Therapists in Syracuse, NY

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Photo of Molly Lizzio, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Molly Lizzio
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13203
Are you seeking personal growth and empowerment? As a therapist with a focus on supporting women, I'll help you increase self-confidence and establish healthy boundaries. Through the therapeutic process we'll uncover the details of your story, both where you've been, and the details of where you're at right now. Telling your story enables you to reconnect with your own desires and needs. Your unique story matters, and I'm here to listen and support you every step of the way. Together we'll unlock your inner strength, enhance your self-worth, and start to write the story of your future.
Are you seeking personal growth and empowerment? As a therapist with a focus on supporting women, I'll help you increase self-confidence and establish healthy boundaries. Through the therapeutic process we'll uncover the details of your story, both where you've been, and the details of where you're at right now. Telling your story enables you to reconnect with your own desires and needs. Your unique story matters, and I'm here to listen and support you every step of the way. Together we'll unlock your inner strength, enhance your self-worth, and start to write the story of your future.
(315) 235-1601 View (315) 235-1601
Photo of Jim Feinberg - Jim Feinberg LCSW-r CH.t, LCSW-R, CHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jim Feinberg LCSW-r CH.t
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CHT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206
Are you feeling down? Living with HIV/AIDS? Are you facing challenges as an LBGT person? Are you struggling with substances? Are you grieving the loss of a loved one? Sense of self? Are you and your intimate partner having difficulties in your relationship? Are people telling you you are not the same person they know? I have 26 years of experience in working with LGBTQIA issues, people with HIV/AIDS, Grief/Loss, Substance Abuse, Mental Health issues, Depression, Anxiety, Individual/ Couples therapy. I work in conjunction with you , to be forthcoming, find your strengths and maximize the benefits of therapy. In person appts only.
Are you feeling down? Living with HIV/AIDS? Are you facing challenges as an LBGT person? Are you struggling with substances? Are you grieving the loss of a loved one? Sense of self? Are you and your intimate partner having difficulties in your relationship? Are people telling you you are not the same person they know? I have 26 years of experience in working with LGBTQIA issues, people with HIV/AIDS, Grief/Loss, Substance Abuse, Mental Health issues, Depression, Anxiety, Individual/ Couples therapy. I work in conjunction with you , to be forthcoming, find your strengths and maximize the benefits of therapy. In person appts only.
(718) 412-8126 View (718) 412-8126
Photo of Regina Russo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Regina Russo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13210
For 10+ years, I have been serving the Syracuse community in various settings, helping others to learn ways to manage anxiety, depression, and challenging life events. I use a person centered and strength based approach.
For 10+ years, I have been serving the Syracuse community in various settings, helping others to learn ways to manage anxiety, depression, and challenging life events. I use a person centered and strength based approach.
(315) 908-0929 View (315) 908-0929
Photo of Jackqueline Anne Merulla, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jackqueline Anne Merulla
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13206
Not accepting new clients
Are you ready to explore family dynamics and have healthy relationships? Our childhood traumas can follow us into adult relationships making us feel like we have bad luck in relationships or that we pick the wrong friends or romantic partners. Being able to process those past traumas in a safe environment can allow us to set boundaries and pick up on warning signs of people who may not be good for us or possibly even dangerous. Teenagers who are at least 16 years of age are welcome if they are ready to explore family dynamics and are ready to prepare for healthy relationships.
Are you ready to explore family dynamics and have healthy relationships? Our childhood traumas can follow us into adult relationships making us feel like we have bad luck in relationships or that we pick the wrong friends or romantic partners. Being able to process those past traumas in a safe environment can allow us to set boundaries and pick up on warning signs of people who may not be good for us or possibly even dangerous. Teenagers who are at least 16 years of age are welcome if they are ready to explore family dynamics and are ready to prepare for healthy relationships.
(315) 288-7584 View (315) 288-7584
Photo of Sheila M Clonan, PhD, Psychologist
Sheila M Clonan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13210
Providing Independent Educational Evaluations (IEE) and other testing services in partnership with school districts or as a second opinion to diagnose educational disabilities such as ADHD, Autism, reading disabilities, and Dyslexia for special education.
Providing Independent Educational Evaluations (IEE) and other testing services in partnership with school districts or as a second opinion to diagnose educational disabilities such as ADHD, Autism, reading disabilities, and Dyslexia for special education.
(315) 849-4054 View (315) 849-4054
Photo of Zyeshia Jenkins, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Zyeshia Jenkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206
Change is possible as life is a journey of self discovery. If you’re struggling with Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Life , PTSD, Parenting, Stress, Trauma, Relationship issues, or just need someone to talk to...I am listening... I want you to know that YOU ARE NOT ALONE and YOUR VOICE MATTERS! Together we can explore ways to navigate the stuff that can cause us to feel stuck or unfulfilled.
Change is possible as life is a journey of self discovery. If you’re struggling with Addiction, Anxiety, Depression, Life , PTSD, Parenting, Stress, Trauma, Relationship issues, or just need someone to talk to...I am listening... I want you to know that YOU ARE NOT ALONE and YOUR VOICE MATTERS! Together we can explore ways to navigate the stuff that can cause us to feel stuck or unfulfilled.
(315) 322-9134 View (315) 322-9134
Photo of JoAnne Barnes, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
JoAnne Barnes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13209
Your heart starts racing, hands get sweaty, vision gets blurry, and there’s an elephant sitting on your chest. Maybe this started out of nowhere. Maybe you know what started this panic and this sense of doom. Either way, I’m here to sit beside you while you figure all this out. It’s no picnic to be stuck between a rock and a hard place, making difficult choices that feel impossible. Becoming an adult can be very exciting and very scary at the same time. Even when you think you’ve reached the summit of adulthood, you realize that life still has wild surprises and hard losses. The “adulting” never stops!
Your heart starts racing, hands get sweaty, vision gets blurry, and there’s an elephant sitting on your chest. Maybe this started out of nowhere. Maybe you know what started this panic and this sense of doom. Either way, I’m here to sit beside you while you figure all this out. It’s no picnic to be stuck between a rock and a hard place, making difficult choices that feel impossible. Becoming an adult can be very exciting and very scary at the same time. Even when you think you’ve reached the summit of adulthood, you realize that life still has wild surprises and hard losses. The “adulting” never stops!
(315) 305-2504 View (315) 305-2504
Photo of Michael L Raskind - Serenity Psychotherapy PLLC. Group Practice, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Serenity Psychotherapy PLLC. Group Practice
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206  (Online Only)
Getting to the root of your pain, learning to deal with it, building upon your strengths then learning to act versus react to people and events is the goal of our approach. We have a long history of working with diverse populations, who have developed varied problems: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Marital, Parenting, Occupational, grief and more Our approach is to work with your strengths; help you to develop new views and skills and then organize them into a plan that works in obtaining your goals.
Getting to the root of your pain, learning to deal with it, building upon your strengths then learning to act versus react to people and events is the goal of our approach. We have a long history of working with diverse populations, who have developed varied problems: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Marital, Parenting, Occupational, grief and more Our approach is to work with your strengths; help you to develop new views and skills and then organize them into a plan that works in obtaining your goals.
(315) 277-6917 View (315) 277-6917
Photo of Tessa Fellows - Trauma I Tessa Fellows, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Trauma I Tessa Fellows
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13202  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the weight of your past? Trauma can leave deep scars that disrupt your daily life—difficulty sleeping, constant anxiety, and flashbacks that make it hard to focus at work or enjoy time with loved ones. You might feel isolated, misunderstood, or stuck in a loop of negative thoughts and behaviors. But imagine waking up each day feeling lighter, more in control, and connected to the world around you! Working on trauma is crucial for reclaiming your life and finding peace. As a specialist in trauma therapy, I work with individuals just like you, helping them to create their own narrative
Are you feeling overwhelmed by the weight of your past? Trauma can leave deep scars that disrupt your daily life—difficulty sleeping, constant anxiety, and flashbacks that make it hard to focus at work or enjoy time with loved ones. You might feel isolated, misunderstood, or stuck in a loop of negative thoughts and behaviors. But imagine waking up each day feeling lighter, more in control, and connected to the world around you! Working on trauma is crucial for reclaiming your life and finding peace. As a specialist in trauma therapy, I work with individuals just like you, helping them to create their own narrative
(315) 400-6721 View (315) 400-6721
Photo of Sameerah Owens, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sameerah Owens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13201
I work with individuals from all walks of life and all ages to assist them in creating the changes they want in their lives and relationships with themselves and others. I believe that each client is unique and deserves treatment that is based on love and kindness and honors that uniqueness.Our faith is the vehicle that can bring us closer to those changes and help us find meaning and fulfillment. Areas of particular focus in my practice include trauma, learning disabilities, parent-child issues, athletic performance problems, and navigating life transitions a longtime athlete and coach; I’m experienced in the challenges of athletes
I work with individuals from all walks of life and all ages to assist them in creating the changes they want in their lives and relationships with themselves and others. I believe that each client is unique and deserves treatment that is based on love and kindness and honors that uniqueness.Our faith is the vehicle that can bring us closer to those changes and help us find meaning and fulfillment. Areas of particular focus in my practice include trauma, learning disabilities, parent-child issues, athletic performance problems, and navigating life transitions a longtime athlete and coach; I’m experienced in the challenges of athletes
(315) 776-7341 View (315) 776-7341
Photo of Paige Audenino, LMHC, MS, Counselor
Paige Audenino
Counselor, LMHC, MS
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13202  (Online Only)
Life can be overwhelming at times and hard to manage. In therapy with me, together we will work to cope and work through areas that bring you distress. Feedback I have received from individuals who have entered into therapy with me, is that they felt I was not “a robot” & felt comfortable due to my warm and relatable approach. I have assisted individuals discover & create boundaries, healing from trauma, & overcome daily obstacles such as anxiety attacks and depressive feelings. I have helped couples successfully confront their issues, build communication skills, and understand the dynamics of their relationship more clearly.
Life can be overwhelming at times and hard to manage. In therapy with me, together we will work to cope and work through areas that bring you distress. Feedback I have received from individuals who have entered into therapy with me, is that they felt I was not “a robot” & felt comfortable due to my warm and relatable approach. I have assisted individuals discover & create boundaries, healing from trauma, & overcome daily obstacles such as anxiety attacks and depressive feelings. I have helped couples successfully confront their issues, build communication skills, and understand the dynamics of their relationship more clearly.
(315) 961-8600 View (315) 961-8600
Photo of Amanda S. Hartman, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amanda S. Hartman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203  (Online Only)
Having happiness and peace in your life again can be possible. Exploring new options for self care and wellness can help you attain your goal of feeling better. By discovering the possibilities for change, therapy will help you be who you want to be and gain control back in your life. My approach to therapy is patient and caring. I will listen to your needs and work collaboratively to help you build new coping skills and strengthen those you already posess.
Having happiness and peace in your life again can be possible. Exploring new options for self care and wellness can help you attain your goal of feeling better. By discovering the possibilities for change, therapy will help you be who you want to be and gain control back in your life. My approach to therapy is patient and caring. I will listen to your needs and work collaboratively to help you build new coping skills and strengthen those you already posess.
(315) 254-2182 View (315) 254-2182
Photo of Katie Arney-Rattray, LCSW, CCTP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katie Arney-Rattray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13219
Not accepting new clients
Feeling overwhelmed with stress and wanting to experience more joy in your life? Trying to manage difficulties that seem to be holding you back? Wanting to feel happier and see improvements in your relationships with friends and loved ones? Wishing you could make certain changes that seem too difficult to make on your own?
Feeling overwhelmed with stress and wanting to experience more joy in your life? Trying to manage difficulties that seem to be holding you back? Wanting to feel happier and see improvements in your relationships with friends and loved ones? Wishing you could make certain changes that seem too difficult to make on your own?
(315) 537-3792 View (315) 537-3792
Photo of Kristin Platt, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kristin Platt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13210
Waitlist for new clients
You're not quite sure what happened or how you got here. Feeling stuck or experiencing life on repeat is frustrating. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker passionate about providing quality therapy that provides you with a safe, collaborative space to learn about yourself and grow yourself. I have over 10 years of experience in the field working with individuals, families and couples and am always seeking opportunities to grow and expand my own knowledge base.  I am passionate about assisting clients in navigating past traumas, life transitions and present symptoms that are interfering with where you want to be in your life.
You're not quite sure what happened or how you got here. Feeling stuck or experiencing life on repeat is frustrating. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker passionate about providing quality therapy that provides you with a safe, collaborative space to learn about yourself and grow yourself. I have over 10 years of experience in the field working with individuals, families and couples and am always seeking opportunities to grow and expand my own knowledge base.  I am passionate about assisting clients in navigating past traumas, life transitions and present symptoms that are interfering with where you want to be in your life.
(315) 400-4580 View (315) 400-4580
Photo of Shannon Freeman (Rice), LCSW-R, CIMHP, NBCCH, CCTP, ADHDCCS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shannon Freeman (Rice)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, CIMHP, NBCCH, CCTP, ADHDCCS
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13206  (Online Only)
Are you overwhelmed by or struggle to complete daily tasks? Do you often feel that you are not good enough or that other people don't value and respect you? Are you unorganized or messy? Is it difficult to stay focused/concentrate? Are you impulsive? Do you find yourself over/under reacting emotionally? Is it difficult to make friends/maintain relationships or to even want to? If so, you are not alone. Others with these concerns benefit from therapy everyday. Please let me help.
Are you overwhelmed by or struggle to complete daily tasks? Do you often feel that you are not good enough or that other people don't value and respect you? Are you unorganized or messy? Is it difficult to stay focused/concentrate? Are you impulsive? Do you find yourself over/under reacting emotionally? Is it difficult to make friends/maintain relationships or to even want to? If so, you are not alone. Others with these concerns benefit from therapy everyday. Please let me help.
(315) 975-4035 View (315) 975-4035
Photo of Gina M Corona, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gina M Corona
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13203  (Online Only)
Gina Corona has been a practicing clinical social worker and therapist for close to 30 years working with children and their families, to identify and conceptualize strengths and challenges, and provide real direction and solutions. My clients are ages 5 to young adult, experiencing biological or situational life challenges, that prevent them from being their best selves. Through our work together, we will find the best solution.
Gina Corona has been a practicing clinical social worker and therapist for close to 30 years working with children and their families, to identify and conceptualize strengths and challenges, and provide real direction and solutions. My clients are ages 5 to young adult, experiencing biological or situational life challenges, that prevent them from being their best selves. Through our work together, we will find the best solution.
(680) 206-2158 View (680) 206-2158
Photo of Roberta Devers
Roberta Devers
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13209  (Online Only)
The dark thoughts won't stop; "I really don't even want to be here anymore" or "What's the point?" Ever since the traumatic event, it seems like your mind is no longer your own. Everything feels terrifying and hopeless. It seems that no one really understands. You shift between keeping your struggles from those you love, to trying to share, only to be met with all the wrong responses; "chin up" or "others have it worse", just isn't helpful. You can't help but wonder- "everyone thinks I'm crazy" or "maybe I am crazy." You're so tired of feeling helpless, but you just don't know where to turn.
The dark thoughts won't stop; "I really don't even want to be here anymore" or "What's the point?" Ever since the traumatic event, it seems like your mind is no longer your own. Everything feels terrifying and hopeless. It seems that no one really understands. You shift between keeping your struggles from those you love, to trying to share, only to be met with all the wrong responses; "chin up" or "others have it worse", just isn't helpful. You can't help but wonder- "everyone thinks I'm crazy" or "maybe I am crazy." You're so tired of feeling helpless, but you just don't know where to turn.
(315) 325-8233 View (315) 325-8233
Photo of Martin Brown, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Martin Brown
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13202
I work with people to help them sort through the things that can feel so overwhelming at times. I believe it is important to feel supported when confronted with life's struggles. Sometimes we have so much going on in our lives that we need someone to help us figure things out. Together we will work to create a firm understanding of what's going on and how we can make things better. You will be able to have healing in the places you need, and growth in the places you want.
I work with people to help them sort through the things that can feel so overwhelming at times. I believe it is important to feel supported when confronted with life's struggles. Sometimes we have so much going on in our lives that we need someone to help us figure things out. Together we will work to create a firm understanding of what's going on and how we can make things better. You will be able to have healing in the places you need, and growth in the places you want.
(315) 940-8011 View (315) 940-8011
Photo of Joe Perez, LMHC, Counselor
Joe Perez
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13203
Hi there! I provide talk therapy to adolescents and adults who are experiencing anxiety or depression, I work with individuals who are dealing with problematic behaviors such as ADHD or ODD, and I engage with children using play therapy. Experiences of hardships and trauma play a large role in the work that I do. Have a specific question? Feel free to reach out!
Hi there! I provide talk therapy to adolescents and adults who are experiencing anxiety or depression, I work with individuals who are dealing with problematic behaviors such as ADHD or ODD, and I engage with children using play therapy. Experiences of hardships and trauma play a large role in the work that I do. Have a specific question? Feel free to reach out!
(680) 201-5713 View (680) 201-5713
Photo of Erica Brier-Kennedy, LMFT, CASAC, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erica Brier-Kennedy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CASAC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Syracuse, NY 13214
Through all of life’s challenges, sometimes we just need a safe and confidential space to process emotions and relationships as we navigate life’s complexities. If you’re a young adult struggling with self-confidence, a family looking for a therapist to help with an addiction issue, a new mom who might be feeling anxious or depressed, or a teen who has lost someone they love, I’m here to support you through this time. I have over 10 years of experience providing both long term and short-term individual, couple, and family therapy for all ages.
Through all of life’s challenges, sometimes we just need a safe and confidential space to process emotions and relationships as we navigate life’s complexities. If you’re a young adult struggling with self-confidence, a family looking for a therapist to help with an addiction issue, a new mom who might be feeling anxious or depressed, or a teen who has lost someone they love, I’m here to support you through this time. I have over 10 years of experience providing both long term and short-term individual, couple, and family therapy for all ages.
(518) 405-6928 View (518) 405-6928
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Syracuse, NY

500+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Syracuse, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Stress
73% Coping Skills
70% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
63% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Syracuse, NY see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Syracuse?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.