Parent-Child Interaction (PCIT) Therapists in San Luis Obispo, CA
![Photo of Mary Denise Walton - The Art of Healing, LMFT, ATR-BC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/42b5629d-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
The Art of Healing
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
San Luis Obispo, CA 93405
In addition, I am certified in PCIT, Parent-Child Interactive Therapy to help at-risk parents relate to their children more effectively.
With specialties in addiction and dual diagnosis; including depression, anxiety and trauma history, I take an integrated, holistic approach to care. The therapeutic relationship is one in which optimum healing is, as a result of the reciprocal bond, between the therapist and the client. One can only be open to the experience of change and improvement in their life if they feel safe. This is the therapy space that I provide in order to help shape authentic, loving and accurate self-awareness. I provide nurturance, guidance, affirmation and compassionate reflection in order to help clients feel grounded in their own decision-making.
In addition, I am certified in PCIT, Parent-Child Interactive Therapy to help at-risk parents relate to their children more effectively.
With specialties in addiction and dual diagnosis; including depression, anxiety and trauma history, I take an integrated, holistic approach to care. The therapeutic relationship is one in which optimum healing is, as a result of the reciprocal bond, between the therapist and the client. One can only be open to the experience of change and improvement in their life if they feel safe. This is the therapy space that I provide in order to help shape authentic, loving and accurate self-awareness. I provide nurturance, guidance, affirmation and compassionate reflection in order to help clients feel grounded in their own decision-making.
![Photo of Casey Roos, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c3c3ecfe-4293-4d67-89c9-5888f616ec5f/3/320x400.jpeg)
Hello and welcome to my profile! I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a passion to help individual and families navigate the challenges they face. I provide a safe and supportive environment for my clients to explore their emotions, build healthy relationships, and create positive change in their lives. For the past 14 years, I have worked in a specialized multidisciplinary clinic for families with children who have developmental and behavioral concerns, early trauma, sensory dysregulation, and school challenges. I work with young adults who have anxiety and are looking for strategies to manage their intense feelings.
Hello and welcome to my profile! I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a passion to help individual and families navigate the challenges they face. I provide a safe and supportive environment for my clients to explore their emotions, build healthy relationships, and create positive change in their lives. For the past 14 years, I have worked in a specialized multidisciplinary clinic for families with children who have developmental and behavioral concerns, early trauma, sensory dysregulation, and school challenges. I work with young adults who have anxiety and are looking for strategies to manage their intense feelings.
![Photo of Kasey Bogoje - The Mindful Lemon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3a0ad98f-10ee-4d0c-8f40-7607c0e65696/1/320x400.png)
The Mindful Lemon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Luis Obispo, CA 93401 (Online Only)
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
![Photo of Odette Boyd, PhD, Psychological Associate](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/48cd0803-cbb0-411e-a7ef-5bf452c048f9/1/320x400.jpeg)
Breathe, you are not alone. I'm here to listen and assist you with the issues you are experiencing. I am passionate about helping people learn to cope with and overcome the concerns hindering their lives. I have learned that a better outcome is possible no matter the circumstances. I love to assist teens and college-age students who suffer from depression and anxiety. My specialty also includes the LGBTQ community (helping parents and teens cope), adult depression, anxiety, and couples counseling. Christian counseling is also a path I offer for those seeking a Faith-led path. Let's start this new experience now! You've got this!
Breathe, you are not alone. I'm here to listen and assist you with the issues you are experiencing. I am passionate about helping people learn to cope with and overcome the concerns hindering their lives. I have learned that a better outcome is possible no matter the circumstances. I love to assist teens and college-age students who suffer from depression and anxiety. My specialty also includes the LGBTQ community (helping parents and teens cope), adult depression, anxiety, and couples counseling. Christian counseling is also a path I offer for those seeking a Faith-led path. Let's start this new experience now! You've got this!
![Photo of Miriam Roque, MSW, ACSW](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0fec6f4a-c065-461c-9b85-73298b6e15ed/1/320x400.jpeg)
Miriam Roque
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW, ACSW
Not Verified Not Verified
San Luis Obispo, CA 93401
Not accepting new clients
As a Bilingual-Bicultural social worker with 25 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults and families. I am a passionate about helping people obtain balance between their mental health and quality of life.
As a Bilingual-Bicultural social worker with 25 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults and families. I am a passionate about helping people obtain balance between their mental health and quality of life.
Online Therapists
![Photo of Bri Velasquez, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/db7f068e-668f-4b02-9f9a-d4c8cee0bb38/1/320x400.jpeg)
Bri Velasquez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93109 (Online Only)
I am certified in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and love helping enhance the parent-child relationship and family bond.
The hope and goal I have for my clients is to assist them in enhancing personal and familial relationships. As a social worker, I have had the wonderful opportunity to witness many positive changes in the lives of my clients. These positive changes include how my clients have relationships with others and how they come to view themselves. These components are an integral part of the therapeutic process and journey.
I am certified in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and love helping enhance the parent-child relationship and family bond.
The hope and goal I have for my clients is to assist them in enhancing personal and familial relationships. As a social worker, I have had the wonderful opportunity to witness many positive changes in the lives of my clients. These positive changes include how my clients have relationships with others and how they come to view themselves. These components are an integral part of the therapeutic process and journey.
![Photo of Shahzad K Chaudhry, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/697a70ee-d208-484f-9494-7f1d829d3767/1/320x400.png)
Shahzad K Chaudhry
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93312
I am trained in PCIT, CBT, and completed my year-long doctoral internship with Rogers Memorial Hospital in Wisconsin specializing in treatment of OCD via ERP in residential, inpatient, and outpatient settings.
While I approach therapy from a Cognitive Behavioral perspective, focusing on challenging thoughts and changing behaviors, I do so with the primary focus on respect for my patients and their individual issues. I want you to feel supported in session but also know that you will be challenged and tasked with completing goals in between sessions. I greatly enjoy helping my patients reach their own goals to be successful in their life, especially in the areas of social relationships, academics, employment, and self-care.
I am trained in PCIT, CBT, and completed my year-long doctoral internship with Rogers Memorial Hospital in Wisconsin specializing in treatment of OCD via ERP in residential, inpatient, and outpatient settings.
While I approach therapy from a Cognitive Behavioral perspective, focusing on challenging thoughts and changing behaviors, I do so with the primary focus on respect for my patients and their individual issues. I want you to feel supported in session but also know that you will be challenged and tasked with completing goals in between sessions. I greatly enjoy helping my patients reach their own goals to be successful in their life, especially in the areas of social relationships, academics, employment, and self-care.
![Photo of Hector Barajas, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/bd50f0ed-5ce9-4f38-abd0-d78595e3755b/1/320x400.jpeg)
I utilize evidence-based therapies including MAP, Seeking Safety, PCIT, and IPT.
My name is Hector Barajas, and I am a bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who is passionate about helping children, adolescents and families meet their full potential. I work with children and teens who are struggling with emotional dysregulation, defiance, anger, depression and social-emotional challenges. My expertise lies in working with children, and teen/adolescents who suffer from depression, anxiety, anger and defiance. I specialize in treating adolescents and juveniles in a group setting.
I utilize evidence-based therapies including MAP, Seeking Safety, PCIT, and IPT.
My name is Hector Barajas, and I am a bilingual (Spanish) Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist who is passionate about helping children, adolescents and families meet their full potential. I work with children and teens who are struggling with emotional dysregulation, defiance, anger, depression and social-emotional challenges. My expertise lies in working with children, and teen/adolescents who suffer from depression, anxiety, anger and defiance. I specialize in treating adolescents and juveniles in a group setting.
![Photo of Julia Garcia, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0b7f162d-a876-4c0f-b669-b0b39027f0a3/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hello, I'm Julia Garcia. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been in the behavioral health field for more than 30 years, beginning as a resource outreach counselor, then eventually as a clinical therapist over the years, working with infants, adolescents, families, and women with trauma and SUD issues. I am a trauma-focused therapist who enjoys working with families and individuals. I utilized a trauma-focused approach to CBT, DBT, PCIT, Grief, and Parenting issues. I have found that CBT and DBT approaches work well to assist clients who have extensive trauma-based issues.
Hello, I'm Julia Garcia. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been in the behavioral health field for more than 30 years, beginning as a resource outreach counselor, then eventually as a clinical therapist over the years, working with infants, adolescents, families, and women with trauma and SUD issues. I am a trauma-focused therapist who enjoys working with families and individuals. I utilized a trauma-focused approach to CBT, DBT, PCIT, Grief, and Parenting issues. I have found that CBT and DBT approaches work well to assist clients who have extensive trauma-based issues.
![Photo of Joy Thornhill, MA, LMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d2235abb-ce77-4d71-8133-a5f0b056bb4b/1/320x400.jpeg)
I use evidence-based techniques including Parent and Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Child Therapy, Family Therapy, trauma-informed play therapy, and art therapy to uncover, heal, and provide a new way of relating to one another.
Parents, are you finding yourself exhausted from having yet another argument with your spouse about what to do with your children who continue to behave poorly? Or perhaps you look around at your family and feel sad that you aren’t connecting the way you used to. Your child may be moody, anxious, or seem depressed and you don’t know why or how it came to be this way. You would like support and some extra tools in your toolbox to handle the family stress and are in dire need of some relief.
I use evidence-based techniques including Parent and Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Child Therapy, Family Therapy, trauma-informed play therapy, and art therapy to uncover, heal, and provide a new way of relating to one another.
Parents, are you finding yourself exhausted from having yet another argument with your spouse about what to do with your children who continue to behave poorly? Or perhaps you look around at your family and feel sad that you aren’t connecting the way you used to. Your child may be moody, anxious, or seem depressed and you don’t know why or how it came to be this way. You would like support and some extra tools in your toolbox to handle the family stress and are in dire need of some relief.
![Photo of Riley Ellis, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cc08f2df-11f6-42ef-b65f-62550c5359b4/1/320x400.jpeg)
Riley Ellis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Waitlist for new clients
These include Play Therapy, Emotion-Focused Family Therapy (EFFT), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy (ERP) for anxiety disorders.
Are you or your child struggling with anxiety, stress, or family changes that are making every day life feel difficult or hard to manage? Do you notice your child struggling and you are unsure how to emotionally support them? Have you tried to solve the problems on your own and nothing seems to be working? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then I'm glad you're here. Seeking help for your child, family struggles, or parenting issues can be difficult. I'm here to help.
These include Play Therapy, Emotion-Focused Family Therapy (EFFT), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy (ERP) for anxiety disorders.
Are you or your child struggling with anxiety, stress, or family changes that are making every day life feel difficult or hard to manage? Do you notice your child struggling and you are unsure how to emotionally support them? Have you tried to solve the problems on your own and nothing seems to be working? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then I'm glad you're here. Seeking help for your child, family struggles, or parenting issues can be difficult. I'm here to help.
![Photo of Jan M Buchanan - Jan Buchanan | Therapy Partners CA & CO, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f989d68a-b82d-4455-b603-b5f05617a498/1/320x400.png)
Jan Buchanan | Therapy Partners CA & CO
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Ojai, CA 93023
Whether you’re a person struggling to meet your full potential, a parent hoping to see your child thrive, or a family working to repair broken relationships, good therapy can result in growth and lasting change. It takes courage to be willing to honestly look at ourselves. It takes a safe, open and non-judgmental space, as well as an experienced therapist to make that work possible. As a licensed professional therapist, this is the work I do. My approach is open and straightforward, scientifically-based and customized to meet your needs.
Whether you’re a person struggling to meet your full potential, a parent hoping to see your child thrive, or a family working to repair broken relationships, good therapy can result in growth and lasting change. It takes courage to be willing to honestly look at ourselves. It takes a safe, open and non-judgmental space, as well as an experienced therapist to make that work possible. As a licensed professional therapist, this is the work I do. My approach is open and straightforward, scientifically-based and customized to meet your needs.
![Photo of Kimberly Frey, LPCC](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6aebac10-d90b-469a-85c8-808928014fc0/2/320x400.jpeg)
Kimberly Frey
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93307 (Online Only)
My name is Kim, and I am passionate about helping you! By proving deep listening, plus partnering with you to design action plans I’ll assist you on the journey to a happier and more joyful life. I’m committed to your unique expression of who you are and who you want to become.
My name is Kim, and I am passionate about helping you! By proving deep listening, plus partnering with you to design action plans I’ll assist you on the journey to a happier and more joyful life. I’m committed to your unique expression of who you are and who you want to become.
![Photo of Dr. Jeffrey W Cheney, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/44b0c696-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
You're feeling hurt and angry again and thinking, 'Why do we fight about the same things over and over again? I am so tired of arguing! What happened to the way we used to be?' I know you're feeling alone and frustrated. Couples tell me how lonely and confused they feel. You and your partner can be happy again, you can learn to turn towards eachother, reconnect emotionally and create a more caring and fulfilling relationship. For more than 20 years I've worked with couples and families helping them find a better way to live and love and work together.
You're feeling hurt and angry again and thinking, 'Why do we fight about the same things over and over again? I am so tired of arguing! What happened to the way we used to be?' I know you're feeling alone and frustrated. Couples tell me how lonely and confused they feel. You and your partner can be happy again, you can learn to turn towards eachother, reconnect emotionally and create a more caring and fulfilling relationship. For more than 20 years I've worked with couples and families helping them find a better way to live and love and work together.
![Photo of Denise Chmiel, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/55eb7359-eaa8-4ad6-96c9-572b4825c9b9/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hello, my name is Denise Chmiel. I am a Marriage & Family Therapist in the State of California. My work with clients is client-centered, solution-focused, and trauma-informed. I approach my clients respectfully, warmly, and with a sincere desire to assist them with gaining insight, achieving their therapeutic goals, and feeling better. I am comfortable working with adults, older adults, and adolescents who are experiencing depression, anxiety, relationship conflict, sadness, and loneliness or who are stuck in situations that feel hopeless.
Hello, my name is Denise Chmiel. I am a Marriage & Family Therapist in the State of California. My work with clients is client-centered, solution-focused, and trauma-informed. I approach my clients respectfully, warmly, and with a sincere desire to assist them with gaining insight, achieving their therapeutic goals, and feeling better. I am comfortable working with adults, older adults, and adolescents who are experiencing depression, anxiety, relationship conflict, sadness, and loneliness or who are stuck in situations that feel hopeless.
![Photo of Veronica Diaz, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/31998773-172b-4f7f-a017-cca2ea360521/2/320x400.jpeg)
I believe it takes bravery to recognize when we need help, and even more to seek it out. Many are struggling with depression, stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, trauma, or even parenting. I want you to know that you are not alone and seeking support is ok. Anxiety, Depression, and even Trauma may not look the same for everyone. After all, like Carl Rogers stated, "The shoe that fits one person may pinch another. " You may even appear motivated, determined, and happy from the outside, but your loud inner critic tells you that you are not good enough, constantly compares yourself to others, is stress, and possibly feeling hopeless.
I believe it takes bravery to recognize when we need help, and even more to seek it out. Many are struggling with depression, stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, trauma, or even parenting. I want you to know that you are not alone and seeking support is ok. Anxiety, Depression, and even Trauma may not look the same for everyone. After all, like Carl Rogers stated, "The shoe that fits one person may pinch another. " You may even appear motivated, determined, and happy from the outside, but your loud inner critic tells you that you are not good enough, constantly compares yourself to others, is stress, and possibly feeling hopeless.
![Photo of Nazanin Fathi, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a9318913-ce0c-48aa-b4d2-f7650e2fefd9/1/320x400.png)
Dr. Fathi completed her undergraduate degree at the University of California Los Angeles, subsequently pursued graduate training in Marriage and Family Therapy at the University of Southern California, and later completed her Doctorate at the California State University of Northridge. She has worked at some of the most well-known drug and alcohol treatment centers in Southern California, as well as private and state-funded clinics helping individuals, families, and couples.
Dr. Fathi completed her undergraduate degree at the University of California Los Angeles, subsequently pursued graduate training in Marriage and Family Therapy at the University of Southern California, and later completed her Doctorate at the California State University of Northridge. She has worked at some of the most well-known drug and alcohol treatment centers in Southern California, as well as private and state-funded clinics helping individuals, families, and couples.
![Photo of Nadia Nader, PhD, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/389780a4-731b-494a-b333-1e000f3e0200/2/320x400.jpeg)
Welcome to all of you. I am primarily trained in health psychology, working with those hoping to harmonize their body and mind benefiting from alternative and integrative initiatives. I am comfortable treating issues of dual realities: behaviors; bipolar disorder; death; hyphenated/intersectional identities; inter/multi-generational traumas; relationships (children/parents, couples, blended families, siblings); life transitions and personal journeys of assimilation, breakup, borders crossing, conversion, displacement, divorce, migration, sobriety and transitioning - all great examples of the incredible power of human transformation.
Welcome to all of you. I am primarily trained in health psychology, working with those hoping to harmonize their body and mind benefiting from alternative and integrative initiatives. I am comfortable treating issues of dual realities: behaviors; bipolar disorder; death; hyphenated/intersectional identities; inter/multi-generational traumas; relationships (children/parents, couples, blended families, siblings); life transitions and personal journeys of assimilation, breakup, borders crossing, conversion, displacement, divorce, migration, sobriety and transitioning - all great examples of the incredible power of human transformation.
![Photo of Jaime Bregante, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/b5ccbb33-0305-4540-8e89-3da5975d19de/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jaime Bregante
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93105
We all worry about our children. We want to support and teach them the skills needed to overcome challenges so they will grow into “successful” adults. Families may go through a phase where additional support may be needed in order to get through these challenges. It takes a strong sense of self to be able to communicate what’s wrong and most children are still developing these skills. In collaboration with families, I create a safe space to help develop insight into the internal challenges a child is facing while helping them build the skills they need to thrive.
We all worry about our children. We want to support and teach them the skills needed to overcome challenges so they will grow into “successful” adults. Families may go through a phase where additional support may be needed in order to get through these challenges. It takes a strong sense of self to be able to communicate what’s wrong and most children are still developing these skills. In collaboration with families, I create a safe space to help develop insight into the internal challenges a child is facing while helping them build the skills they need to thrive.
![Photo of Elisabeth C Box, LMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a41be913-84c5-4eb2-8de4-d57fe20530eb/1/320x400.jpeg)
Are you struggling with sadness or anxiety? Navigating life's ups and downs is difficult for everyone and, often, it is nice to have an unbiased ear to talk to or get objective advice from. Elisabeth especially enjoys helping people who are struggling with anxiety and depression because they are common ailments that respond well to therapy. Elisabeth uses evidenced-based practices which have been clinically proven to reduce or eliminate the physical discomfort of anxiety, soothe the emotional impact of depression and heal traumatic wounds. We can transform our stumbling blocks into stepping stones, one day at a time!
Are you struggling with sadness or anxiety? Navigating life's ups and downs is difficult for everyone and, often, it is nice to have an unbiased ear to talk to or get objective advice from. Elisabeth especially enjoys helping people who are struggling with anxiety and depression because they are common ailments that respond well to therapy. Elisabeth uses evidenced-based practices which have been clinically proven to reduce or eliminate the physical discomfort of anxiety, soothe the emotional impact of depression and heal traumatic wounds. We can transform our stumbling blocks into stepping stones, one day at a time!
See more therapy options for San Luis Obispo
Nearby Parent-Child Interaction (PCIT) Therapists Searches for San Luis Obispo
See More Parent-Child Interaction (PCIT) TherapistsNearby Searches for San Luis Obispo
- Arroyo Grande
- Atascadero
- Avila Beach
- Cayucos
- Grover Beach
- Los Osos
- Morro Bay
- Nipomo
- Paso Robles
- Pismo Beach
- Shell Beach
- Templeton
Parent-Child Interaction (PCIT) Therapists
Does parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) work?
PCIT is an evidence-based treatment that has been shown to be effective across domains, including for children with behavioral problems, those on the autism spectrum, and those who have experienced early childhood trauma. Further, studies have found that the skills developed through PCIT benefit not only the child in therapy but also siblings, as the parent internalizes lessons learned in sessions and is able to incorporate them into interactions with other family members.
How long does PCIT last?
The duration of treatment depends on the specific challenges clients face. Sessions are typically 60 to 90 minutes long, and treatment lasts, on average, between 12 and 20 sessions. Factors that influence treatment duration include how regularly a client attends treatment, how much progress is achieved between sessions, the particular skills that need development, and the extent to which the parent and therapist see improvement.
Can PCIT be done online?
PCIT is among the therapy types best suited for video sessions. Therapists are able to communicate with parents with essentially the same ease, and by observing the parent and child at home in their normal environment, the therapist may gain additional insight into their interactions, as the child will have their normal toys and may feel more comfortable and act more naturally than they would in a therapist’s room.
Does PCIT help parents?
In addition to the skills parents develop through the treatment, PCIT has also been shown to reduce frustration, stress, and depression in parents and promote confidence and a sense of calm when dealing with their children. The desired outcomes of PCIT include a reduction in defiant and aggressive behavior by children and an improvement in communicating their feelings productively, complying with parental instruction, and behaving according to parents’ rules. Growth in these areas can be a relief for parents.