Therapists in Springfield, MA

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Photo of Kelly Ann D'Angelo - Kelly D'Angelo, D'Angelo Educational Services, NCSP, LPC, LEP
Kelly D'Angelo, D'Angelo Educational Services
NCSP, LPC, LEP
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01101
I am the owner/operator of D'Angelo Educational Services, LLC. My goal in establishing an independent practice was to bring a range of school psychological services directly to districts, students, and families. I am pleased to offer Autism assessments including ADOS-2 evaluations in addition to comprehensive psychological and psycho-educational evaluations. Related services and speech/language evaluations are also available through a professional partnership with experienced SLPs. I have a passion for working with children, families, and educators and helping to put supports in place to see our next generation of students succeed.
I am the owner/operator of D'Angelo Educational Services, LLC. My goal in establishing an independent practice was to bring a range of school psychological services directly to districts, students, and families. I am pleased to offer Autism assessments including ADOS-2 evaluations in addition to comprehensive psychological and psycho-educational evaluations. Related services and speech/language evaluations are also available through a professional partnership with experienced SLPs. I have a passion for working with children, families, and educators and helping to put supports in place to see our next generation of students succeed.
(413) 287-8182 View (413) 287-8182
Photo of Stephanie Boyton, LMHC, Counselor
Stephanie Boyton
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
My ideal client would be new to therapy, though motivated to change. I am aware of the challenges that come with seeking therapy and want to be a support to those who are hesitant with the process. Ideally, I would like a client who is self-aware, receptive to feedback, and willing to hold themselves accountable.
My ideal client would be new to therapy, though motivated to change. I am aware of the challenges that come with seeking therapy and want to be a support to those who are hesitant with the process. Ideally, I would like a client who is self-aware, receptive to feedback, and willing to hold themselves accountable.
(978) 679-4542 View (978) 679-4542
Photo of Rebecca Austin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Austin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
(413) 251-6462 View (413) 251-6462
Photo of Jennifer Clark-Harris, MS, MEd, MFT, LMHC, CTP, Counselor
Jennifer Clark-Harris
Counselor, MS, MEd, MFT, LMHC, CTP
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01105
Hi. I'm Jennifer Clark-Harris. I am a Masters Level Marriage and Family Therapist/ Mental Health Clinician. In other words I am someone who has tools to help people create the changes they seek in their lives and their relationships. You don't have to walk the journey of life alone.
Hi. I'm Jennifer Clark-Harris. I am a Masters Level Marriage and Family Therapist/ Mental Health Clinician. In other words I am someone who has tools to help people create the changes they seek in their lives and their relationships. You don't have to walk the journey of life alone.
(413) 402-6936 View (413) 402-6936
Photo of Tatiana Flores, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tatiana Flores
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01108
With a talent for holding space and adept interpersonal and communication skills, I am dedicated and diligent, delivering high-level performance. Fluent in English and Spanish, I bring cultural competence to my practice. Holding a Master’s in Social Work, I leverage these skills to collaboratively define and achieve clients' goals. Through empathetic listening and tailored interventions, I support clients in navigating challenges and fostering positive change. With experience working with clients impacted by trauma from ages 4-84, I am committed to providing compassionate and effective support for each individual's unique journey.
With a talent for holding space and adept interpersonal and communication skills, I am dedicated and diligent, delivering high-level performance. Fluent in English and Spanish, I bring cultural competence to my practice. Holding a Master’s in Social Work, I leverage these skills to collaboratively define and achieve clients' goals. Through empathetic listening and tailored interventions, I support clients in navigating challenges and fostering positive change. With experience working with clients impacted by trauma from ages 4-84, I am committed to providing compassionate and effective support for each individual's unique journey.
(413) 423-0049 View (413) 423-0049
Photo of Lisa Louise Robinson, LPC, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lisa Louise Robinson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01129
If you and/or your love ones are struggling with life, work, family or school, I can help with getting "unstuck." With 15 years counseling experience and training from Columbia University, I utilize specialized skills in CBT/DBT to support professionals, young adults, youths and families living and working in greater New Jersey. I will identify the triggers that you need help with, and create an action plan to help you move forward. IMPORTANT: CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS FOR Telehealth/Telemedicine sessions, private pay and out-of-network insured ONLY. Please check back for updates to insurance.
If you and/or your love ones are struggling with life, work, family or school, I can help with getting "unstuck." With 15 years counseling experience and training from Columbia University, I utilize specialized skills in CBT/DBT to support professionals, young adults, youths and families living and working in greater New Jersey. I will identify the triggers that you need help with, and create an action plan to help you move forward. IMPORTANT: CURRENTLY ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS FOR Telehealth/Telemedicine sessions, private pay and out-of-network insured ONLY. Please check back for updates to insurance.
(413) 216-4551 View (413) 216-4551
Photo of Sarah Ebbs, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Ebbs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
My ideal client likely struggles with honest self-reflection, emotional regulation, and interpersonal conflict. They are somewhat familiar with the boundaries and perimeters of therapy.
My ideal client likely struggles with honest self-reflection, emotional regulation, and interpersonal conflict. They are somewhat familiar with the boundaries and perimeters of therapy.
(413) 216-4052 View (413) 216-4052
Photo of Caroline Murphy, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caroline Murphy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
I enjoy working with others struggling with anxiety, ADHD, depression, confidence, spirituality, relationship issues, and self-worth. I often find myself working with those who are learning how to honor their intuition and develop their true and higher selves. I also enjoy working with clients who are open to alternative therapies. I am a heart-centered and strengths-based therapist who meets clients where they are in life and strives to provide a nurturing environment to allow my clients to grow into the best versions of themselves.
I enjoy working with others struggling with anxiety, ADHD, depression, confidence, spirituality, relationship issues, and self-worth. I often find myself working with those who are learning how to honor their intuition and develop their true and higher selves. I also enjoy working with clients who are open to alternative therapies. I am a heart-centered and strengths-based therapist who meets clients where they are in life and strives to provide a nurturing environment to allow my clients to grow into the best versions of themselves.
(978) 404-8138 View (978) 404-8138
Photo of Deanna Boden-Yu, LMHC, Counselor
Deanna Boden-Yu
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
Clients struggling with anxiety, depression, BPD, trauma, relationship issues are areas I have much experience addressing.
Clients struggling with anxiety, depression, BPD, trauma, relationship issues are areas I have much experience addressing.
(413) 287-7409 View (413) 287-7409
Photo of Lolita Maria Hanley - L and L Life Enrichment Center, PsyD, LMHC, LADCI, Psychologist
L and L Life Enrichment Center
Psychologist, PsyD, LMHC, LADCI
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01103
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, bilingual in Spanish and English, who believes in a "whole person, whole health”, strength-based, treatment approach. I believe that our Mental/Emotional/Behavioral health Matters. Combined, they are fundamental to our ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other and optimize our life quality and satisfaction . As such, my team and I work collaboratively with each client to provide culturally sensitive, evidenced based services, using creative and inspiring interventions catering to a diverse groups of all ages; human service professionals, first responders and teachers
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist, bilingual in Spanish and English, who believes in a "whole person, whole health”, strength-based, treatment approach. I believe that our Mental/Emotional/Behavioral health Matters. Combined, they are fundamental to our ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other and optimize our life quality and satisfaction . As such, my team and I work collaboratively with each client to provide culturally sensitive, evidenced based services, using creative and inspiring interventions catering to a diverse groups of all ages; human service professionals, first responders and teachers
(413) 304-3282 View (413) 304-3282
Photo of Kristin Espinosa, LMHC, Counselor
Kristin Espinosa
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01129  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
At this time, I am NOT able to take any new clients. My ideal client is a person or family who is seeking change and who is looking for a therapist with an energetic, actively-involved, solution-focused style. When working with children, I use play therapy and will invite parents to play with us while teaching them what I'm doing and why I'm doing it. I will also teach the parents how to reinforce the same skills at home through play or other techniques. When working with teens and adults, I adjust my style in order to build a connection.
At this time, I am NOT able to take any new clients. My ideal client is a person or family who is seeking change and who is looking for a therapist with an energetic, actively-involved, solution-focused style. When working with children, I use play therapy and will invite parents to play with us while teaching them what I'm doing and why I'm doing it. I will also teach the parents how to reinforce the same skills at home through play or other techniques. When working with teens and adults, I adjust my style in order to build a connection.
(413) 289-5235 View (413) 289-5235
Photo of Elizabeth Land - Blue Nest Counseling Services, LMHC, Counselor
Blue Nest Counseling Services
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01129
New to therapy? Been before but just never got anywhere? I use a gentle but direct approach to bring awareness into what may be obstacles to living a peaceful, serene, healthy life. Workplace concerns? Relationship/friendship issues or unresolved conflicts? Dissatisfaction with life but can’t quite put your finger on it? You are not alone. And maybe what you’re trying isn’t working because, well, it isn’t working. I can help.
New to therapy? Been before but just never got anywhere? I use a gentle but direct approach to bring awareness into what may be obstacles to living a peaceful, serene, healthy life. Workplace concerns? Relationship/friendship issues or unresolved conflicts? Dissatisfaction with life but can’t quite put your finger on it? You are not alone. And maybe what you’re trying isn’t working because, well, it isn’t working. I can help.
(413) 267-6684 View (413) 267-6684
Photo of Marian Santandreu, PsyD, Psychologist
Marian Santandreu
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01103
I am a licensed psychologist, bilingual in English and Spanish. With over 17 years of experience working in community mental health, schools, nursing homes, healthcare system and private practice, I have served individuals from the age of 6 to 99 who have struggled with a wide variety of behavioral and mental health concerns including ADHD, Autism, Anxiety, Depression and trauma. In order to treat mental health concerns, I have been trained in different models including DBT, CBT, TF-CBT, hypnosis and Accelerated Resolution Therapy. I also specialize in psychological testing for Autism, ADHD, dementia and R/O of other diagnoses.
I am a licensed psychologist, bilingual in English and Spanish. With over 17 years of experience working in community mental health, schools, nursing homes, healthcare system and private practice, I have served individuals from the age of 6 to 99 who have struggled with a wide variety of behavioral and mental health concerns including ADHD, Autism, Anxiety, Depression and trauma. In order to treat mental health concerns, I have been trained in different models including DBT, CBT, TF-CBT, hypnosis and Accelerated Resolution Therapy. I also specialize in psychological testing for Autism, ADHD, dementia and R/O of other diagnoses.
(413) 650-1449 View (413) 650-1449
Photo of Michelle Brooks, LMSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Brooks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01107  (Online Only)
At the heart of successful therapy lies a strong therapeutic relationship. This means creating a non-judgmental space built on connection and trust, where you feel comfortable sharing your vulnerabilities and exploring your inner world. I utilize a collaborative, strengths-based, and trauma informed psychodynamic approach. This means working together to gain awareness of how your past experiences might be shaping your present, while empowering you to access your strengths and support systems as you make positive changes in your life.
At the heart of successful therapy lies a strong therapeutic relationship. This means creating a non-judgmental space built on connection and trust, where you feel comfortable sharing your vulnerabilities and exploring your inner world. I utilize a collaborative, strengths-based, and trauma informed psychodynamic approach. This means working together to gain awareness of how your past experiences might be shaping your present, while empowering you to access your strengths and support systems as you make positive changes in your life.
(413) 216-6380 View (413) 216-6380
Photo of Shanna Hebert McNamara, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shanna Hebert McNamara
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Springfield, MA 01144  (Online Only)
My name is Shanna (Shay-nah) McNamara and I love my job! I have been working in the social work field for 13 years, and have been a therapist for over 8 years. Being a therapist is one of the most rewarding things I have accomplished, and I strive to work collaboratively with my clients to ensure we are on track towards their identified goals. I always prioritize the clients desires and needs out of treatment, and remind my clients I am not “magic,” I am a human helping other humans with life’s messy struggles, one step at a time. My clients have said they appreciate my honest approach with humor and laughter along the way.
My name is Shanna (Shay-nah) McNamara and I love my job! I have been working in the social work field for 13 years, and have been a therapist for over 8 years. Being a therapist is one of the most rewarding things I have accomplished, and I strive to work collaboratively with my clients to ensure we are on track towards their identified goals. I always prioritize the clients desires and needs out of treatment, and remind my clients I am not “magic,” I am a human helping other humans with life’s messy struggles, one step at a time. My clients have said they appreciate my honest approach with humor and laughter along the way.
(413) 287-7856 View (413) 287-7856
Photo of Dr. Soraya Sawicki, DSW, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Soraya Sawicki
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01103
At Infinity, we provide a beautiful, comfortable space, where you will be treated with the utmost respect while ensuring confidentiality and addressing your needs. I am the owner and primary practitioner at Infinity, where I have experience in working with individuals, couples, and families. I treat depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma, secondary trauma, ( vicarious-T ) and I do life coaching. Services can be offered in English or Spanish. Infinity offers an array of services, beginning with a full assessment and working with the client on goals and ensuring that the client is part of creating the treatment plan.
At Infinity, we provide a beautiful, comfortable space, where you will be treated with the utmost respect while ensuring confidentiality and addressing your needs. I am the owner and primary practitioner at Infinity, where I have experience in working with individuals, couples, and families. I treat depression, anxiety, relationship issues, trauma, secondary trauma, ( vicarious-T ) and I do life coaching. Services can be offered in English or Spanish. Infinity offers an array of services, beginning with a full assessment and working with the client on goals and ensuring that the client is part of creating the treatment plan.
(413) 384-5517 View (413) 384-5517
Photo of Matthew Krieger, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Matthew Krieger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01105  (Online Only)
Imagine a life in which your painful memories no longer keep you stuck, but instead give you power and strength - a life in which you're able to do the things you want to do, and work towards achieving your aspirations. This is the goal of many of my clients and I have been fortunate enough to see many of them succeed. Many of the clients that I work with have gone through overwhelming experiences that they feel still have control over their lives. Many of them are dealing with anxiety, depression, and PTSD, and some just need a little help through a difficult change in their life.
Imagine a life in which your painful memories no longer keep you stuck, but instead give you power and strength - a life in which you're able to do the things you want to do, and work towards achieving your aspirations. This is the goal of many of my clients and I have been fortunate enough to see many of them succeed. Many of the clients that I work with have gone through overwhelming experiences that they feel still have control over their lives. Many of them are dealing with anxiety, depression, and PTSD, and some just need a little help through a difficult change in their life.
(413) 307-8604 View (413) 307-8604
Photo of Maria Mead, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maria Mead
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01151  (Online Only)
Let me speak life into you, and together we will develop goals to get you where you aspire to be! I am your ideal therapist if you are motivated to learn skills and open to moving out of your comfort zone. Lack of self-love, depression, anxiety, and many other things can get in the way of living your best life. You have a choice to change that narrative and live a fulfilling life. Together, let’s make therapy a part of your “normal” routine that you participate in to maintain your total overall health. It is crucial that we tend to our minds, bodies, and souls. We can do this together. Nosotros podemos hacer esto juntos.
Let me speak life into you, and together we will develop goals to get you where you aspire to be! I am your ideal therapist if you are motivated to learn skills and open to moving out of your comfort zone. Lack of self-love, depression, anxiety, and many other things can get in the way of living your best life. You have a choice to change that narrative and live a fulfilling life. Together, let’s make therapy a part of your “normal” routine that you participate in to maintain your total overall health. It is crucial that we tend to our minds, bodies, and souls. We can do this together. Nosotros podemos hacer esto juntos.
(413) 547-4836 View (413) 547-4836
Photo of K'shayla Michelle Narcisse, LMHC, Counselor
K'shayla Michelle Narcisse
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109  (Online Only)
I am passionate and genuine and I love what I do. I love serving Christian women and mothers struggling with anxiety, life stressors, trauma and depression. I understand life is hard and balancing work, motherhood and being a wife can be challenging. I know that trying to move forward while healing from your past experiences can be difficult. I also know that sometimes you have fears about "doing it right" or "having it all together." I'm here to help. My end goal is to help my clients experience transformative healing that leads them to the best version of themselves.
I am passionate and genuine and I love what I do. I love serving Christian women and mothers struggling with anxiety, life stressors, trauma and depression. I understand life is hard and balancing work, motherhood and being a wife can be challenging. I know that trying to move forward while healing from your past experiences can be difficult. I also know that sometimes you have fears about "doing it right" or "having it all together." I'm here to help. My end goal is to help my clients experience transformative healing that leads them to the best version of themselves.
(413) 327-9760 View (413) 327-9760
Photo of Dara D'Agostino, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dara D'Agostino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Springfield, MA 01109
My ideal client is someone who is willing to work with me and engage with me effectively. This includes open lines of communication and utilizing therapy times efficiently. I don't believe that progress can be rushed and have no interest in "fixing" anyone. However, I am always honest in my assessments, thoughts, and opinions with clients, and my hope is that my client will do the same. My ideal client is a client who is eager to talk and is open to feedback. My ideal client is also someone who is willing to work through set backs or challenges, together as a team.
My ideal client is someone who is willing to work with me and engage with me effectively. This includes open lines of communication and utilizing therapy times efficiently. I don't believe that progress can be rushed and have no interest in "fixing" anyone. However, I am always honest in my assessments, thoughts, and opinions with clients, and my hope is that my client will do the same. My ideal client is a client who is eager to talk and is open to feedback. My ideal client is also someone who is willing to work through set backs or challenges, together as a team.
(978) 961-4360 View (978) 961-4360
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Springfield, MA

300+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Springfield, MA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
89% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
72% Coping Skills
71% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
69% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
70% Optum

How Therapists in Springfield, MA see their clients

57% Online Only
43% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.