Humanistic Therapists in San Jose, CA

Photo of Sasha Esposito, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sasha Esposito
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95126
My work with people is very directive and focuses on the strengths in each person while noting what wasn't working. Clearly identifying the obstacles to healthier ways of relating and then very specifically identifying how to shift into new and effective ways of relating. My way of working is humanistic and I keep my client informed as we go...empowering them to "own" what we discover so they can transform the aspects of themselves and their lives. My approach is non-pathologizing, strength-based and solution-focused.
My work with people is very directive and focuses on the strengths in each person while noting what wasn't working. Clearly identifying the obstacles to healthier ways of relating and then very specifically identifying how to shift into new and effective ways of relating. My way of working is humanistic and I keep my client informed as we go...empowering them to "own" what we discover so they can transform the aspects of themselves and their lives. My approach is non-pathologizing, strength-based and solution-focused.
(408) 378-6510 View (408) 378-6510
Photo of Cindy Sauln, PhD, Psychologist
Cindy Sauln
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95155  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My training is in existential humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology, along with intensive training in behavior therapies (DBT, RO-DBT).
My clinical experience includes my own private practice, working at The Wise Mind Institute, 5 years of working with adults of all ages in two community mental health clinics, as well as working on-site at an elementary school, middle school, and high school with children and adolescents of all ages and their parents. I love helping clients of all ages who are seeking change and symptom relief to successfully navigate periods of crisis and transition in their lives. Depression, anxiety, grief, low self-esteem, spirituality, parenting teens and adult children, organization and planning skills are all within my scope of practice.
My training is in existential humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology, along with intensive training in behavior therapies (DBT, RO-DBT).
My clinical experience includes my own private practice, working at The Wise Mind Institute, 5 years of working with adults of all ages in two community mental health clinics, as well as working on-site at an elementary school, middle school, and high school with children and adolescents of all ages and their parents. I love helping clients of all ages who are seeking change and symptom relief to successfully navigate periods of crisis and transition in their lives. Depression, anxiety, grief, low self-esteem, spirituality, parenting teens and adult children, organization and planning skills are all within my scope of practice.
(650) 488-3786 View (650) 488-3786
Photo of Christine Raco, LPCC, Counselor
Christine Raco
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95119  (Online Only)
As an eclectic therapist drawing from humanistic, person-centered, DBT , and TF-CBT approaches, I offer a comprehensive and tailored approach to healing and growth.
Are you an adolescent or young adult navigating the challenges of life, relationships, social media and sense of self? Whether you may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem issues, behavioral issues, anger issues, school issues or challenges in family dynamics and peer relationships, I am here to help. My specialty lies in working with adolescents and young adults who are navigating the challenges of transition, identity development, trauma, and emotional dysregulation. I offer a blend of therapeutic modalities to meet your unique needs and goals while offering a compassionate and understanding space for growth
As an eclectic therapist drawing from humanistic, person-centered, DBT , and TF-CBT approaches, I offer a comprehensive and tailored approach to healing and growth.
Are you an adolescent or young adult navigating the challenges of life, relationships, social media and sense of self? Whether you may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, self-esteem issues, behavioral issues, anger issues, school issues or challenges in family dynamics and peer relationships, I am here to help. My specialty lies in working with adolescents and young adults who are navigating the challenges of transition, identity development, trauma, and emotional dysregulation. I offer a blend of therapeutic modalities to meet your unique needs and goals while offering a compassionate and understanding space for growth
(408) 878-1737 View (408) 878-1737
Photo of Roby Shamas, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Roby Shamas
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125
Waitlist for new clients
My approach is depth oriented, existential- humanistic, and mindfulness-based; however, it will vary based on where my client is presently.
As a psychotherapist, I enjoy working with adults going through life-transitions, looking for better self-understanding, wanting to improve their relationships, or experiencing challenging stressors. While cultivating compassionate self-awareness, I'll guide you as we work together to navigate your struggles and goals. Whether you are pursuing therapy with a clear idea of what you want to accomplish or are coming in with uncertainty, I am deeply committed to understanding you, and being by your side on your unique journey.
My approach is depth oriented, existential- humanistic, and mindfulness-based; however, it will vary based on where my client is presently.
As a psychotherapist, I enjoy working with adults going through life-transitions, looking for better self-understanding, wanting to improve their relationships, or experiencing challenging stressors. While cultivating compassionate self-awareness, I'll guide you as we work together to navigate your struggles and goals. Whether you are pursuing therapy with a clear idea of what you want to accomplish or are coming in with uncertainty, I am deeply committed to understanding you, and being by your side on your unique journey.
(408) 837-4786 View (408) 837-4786
Photo of Christine Evensen, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Christine Evensen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95120
Hi, my name is Chris Evensen, LMFT license 50460 working in Telehealth, statewide in California. I work with adults, and I primarily use a Humanistic approach to therapy with the goal of helping my clients increase their coping skills while letting go of negative self-beliefs and patterns of behavior that prevent them from living their lives to the fullest. My approach to therapy is client driven. I listen carefully and encourage my clients to tell me what they need from therapy and collaboratively we work towards meeting those needs. I use CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness as well as Rational Emotive Therapy.
Hi, my name is Chris Evensen, LMFT license 50460 working in Telehealth, statewide in California. I work with adults, and I primarily use a Humanistic approach to therapy with the goal of helping my clients increase their coping skills while letting go of negative self-beliefs and patterns of behavior that prevent them from living their lives to the fullest. My approach to therapy is client driven. I listen carefully and encourage my clients to tell me what they need from therapy and collaboratively we work towards meeting those needs. I use CBT, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness as well as Rational Emotive Therapy.
(408) 443-2077 View (408) 443-2077
Photo of Maria Herrera, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maria Herrera
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95139
My theoretical foundations are psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive-behavioral.
Welcome! I am glad that you are here taking a step towards change. I appreciate the opportunity to introduce myself. I am a licensed clinical social worker with almost twenty years of experience. I graduated from the University of Southern California. I have worked in a wide range of areas. I have helped client’s manage and cope with challenging health and emotional issues, as well as life transitions, substance abuse, and relationship problems. As your counselor, I can help you explore, process, and learn ways to cope with life challenges.
My theoretical foundations are psychodynamic, humanistic and cognitive-behavioral.
Welcome! I am glad that you are here taking a step towards change. I appreciate the opportunity to introduce myself. I am a licensed clinical social worker with almost twenty years of experience. I graduated from the University of Southern California. I have worked in a wide range of areas. I have helped client’s manage and cope with challenging health and emotional issues, as well as life transitions, substance abuse, and relationship problems. As your counselor, I can help you explore, process, and learn ways to cope with life challenges.
(408) 516-5731 View (408) 516-5731
Photo of Lori Tucker Howard, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lori Tucker Howard
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95124  (Online Only)
My approach is depth-oriented, client-centered and humanistic.
Are you experiencing the loss of a loved one, a relationship or a job, or perhaps you have lost your sense of self and just feel stuck? Are you struggling with marriage or relationship issues or transitions in life and just don't know how to move forward? You are not alone. I believe that we all can achieve a deeper understanding of ourselves and find purpose within a safe relationship which therapy can provide.
My approach is depth-oriented, client-centered and humanistic.
Are you experiencing the loss of a loved one, a relationship or a job, or perhaps you have lost your sense of self and just feel stuck? Are you struggling with marriage or relationship issues or transitions in life and just don't know how to move forward? You are not alone. I believe that we all can achieve a deeper understanding of ourselves and find purpose within a safe relationship which therapy can provide.
(669) 232-8085 View (669) 232-8085
Photo of Inna Kuchmenko, MA, AMFT
Inna Kuchmenko
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95124  (Online Only)
My clinical approach to psychotherapy is an eclectic mix of Humanistic/Existential, Solutions-Focused, Psychodynamic/Relational, Emotionally Focused, Family Systems, Cognitive-Behavioral theories and many more.
Carl Jung said: “It is what you are that heals, not what you know”. The journey of self-discovery is exactly that – getting to know and deeply appreciating your true and authentic self, even when that essence may be covered by trauma, hardship and suffering. It is this uncovering that many who experience psychotherapy to be transformative and healing refer to as a “re-birth”, a coming home to and an unfolding of who you truly are. Engaging in the process of self-inquiry can be a rewarding and even a life-changing experience, especially in the presence of an empathic and compassionate other.
My clinical approach to psychotherapy is an eclectic mix of Humanistic/Existential, Solutions-Focused, Psychodynamic/Relational, Emotionally Focused, Family Systems, Cognitive-Behavioral theories and many more.
Carl Jung said: “It is what you are that heals, not what you know”. The journey of self-discovery is exactly that – getting to know and deeply appreciating your true and authentic self, even when that essence may be covered by trauma, hardship and suffering. It is this uncovering that many who experience psychotherapy to be transformative and healing refer to as a “re-birth”, a coming home to and an unfolding of who you truly are. Engaging in the process of self-inquiry can be a rewarding and even a life-changing experience, especially in the presence of an empathic and compassionate other.
(650) 686-2103 View (650) 686-2103
Photo of Eric Rennacker, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eric Rennacker
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95112  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Eric Rennacker, I am a licensed marriage and family therapist and for the last 10 years, I have been working with people in recovery from addiction. Trauma is the gateway to substance abuse and I am EMDR certified. I am also in recovery myself having 37 years of sobriety, I know how hard recovery is. I meet people where they are in their lives using a humanistic approach of unconditional acceptance as I believe the therapeutic relationship that can be created between client and therapist is the foundation for what can be difficult work.
Hello, my name is Eric Rennacker, I am a licensed marriage and family therapist and for the last 10 years, I have been working with people in recovery from addiction. Trauma is the gateway to substance abuse and I am EMDR certified. I am also in recovery myself having 37 years of sobriety, I know how hard recovery is. I meet people where they are in their lives using a humanistic approach of unconditional acceptance as I believe the therapeutic relationship that can be created between client and therapist is the foundation for what can be difficult work.
(408) 669-4583 View (408) 669-4583
Photo of Dino Petruzzi, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dino Petruzzi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95132
Hello, my name is Dino Petruzzi and I am a LMFT Licensed in California. I have been a therapist for the past 7 years. My approach to therapy is to be compassionate and non-judgmental with my clients. My focus is on the client and what they need to get out of each session. I would describe my theoretical approach as a cross between humanistic and compassionate inquiry where both the individual and therapist unveil the level of consciousness, mental climate, hidden assumptions, implicit memories, and body states that form the real message that words both express and conceal.
Hello, my name is Dino Petruzzi and I am a LMFT Licensed in California. I have been a therapist for the past 7 years. My approach to therapy is to be compassionate and non-judgmental with my clients. My focus is on the client and what they need to get out of each session. I would describe my theoretical approach as a cross between humanistic and compassionate inquiry where both the individual and therapist unveil the level of consciousness, mental climate, hidden assumptions, implicit memories, and body states that form the real message that words both express and conceal.
(408) 580-8809 View (408) 580-8809
Photo of Rosalva Salerno, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosalva Salerno
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95116
Experiencing stress, symptoms of anxiety, and depression can be overwhelming since it may rob you of having a good night's sleep and may interfere with your personal relationships and what you perceive as the way to resolve conflict. In therapy, we will explore barriers that are stopping you from identifying your true self and stopping you from finding a way to reach tranquility and peace in your life. My theoretical approach includes humanistic therapy, with emphasis on guiding my clients to make rational choices and develop their maximum potential, with emphasis on client-centered and existential therapy.
Experiencing stress, symptoms of anxiety, and depression can be overwhelming since it may rob you of having a good night's sleep and may interfere with your personal relationships and what you perceive as the way to resolve conflict. In therapy, we will explore barriers that are stopping you from identifying your true self and stopping you from finding a way to reach tranquility and peace in your life. My theoretical approach includes humanistic therapy, with emphasis on guiding my clients to make rational choices and develop their maximum potential, with emphasis on client-centered and existential therapy.
(650) 374-5357 View (650) 374-5357
Photo of Beatriz Gutierrez, AMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Beatriz Gutierrez
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95126
As a Latina, mother of two at-risk pregnancies boys, a wife, and the eldest daughter, I can relate to the challenges of staying connected to our culture while attempting to merge with the American Culture. I have worked in the mental health field for over 23 years where I provided an array of clinical services; including behavioral, humanistic, crisis interventions, and psychodynamic techniques. My practice is rooted in many theories, so I exercise a holistic approach. I believe that every individual is unique and there is no one way to treat our healing process since we all come with some sort of baggage, battle wounds and scars.
As a Latina, mother of two at-risk pregnancies boys, a wife, and the eldest daughter, I can relate to the challenges of staying connected to our culture while attempting to merge with the American Culture. I have worked in the mental health field for over 23 years where I provided an array of clinical services; including behavioral, humanistic, crisis interventions, and psychodynamic techniques. My practice is rooted in many theories, so I exercise a holistic approach. I believe that every individual is unique and there is no one way to treat our healing process since we all come with some sort of baggage, battle wounds and scars.
(408) 443-2493 View (408) 443-2493
Photo of Mia Singer, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mia Singer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95110  (Online Only)
Having difficulty managing life stressors such as work, relationships, self-esteem, or just life in general? It would be more shocking if we were handling all the stressors and triggers of our current world without the need for the support of others. I find it a privilege to work with adolescents and adults during times in everyone's lives in we need a little more care and compassion. My approach to therapy is primarily humanistic, incorporating attachment theory, narrative therapy, solution-focused and family systems work in working through issues that ultimately lead will us toward growth and healthy transitions.
Having difficulty managing life stressors such as work, relationships, self-esteem, or just life in general? It would be more shocking if we were handling all the stressors and triggers of our current world without the need for the support of others. I find it a privilege to work with adolescents and adults during times in everyone's lives in we need a little more care and compassion. My approach to therapy is primarily humanistic, incorporating attachment theory, narrative therapy, solution-focused and family systems work in working through issues that ultimately lead will us toward growth and healthy transitions.
(909) 487-1621 View (909) 487-1621
Photo of Meghan Fraley, PhD, Psychologist
Meghan Fraley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95126
I am certified in Existential- Humanistic Psychotherapy, which facilitates genuine and life lasting changes through a powerful process of self-discovery rooted in compassion and presence.
I want to acknowledge the courage it takes to seek out a therapist. As social beings, we all need support and at certain times we need it more than ever. Speaking to someone you can open up to and trust, knowing you will not be judged, can really make a difference in navigating emotional turmoil, relationships, stress, anxiety, processing trauma, and making our way through major life transitions. At times we may struggle with larger life questions such as, "Who am I?" and "What is my purpose in life?" I am here to help.
I am certified in Existential- Humanistic Psychotherapy, which facilitates genuine and life lasting changes through a powerful process of self-discovery rooted in compassion and presence.
I want to acknowledge the courage it takes to seek out a therapist. As social beings, we all need support and at certain times we need it more than ever. Speaking to someone you can open up to and trust, knowing you will not be judged, can really make a difference in navigating emotional turmoil, relationships, stress, anxiety, processing trauma, and making our way through major life transitions. At times we may struggle with larger life questions such as, "Who am I?" and "What is my purpose in life?" I am here to help.
(650) 282-3391 View (650) 282-3391
Photo of Lillian Hayatghaib, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Lillian Hayatghaib
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95117
I use an attachment lens with existential and humanistic interventions.
Shame can't survive if we can share our story with someone who responds with empathy and understanding. Healing is inherently relational. It is my belief that the longer a person is unable to repair broken attachment patterns and insecure attachment behaviors, the more likely it is that they will find these patterns and behaviors replicated in their adult relationships. My background in philosophy uniquely equips me to address existential concerns and the profound anxieties that accompany modern life, offering a powerful tool for navigating these challenges.
I use an attachment lens with existential and humanistic interventions.
Shame can't survive if we can share our story with someone who responds with empathy and understanding. Healing is inherently relational. It is my belief that the longer a person is unable to repair broken attachment patterns and insecure attachment behaviors, the more likely it is that they will find these patterns and behaviors replicated in their adult relationships. My background in philosophy uniquely equips me to address existential concerns and the profound anxieties that accompany modern life, offering a powerful tool for navigating these challenges.
(408) 413-0049 View (408) 413-0049
Photo of Irit Broner, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Irit Broner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95129
Welcome, I am offering you a safe place to explore your thoughts and feelings and learn new ways to cope with life challenges. I am a bilingual therapist providing therapy in both English and Hebrew. I provide psychotherapy to individuals, families, and couples. My approach to therapy is humanistic based on empathy, acceptance, and collaboration.
Welcome, I am offering you a safe place to explore your thoughts and feelings and learn new ways to cope with life challenges. I am a bilingual therapist providing therapy in both English and Hebrew. I provide psychotherapy to individuals, families, and couples. My approach to therapy is humanistic based on empathy, acceptance, and collaboration.
(209) 340-9538 View (209) 340-9538
Photo of Audrey Hu, ASW
Audrey Hu
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ASW
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95125
I use a humanistic approach to build strong therapeutic relationships with clients, an essential component to ensure the success of treatment.
We all feel lost from time to time, but there’s always light at the end of the tunnel. I’ve been through my own therapy as a young adult when I was stuck in a bout of anxiety and panic attacks due to childhood trauma. Throughout my years of working with traumatized individuals, I learned first-hand about how childhood trauma can have a strong impact on adulthood. I can help you address unresolved trauma, in order for you to find passion, connection, and purpose in your life.
I use a humanistic approach to build strong therapeutic relationships with clients, an essential component to ensure the success of treatment.
We all feel lost from time to time, but there’s always light at the end of the tunnel. I’ve been through my own therapy as a young adult when I was stuck in a bout of anxiety and panic attacks due to childhood trauma. Throughout my years of working with traumatized individuals, I learned first-hand about how childhood trauma can have a strong impact on adulthood. I can help you address unresolved trauma, in order for you to find passion, connection, and purpose in your life.
(408) 404-5583 View (408) 404-5583
Photo of Melissa Satram, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Satram
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Jose, CA 95125
By using CBT, Mindfulness, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic approach, I can help you navigate life's ups and downs and shift patterns, thoughts, and behaviors.
Do you ever struggle with feeling like you’re not enough? Do you feel like you have to prove yourself? Do you feel stuck and triggered by childhood trauma? The symptoms of trauma include anxiety, depression, high conflict relationships, occupational impairment, addiction, and much more. I believe therapy can help you develop a more self-awareness and actionable plan to alleviate these symptoms. I specialized in working with people who are willing to explore past, present, and future challenges and to find tools for personal growth.
By using CBT, Mindfulness, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic approach, I can help you navigate life's ups and downs and shift patterns, thoughts, and behaviors.
Do you ever struggle with feeling like you’re not enough? Do you feel like you have to prove yourself? Do you feel stuck and triggered by childhood trauma? The symptoms of trauma include anxiety, depression, high conflict relationships, occupational impairment, addiction, and much more. I believe therapy can help you develop a more self-awareness and actionable plan to alleviate these symptoms. I specialized in working with people who are willing to explore past, present, and future challenges and to find tools for personal growth.
(408) 359-1686 View (408) 359-1686
Photo of Ken Mallon, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ken Mallon
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95135
My style is validating, humanistic, non-judgmental, gentle and direct.
Mallon Advisory & Counseling Services is a small private practice that provides very personalized services to adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I specialize in relationships, working with adults whose main concerns are interpersonal and couples/families with complex issues requiring a greater degree of experience. I also have two associates in my practice in case you prefer a woman or POC. Grace Flier specializes in trauma while Sharon Singh has expertise in grief/loss, anxiety and life transitions.
My style is validating, humanistic, non-judgmental, gentle and direct.
Mallon Advisory & Counseling Services is a small private practice that provides very personalized services to adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I specialize in relationships, working with adults whose main concerns are interpersonal and couples/families with complex issues requiring a greater degree of experience. I also have two associates in my practice in case you prefer a woman or POC. Grace Flier specializes in trauma while Sharon Singh has expertise in grief/loss, anxiety and life transitions.
(408) 351-0262 View (408) 351-0262
Photo of Eriko Timbers, MA, LMFT, PMH-C, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eriko Timbers
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
I incorporate the humanistic, or collaborative approach, to explore various strategies to overcome life's obstacles.
Currently accepting clients (Both In-person or via Telehealth) My ideal client is someone who is seeking a calm and comfortable atmosphere where they can fully express themselves. Part of the process is working together to identify their individual issues and expand upon them as needed. Clients can expect a confidential and safe space where they can be heard, treated with respect, and a receive a professional therapeutic approach to address their individual need
I incorporate the humanistic, or collaborative approach, to explore various strategies to overcome life's obstacles.
Currently accepting clients (Both In-person or via Telehealth) My ideal client is someone who is seeking a calm and comfortable atmosphere where they can fully express themselves. Part of the process is working together to identify their individual issues and expand upon them as needed. Clients can expect a confidential and safe space where they can be heard, treated with respect, and a receive a professional therapeutic approach to address their individual need
(408) 583-6358 View (408) 583-6358
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Humanistic Therapists

How does humanistic therapy work?

One tenet of humanistic therapy is that people are good. The humanistic approach is concerned with a person’s ability to accept oneself. It likewise encourages a person to overcome self-criticism and self-defeating tendencies, as well as disapproval from others. This approach also emphasizes self-actualization and treating an individual as a whole person. A foundation of this therapy type: The patient is the expert in their life, and treatment often takes the individual’s lead.

Is humanistic therapy evidence-based?

Humanistic therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has found that humanistic therapy can lead to significant improvement, and for some people it can be just as effective as other therapies, such as Cognitive behavioral therapy. The benefits of humanistic therapy are enduring.

How long does humanistic therapy last?

The goal of humanistic therapy is to understand a person’s day-to-day experiences. While sessions can be short-term and last over a few months, therapy can sometimes continue beyond that and last up to a year or more. And because patients learn the theory behind humanistic therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is humanistic therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with humanistic therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in addressing poor self-esteem and self-sabotage, as well as improving conditions including anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can be long standing, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve learned during treatment.