Dementia Therapists in Valencia, CA
![Photo of Twyla Brown-Barbosa, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/504db61e-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Are you looking for a local therapist who specializes in children and teens? Does your son or daughter seem anxious, sad/depressed or withdrawn? Has your child been struggling in school or with social relationships? I would love to help. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and families. I believe that effective therapy is based on a trusting relationship that empowers and makes space for positive change. My experience includes academic/school problems, behavioral issues, anxiety/depression, grief and loss, and social skills deficits. My approach is strength-based and non-pathologizing while highlighting your child's natural assets.
Are you looking for a local therapist who specializes in children and teens? Does your son or daughter seem anxious, sad/depressed or withdrawn? Has your child been struggling in school or with social relationships? I would love to help. I specialize in working with children, adolescents and families. I believe that effective therapy is based on a trusting relationship that empowers and makes space for positive change. My experience includes academic/school problems, behavioral issues, anxiety/depression, grief and loss, and social skills deficits. My approach is strength-based and non-pathologizing while highlighting your child's natural assets.
![Photo of Peggy Marie Harden-Haig - Peggy Harden-Haig Marriage Family Therapist Inc., MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c3194f6-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Peggy Harden-Haig Marriage Family Therapist Inc.
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Valencia, CA 91381
I believe in offering my patients a confidental non judgemental approach to psychotherapy in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.
I can help you with your couples or family problems, your teen and children issues. I also deal with blended family difficulties
with my background from an inpatient hospital experience, I am here to offer my specialities in Panic Disorder, Post Trumatic stress disorder, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Depression.
When dealing with the disorders listed above I believe in taking an investigated approach of the source of the problem as well as teaching relaxation and positive thinking to help the patient gain control.
I believe in offering my patients a confidental non judgemental approach to psychotherapy in a relaxed and friendly atmosphere.
I can help you with your couples or family problems, your teen and children issues. I also deal with blended family difficulties
with my background from an inpatient hospital experience, I am here to offer my specialities in Panic Disorder, Post Trumatic stress disorder, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Depression.
When dealing with the disorders listed above I believe in taking an investigated approach of the source of the problem as well as teaching relaxation and positive thinking to help the patient gain control.
![Photo of Relinda Vanderwal Fisher, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/176be2be-de9d-4fe4-94ca-e7a80089869f/1/320x400.jpeg)
Relinda Vanderwal Fisher
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Valencia, CA 91355 (Online Only)
The purpose of my practice is to provide a safe space, a sanctuary of sorts, where I guide you to discover insights and strengths about yourself within the context of your relationships. Your context might include such things profound adversity, compound losses, grief, caregiving for those with chronic health issues, parenting, life transitions, aging, caring for aging loved ones and navigating these unique family and relational dynamics, all within a range of mental health concerns. There is much to be gained when we are intent on building healthier and stronger relationships with our loved ones, the treasures of our lives.
The purpose of my practice is to provide a safe space, a sanctuary of sorts, where I guide you to discover insights and strengths about yourself within the context of your relationships. Your context might include such things profound adversity, compound losses, grief, caregiving for those with chronic health issues, parenting, life transitions, aging, caring for aging loved ones and navigating these unique family and relational dynamics, all within a range of mental health concerns. There is much to be gained when we are intent on building healthier and stronger relationships with our loved ones, the treasures of our lives.
![Photo of Robert A. Marselle, PsyD, RN, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9002d00a-0c42-41ee-bba4-09a21d778292/1/320x400.jpeg)
The techniques I use are tailored to each client's unique needs and challenges. I use a holistic approach that is clinical, psychological, medical, and spiritual. These techniques help me plan, diagnose, and treat individuals as well as couples in relationship counseling. This creates a confidential, non-judgmental atmosphere based on kindness and respect. Only in this environment can you begin to make healthy, confident and mindful decisions so that you can reach your personal and relationship goals. I will walk with you through whatever challenges stand in your way.
The techniques I use are tailored to each client's unique needs and challenges. I use a holistic approach that is clinical, psychological, medical, and spiritual. These techniques help me plan, diagnose, and treat individuals as well as couples in relationship counseling. This creates a confidential, non-judgmental atmosphere based on kindness and respect. Only in this environment can you begin to make healthy, confident and mindful decisions so that you can reach your personal and relationship goals. I will walk with you through whatever challenges stand in your way.
![Photo of Karen Borczon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2d4782f1-eeca-4711-8847-0c62d2bc0c4f/3/320x400.jpeg)
Karen Borczon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Valencia, CA 91355 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who specializes in the treatment of issues related to the aging process. My clients are often struggling with challenges that occur as a result of lifestyle changes, the psychological impact of illness, and the need to redefine who we are and what we want as we move through the challenges of getting older. I provide support and grief counseling when coping with the loss or illness of a loved one.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who specializes in the treatment of issues related to the aging process. My clients are often struggling with challenges that occur as a result of lifestyle changes, the psychological impact of illness, and the need to redefine who we are and what we want as we move through the challenges of getting older. I provide support and grief counseling when coping with the loss or illness of a loved one.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Jason Miller, PhD, MPA, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3d66417c-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
My practice is focused on psychological testing, assessment, & evaluation. In these areas, I have extensive experience working with the entire lifespan, from infancy to older adulthood. I offer all things assessment: neuropsychological, (dementia, traumatic brain injury, etc.) psychoeducational (learning disability, giftedness, etc.), developmental (autism, intellectual disability, etc.), & more. PLEASE NOTE: I DO NOT OFFER THERAPY, COUNSELING, OR MEDICATION SERVICES. This is an assessment only practice.
My practice is focused on psychological testing, assessment, & evaluation. In these areas, I have extensive experience working with the entire lifespan, from infancy to older adulthood. I offer all things assessment: neuropsychological, (dementia, traumatic brain injury, etc.) psychoeducational (learning disability, giftedness, etc.), developmental (autism, intellectual disability, etc.), & more. PLEASE NOTE: I DO NOT OFFER THERAPY, COUNSELING, OR MEDICATION SERVICES. This is an assessment only practice.
![Photo of Dominique Ariana Thompson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f5b2e783-d18f-4803-9de0-993664d4fa37/1/320x400.png)
Dominique Ariana Thompson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Fernando, CA 91344
My name is Dominique Thompson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in San Bernadino, California, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with all ages ranging from children to older adults. I specialize in trauma, stress, anxiety, and depression, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Motivational Interview Therapy to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
My name is Dominique Thompson, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in San Bernadino, California, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with all ages ranging from children to older adults. I specialize in trauma, stress, anxiety, and depression, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Motivational Interview Therapy to help my clients make progress and start feeling better.
![Photo of Omar Alhassoon, LCP, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/44780ee0-34ee-4e15-b100-49437a88601f/2/320x400.jpeg)
Also, my training in neuropsychology qualifies me to work with clients suffering from memory and other cognitive difficulties (e.
Are you seeking a therapist who combines warmth and understanding with cutting-edge neuroscience-informed psychotherapy? My approach to therapy is rooted in empathy, compassion, and a genuine desire to understand your unique experiences. I graduated in 2003 from the University of California San Diego with a PhD in Clinical Neuropsychology. My background allows me to offer a blend of support and scientific insight drawing from my own research in neuroscience. I integrate the latest findings into our sessions, providing an understanding of the mind-body connection and how it influences emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.
Also, my training in neuropsychology qualifies me to work with clients suffering from memory and other cognitive difficulties (e.
Are you seeking a therapist who combines warmth and understanding with cutting-edge neuroscience-informed psychotherapy? My approach to therapy is rooted in empathy, compassion, and a genuine desire to understand your unique experiences. I graduated in 2003 from the University of California San Diego with a PhD in Clinical Neuropsychology. My background allows me to offer a blend of support and scientific insight drawing from my own research in neuroscience. I integrate the latest findings into our sessions, providing an understanding of the mind-body connection and how it influences emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.
Barbara Ferrari, LMFT is a Los Angeles-based licensed marriage and family therapist with over thirty years of experience treating mental health issues and working with the dual diagnosed population. My professional services, which operate in a philosophy of hope, optimism, and belief in the benefits of patient and professional counseling, center on creating personalized strategies that encourage growth and healing in the individual, family unit, and community as a whole.
Barbara Ferrari, LMFT is a Los Angeles-based licensed marriage and family therapist with over thirty years of experience treating mental health issues and working with the dual diagnosed population. My professional services, which operate in a philosophy of hope, optimism, and belief in the benefits of patient and professional counseling, center on creating personalized strategies that encourage growth and healing in the individual, family unit, and community as a whole.
![Photo of Diane Gibbs, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/925e6a38-6375-46be-b060-bc5303991fc4/2/320x400.png)
Hello, my name is Diane Gibbs and I have been a licensed therapist, LCSW, since 2008. I have a humanistic Rogerian approach of starting where the client is. I see my role as holding a mirror up to the client in a safe supportive, and non-judgemental way as well as offering new perspectives. I am honored to align with clients and hold fast to my social work ethic. I look forward to our journey together! I have worked in a large array of settings treating various conditions which include but are not limited to. depression. mania. bipolar. psychosis. adhd. ocd addiction. abuse. trauma. eating d/o. etc.
Hello, my name is Diane Gibbs and I have been a licensed therapist, LCSW, since 2008. I have a humanistic Rogerian approach of starting where the client is. I see my role as holding a mirror up to the client in a safe supportive, and non-judgemental way as well as offering new perspectives. I am honored to align with clients and hold fast to my social work ethic. I look forward to our journey together! I have worked in a large array of settings treating various conditions which include but are not limited to. depression. mania. bipolar. psychosis. adhd. ocd addiction. abuse. trauma. eating d/o. etc.
![Photo of Dr. Andrew J Leone, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b794c08a-6d05-45e1-9a41-8ed62c6e62f5/2/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Andrew J Leone
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Porter Ranch, CA 91326 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Just living in today’s world can be difficult and exhausting. Many of us feel as if we are just “getting by.” We all struggle with our mental health, from daily conflict with others, feeling frustrated or irritable, painful past experiences(trauma), struggles with work and family, and anxious thoughts. These issues can hinder our ability to heal and grow. We can all use help at times, even if we don’t know how to ask for it. I provide comprehensive support and direct feedback to help guide you through this difficult journey, to reach a path that leads to healing, understanding, acceptance, and resolution.
Just living in today’s world can be difficult and exhausting. Many of us feel as if we are just “getting by.” We all struggle with our mental health, from daily conflict with others, feeling frustrated or irritable, painful past experiences(trauma), struggles with work and family, and anxious thoughts. These issues can hinder our ability to heal and grow. We can all use help at times, even if we don’t know how to ask for it. I provide comprehensive support and direct feedback to help guide you through this difficult journey, to reach a path that leads to healing, understanding, acceptance, and resolution.
![Photo of Beth Jenkins, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5b27f0d3-046b-4461-a07d-adb95c80d721/1/320x400.jpeg)
Beth Jenkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Clarita, CA 91354
Waitlist for new clients
I am an energetic, contentedly divorced woman in my early 60's who knows how hard it can be to feel comfortable telling a total stranger about personal concerns. I value your trust in my professional intention to help you feel better about yourself and your life, to move beyond "just getting through each day". So much of our inability to enjoy ourselves, to find fulfillment in our daily lives, is due to fear, shame, and/or challenges in "letting go" when faced with loss (whether it be a relationship, job, or a loved one's death). I believe every client who seeks therapy is courageous and has many, often undiscovered, strengths.
I am an energetic, contentedly divorced woman in my early 60's who knows how hard it can be to feel comfortable telling a total stranger about personal concerns. I value your trust in my professional intention to help you feel better about yourself and your life, to move beyond "just getting through each day". So much of our inability to enjoy ourselves, to find fulfillment in our daily lives, is due to fear, shame, and/or challenges in "letting go" when faced with loss (whether it be a relationship, job, or a loved one's death). I believe every client who seeks therapy is courageous and has many, often undiscovered, strengths.
![Photo of Vardui Jingozian, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4a49d10b-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
We all know humans are not born with manuals, instead, we have to learn as we grow! Living should be easy, but it is inevitable that we will encounter instances in our lives when we feel stuck, confused, angry and sad. It is during this time we often seek professional help to find change, direction, awareness and support. Together, we can navigate through the current struggles, as well as, the good days to find coping skills and solutions that are useful to daily living.
We all know humans are not born with manuals, instead, we have to learn as we grow! Living should be easy, but it is inevitable that we will encounter instances in our lives when we feel stuck, confused, angry and sad. It is during this time we often seek professional help to find change, direction, awareness and support. Together, we can navigate through the current struggles, as well as, the good days to find coping skills and solutions that are useful to daily living.
![Photo of Sose Yapudzhian, MSW, ACSW, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3f67ed58-8cee-4bfe-8c89-a6e0210074ed/3/320x400.jpeg)
Sose Yapudzhian
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sylmar, CA 91342 (Online Only)
My ideal client is someone who actively seeks to improve their emotional resilience and overall well-being. They are committed to engaging deeply in therapeutic work to navigate and overcome the impacts of trauma and grief. Their goals include achieving a greater sense of balance and fulfillment in life, recognizing and building upon their inherent strengths, and developing effective coping strategies for long-term stability. They appreciate a collaborative therapeutic relationship that empowers them to explore their experiences, learn new skills, and make meaningful changes toward a healthier emotional state.
My ideal client is someone who actively seeks to improve their emotional resilience and overall well-being. They are committed to engaging deeply in therapeutic work to navigate and overcome the impacts of trauma and grief. Their goals include achieving a greater sense of balance and fulfillment in life, recognizing and building upon their inherent strengths, and developing effective coping strategies for long-term stability. They appreciate a collaborative therapeutic relationship that empowers them to explore their experiences, learn new skills, and make meaningful changes toward a healthier emotional state.
![Photo of Sally Torrens, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/08af7d9e-a097-453f-90d6-1ffa65fa326e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hi, I’m Sally Torrens. I’m a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT). I learned about your strengths and challenges, what has worked and not worked for you in the past, and what pieces of your life are tangled up so that we can work together to help you make active choices and changes in your life. My therapeutic approach depends on your needs with a focus on Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Mindfulness Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. I work with adults of all ages who are struggling with anxiety, bereavement and loss, parenting, a diagnosis of or a child with autism and other diverse abilities, and work stress.
Hi, I’m Sally Torrens. I’m a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT). I learned about your strengths and challenges, what has worked and not worked for you in the past, and what pieces of your life are tangled up so that we can work together to help you make active choices and changes in your life. My therapeutic approach depends on your needs with a focus on Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Mindfulness Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. I work with adults of all ages who are struggling with anxiety, bereavement and loss, parenting, a diagnosis of or a child with autism and other diverse abilities, and work stress.
![Photo of Jacquie Pershing, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/922e8461-fd1b-4dfe-b49a-cdc7d835f920/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jacquie Pershing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Clarita, CA 91321 (Online Only)
Led by my own life experience with mental health and grief and fueled by my work in private practice, I strive to provide support to all kinds of people experiencing all types of loss. Together, we can navigate the storms and celebrate the rainbows that await on the other side. Whether you are experiencing the loss of a loved one, going through a significant life change, or simply feeling overwhelmed by the challenges of daily life, I am here to support you and be a companion as you move through your healing journey
Led by my own life experience with mental health and grief and fueled by my work in private practice, I strive to provide support to all kinds of people experiencing all types of loss. Together, we can navigate the storms and celebrate the rainbows that await on the other side. Whether you are experiencing the loss of a loved one, going through a significant life change, or simply feeling overwhelmed by the challenges of daily life, I am here to support you and be a companion as you move through your healing journey
![Photo of Shellee Pollard, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/11bddb99-8813-4036-9d2e-73664c3cfaf8/1/320x400.png)
I have been a licensed clinician since 1997. I have lots of experience with others’ crises and trauma as I have had my own and was graciously helped in the 1980s by a wonderful L.C.S.W. who worked for Kaiser. I was so grateful for her approach and kindness, and ability to help me through my difficulties at the time. I went to Cal State Long Beach to obtain my Bachelor’s degree in social work, a B.S.W. completed in 1990, and then onto graduate school to get an M.S.W. in 1993. My approach is similar to my therapist’s one that helped me.
I have been a licensed clinician since 1997. I have lots of experience with others’ crises and trauma as I have had my own and was graciously helped in the 1980s by a wonderful L.C.S.W. who worked for Kaiser. I was so grateful for her approach and kindness, and ability to help me through my difficulties at the time. I went to Cal State Long Beach to obtain my Bachelor’s degree in social work, a B.S.W. completed in 1990, and then onto graduate school to get an M.S.W. in 1993. My approach is similar to my therapist’s one that helped me.
![Photo of Ginger Klawer, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a6ff4253-18b5-492b-9451-d5098ec802a1/1/320x400.jpeg)
Do you struggle to communicate in ways that allow you to feel heard and understood? Would you like to learn how to create healthy boundaries and feel valued? Are you struggling as you navigate through life’s challenges? As a therapist, I help families, and individuals of all ages to answer these questions and help them understand the importance of emotional, relational, and spiritual healing. These are key components of self that often need strengthening to establish healthy relationships and a better understanding of self-worth. Together we can begin the process of healing and growth.
Do you struggle to communicate in ways that allow you to feel heard and understood? Would you like to learn how to create healthy boundaries and feel valued? Are you struggling as you navigate through life’s challenges? As a therapist, I help families, and individuals of all ages to answer these questions and help them understand the importance of emotional, relational, and spiritual healing. These are key components of self that often need strengthening to establish healthy relationships and a better understanding of self-worth. Together we can begin the process of healing and growth.
Online Therapists
![Photo of Beatrix Wagner - Beatrix Wagner [Psychological Testing], Psy D, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/7d06b730-015e-468b-bb65-291f904cbe3b/2/320x400.jpeg)
Beatrix Wagner [Psychological Testing]
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Thousand Oaks, CA 91361
I am a licensed clinical psychologist at Lifespan with 20 years of experience providing mental health services to children and adults. In addition to my doctoral degree I completed an additional two-year training program to specialize in neuropsychology. I work with patients with a variety of mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, autism, learning disabilities, ADHD, PTSD, memory impairment and concussions.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist at Lifespan with 20 years of experience providing mental health services to children and adults. In addition to my doctoral degree I completed an additional two-year training program to specialize in neuropsychology. I work with patients with a variety of mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, autism, learning disabilities, ADHD, PTSD, memory impairment and concussions.
![Photo of Janet A Vivero, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3c2c972b-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/7/320x400.jpeg)
I also offer testing for adults and older adults (dementia), to help provide diagnostic clarification and appropriate treatment/service provisions.
I'm a bilingual/bicultural (Spanish speaking) psychologist with an extensive history working with diverse, multicultural populations.
I specialize in psychological and neuropsychological testing for young children, adolescents, and adults and provide psychotherapy for relationship issues, family functioning, parenting, sexuality, trauma, anxiety, depression, and ADHD.
As a psychologist I believe in forming a trusting partnership and establishing a safe and comfortable space for self-exploration.
Your involvement in therapy can be a means for exploring ways to improve the quality of your life and of your relationships. I believe transformation is possible through understanding, healing, support, and connectedness."
I also offer testing for adults and older adults (dementia), to help provide diagnostic clarification and appropriate treatment/service provisions.
I'm a bilingual/bicultural (Spanish speaking) psychologist with an extensive history working with diverse, multicultural populations.
I specialize in psychological and neuropsychological testing for young children, adolescents, and adults and provide psychotherapy for relationship issues, family functioning, parenting, sexuality, trauma, anxiety, depression, and ADHD.
As a psychologist I believe in forming a trusting partnership and establishing a safe and comfortable space for self-exploration.
Your involvement in therapy can be a means for exploring ways to improve the quality of your life and of your relationships. I believe transformation is possible through understanding, healing, support, and connectedness."
See more therapy options for Valencia
Nearby Dementia Therapists Searches for Valencia
- Calabasas
- Canoga Park
- Encino
- Granada Hills
- North Hollywood
- Northridge
- Santa Clarita
- Sherman Oaks
- Simi Valley
- Sylmar
- Van Nuys
- Woodland Hills
Dementia Therapists
What are the first-line treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease?
The first-line treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is often medication, which may be prescribed based on the severity of the disease. These include cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, or a combination of the two. Behavioral treatments can help people cope with emotional distress, such as anxiety or anger, and explore lifestyle changes related to housing, caregiving, sleep, and finances.
When to seek treatment for Alzheimer’s?
It’s best to seek treatment at the first signs of dementia. Early warning signs of Alzheimer’s include memory problems, such as forgetting appointments or directions, as well as trouble concentrating, paying attention, retrieving words, and carrying out daily household tasks. An early diagnosis can help people slow the progression of the disease with treatment and plan for the future in terms of housing, support, finances, and legality.
Are there specific medications to treat Alzheimer’s?
Medications approved by the FDA to manage symptoms of Alzheimer’s include galantamine, rivastigmine, and donepezil for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s, and memantine, donepezil, and the rivastigmine patch for moderate to severe Alzheimer’s. These drugs can help manage the disease, but no drug currently cures the disease. Medications recently approved by the FDA, such aducanumab and lecanemab may slow the disease course, but aspects of their effectiveness are still debated.
Are there natural treatments for Alzheimer’s?
Alzheimer’s disease cannot be cured via natural remedies (nor via medication), but some lifestyle habits can help forestall it or slow its progression. Lifestyle activities that can help prevent Alzheimer’s disease include regular exercise, a healthy, well-rounded diet, stimulating cognitive activity, time spent socializing, adequate sleep, and stress management as needed.