/mood disorders, trauma/stress related disorders, personality disorders, co-occurring substance use disorders. I apply an eclectic approach of evidence based treatment approaches with an emphasis on trust, safety and professionalism. This is an important decision, and I encourage you to call with any questions which may assist you in your search.
Thank you for visiting my profile! Choosing to attend therapy is difficult, while finding the right therapist can be crucial. I am a licensed clinician with 30+ years experience and work with adults who present a variety of issues and needs. These include anxiety, ADHD, bipolar/mood disorders, trauma/stress related disorders, personality disorders, co-occurring substance use disorders. I apply an eclectic approach of evidence based treatment approaches with an emphasis on trust, safety and professionalism. This is an important decision, and I encourage you to call with any questions which may assist you in your search.
(508) 374-9582 View (508) 374-9582
Photo of Cynthia L Meeske, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cynthia L Meeske
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Holliston, MA 01746
I specialize in trauma and am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) . I offer both hourly and intensive formats. My typical client is a survivor of childhood abuse, domestic violence, or sexual trauma. I love helping people to heal their old wounds and feel relief and the ability to move into the healthiest and happiest versions of themselves. I work with adults only. I work most frequently with women and members of the LGBTQ+ population.
I specialize in trauma and am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) . I offer both hourly and intensive formats. My typical client is a survivor of childhood abuse, domestic violence, or sexual trauma. I love helping people to heal their old wounds and feel relief and the ability to move into the healthiest and happiest versions of themselves. I work with adults only. I work most frequently with women and members of the LGBTQ+ population.
(774) 573-1644 View (774) 573-1644
Photo of Lori Ullrich, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lori Ullrich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seekonk, MA 02771  (Online Only)
Where is the joy? Life is stressful and lately you notice your mind won't shut off. Feeling more relaxed and letting go of worry seems like an impossible dream. You spend way too much time stuck in a loop of anxious thoughts and feel you are missing out on life. It is difficult to feel present when worry keeps distracting you. You have missed enough already. You do not need to stay stuck in your anxiety. Get back into life and be fully present to enjoy family and friends and feel on task with work and obligatations.
Where is the joy? Life is stressful and lately you notice your mind won't shut off. Feeling more relaxed and letting go of worry seems like an impossible dream. You spend way too much time stuck in a loop of anxious thoughts and feel you are missing out on life. It is difficult to feel present when worry keeps distracting you. You have missed enough already. You do not need to stay stuck in your anxiety. Get back into life and be fully present to enjoy family and friends and feel on task with work and obligatations.
(401) 205-0158 View (401) 205-0158
Photo of Kim Kidders-Montoya, LMHC, RDT, Counselor
Kim Kidders-Montoya
Counselor, LMHC, RDT
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114  (Online Only)
Kim Kidders-Montoya is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Registered Drama Therapist (RDT) with over 6 years of experience. Kim is passionate about working with youth, adults, and their families to help them manage life's transitions and the complexities that make life worth living. Kim specializes in family dynamics, stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem, and empowerment. Kim uses empathy and compassion stemming from awareness that everyone comes from different backgrounds and identities.
Kim Kidders-Montoya is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Registered Drama Therapist (RDT) with over 6 years of experience. Kim is passionate about working with youth, adults, and their families to help them manage life's transitions and the complexities that make life worth living. Kim specializes in family dynamics, stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem, and empowerment. Kim uses empathy and compassion stemming from awareness that everyone comes from different backgrounds and identities.
(781) 488-7098 View (781) 488-7098
Photo of Leslie O'Brien, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leslie O'Brien
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02421
Not accepting new clients
As a clinical social worker, I've been working for almost two decades supporting parents, adults, and young adults. My areas of focus with clients include: neurodiverse profiles (autism, ADHD, NVLD, asperger's and other learning differences), anxiety, social cognition, family systems, parenting, self-esteem and executive functioning skills. I partner with my clients to recognize their abilities, build/implement tools to support their success and create/achieve their personal goals. In my practice, I provide: Individual psychotherapy for mental health or Consultation for parents or adults seeking social cognitive support.
As a clinical social worker, I've been working for almost two decades supporting parents, adults, and young adults. My areas of focus with clients include: neurodiverse profiles (autism, ADHD, NVLD, asperger's and other learning differences), anxiety, social cognition, family systems, parenting, self-esteem and executive functioning skills. I partner with my clients to recognize their abilities, build/implement tools to support their success and create/achieve their personal goals. In my practice, I provide: Individual psychotherapy for mental health or Consultation for parents or adults seeking social cognitive support.
(339) 218-3982 View (339) 218-3982
Photo of Judith A Schwartz, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Judith A Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Concord, MA 01742
About forty years ago while attending Smith College graduate program, I learned that psychotherapy is the study of "the vicissitudes of love." Over my long career of counseling individuals and couples, both as a clinical director of a large outpatient mental health center, and for these past decades in private practice, the ups and downs of life and love have been my focus. With warmth, compassion and humor, I help people find their answers, learn coping skills, and have difficult conversations--internally and externally.
About forty years ago while attending Smith College graduate program, I learned that psychotherapy is the study of "the vicissitudes of love." Over my long career of counseling individuals and couples, both as a clinical director of a large outpatient mental health center, and for these past decades in private practice, the ups and downs of life and love have been my focus. With warmth, compassion and humor, I help people find their answers, learn coping skills, and have difficult conversations--internally and externally.
(978) 218-7366 View (978) 218-7366
Photo of Linda J Dunphy, LICSW, LADC I, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Linda J Dunphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LADC I
Verified Verified
Taunton, MA 02780
Waitlist for new clients
I work with people who are stuck in patterns that no longer serve them. My approach is collaborative and integrates cognitive and mindfulness based approaches with the goals of improving functioning, enhancing health and promoting wellness. I specialize in the treatment of PTSD and problems related to substance use. I am a Cognitive Processing Therapy for Trauma (CPT) approved provider.
I work with people who are stuck in patterns that no longer serve them. My approach is collaborative and integrates cognitive and mindfulness based approaches with the goals of improving functioning, enhancing health and promoting wellness. I specialize in the treatment of PTSD and problems related to substance use. I am a Cognitive Processing Therapy for Trauma (CPT) approved provider.
(774) 344-3470 View (774) 344-3470
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See more therapy options for Massachusetts

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Massachusetts who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
66% Trauma and PTSD
66% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% BlueCross and BlueShield
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Optum

How Therapists in Massachusetts see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Massachusetts?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.