Infertility Therapists in Orinda, CA

Photo of Nicole Kat Laby, MFT, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nicole Kat Laby
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orinda, CA 94563
For the past 30 years I've helped people navigate through depression, anxiety, marital/spousal problems, issues with intimacy, significant life transitions, trauma, artists with difficulty producing work, LGBTQ communities, substance abuse, chemical dependencies, eating disorders and infertility.
Sometimes the belief that you will find the right therapist and get through difficulties feels so far away. Depression and anxiety can complicate your efforts to reach out and begin the process of telling your story. I am here to listen to your story and collaborate with you to get past hardships and make realistic and sustainable changes. I have an interactive style which helps to draw out the difficult parts and ground you in your pursuit of a more fulfilling life. Thank you for visiting and please let me know if you’d like to talk for a bit first in order to see if I could be of help. For more info please visit NicoleLaby.com
For the past 30 years I've helped people navigate through depression, anxiety, marital/spousal problems, issues with intimacy, significant life transitions, trauma, artists with difficulty producing work, LGBTQ communities, substance abuse, chemical dependencies, eating disorders and infertility.
Sometimes the belief that you will find the right therapist and get through difficulties feels so far away. Depression and anxiety can complicate your efforts to reach out and begin the process of telling your story. I am here to listen to your story and collaborate with you to get past hardships and make realistic and sustainable changes. I have an interactive style which helps to draw out the difficult parts and ground you in your pursuit of a more fulfilling life. Thank you for visiting and please let me know if you’d like to talk for a bit first in order to see if I could be of help. For more info please visit NicoleLaby.com
(628) 333-2198 View (628) 333-2198
Photo of Leslie Foge, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Leslie Foge
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
I have 30 years' experience in working in the adoption/ infertility field.
I enjoy working with adults facing transitions -- launching, having a child, beginning or ending a relationship, moving through developmental stages, etc. I love working with folks touched by adoption -- potential adoptive parents, adoptive families, birth families, adopted persons, etc. I enjoy working with people struggling with depression, anxiety, compulsivity, disconnection, loneliness. .
I have 30 years' experience in working in the adoption/ infertility field.
I enjoy working with adults facing transitions -- launching, having a child, beginning or ending a relationship, moving through developmental stages, etc. I love working with folks touched by adoption -- potential adoptive parents, adoptive families, birth families, adopted persons, etc. I enjoy working with people struggling with depression, anxiety, compulsivity, disconnection, loneliness. .
(925) 578-2997 View (925) 578-2997
Photo of Nicole Kangas, PhD, MA, LMFT, JD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nicole Kangas
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MA, LMFT, JD
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
My practice also has a special commitment to helping women and couples with the emotional and psychological issues related to reproductive health, including infertility, pregnancy and postpartum issues, birth trauma, and perinatal loss.
*VIDEO/PHONE SESSIONS AVAILABLE* Do you find yourself facing difficult or unexpected struggles? Responding to life's challenges can be hard and can result in stress and unwanted feelings or symptoms. I am here to help you gain the strength, confidence, and clarity needed to tackle life’s obstacles and to feel well. I work with individuals from adolescence through adulthood who are dealing with a range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, life transitions, relationship and parenting concerns, grief and loss, trauma recovery, and more. I also help couples work through problems and strengthen their bond.
My practice also has a special commitment to helping women and couples with the emotional and psychological issues related to reproductive health, including infertility, pregnancy and postpartum issues, birth trauma, and perinatal loss.
*VIDEO/PHONE SESSIONS AVAILABLE* Do you find yourself facing difficult or unexpected struggles? Responding to life's challenges can be hard and can result in stress and unwanted feelings or symptoms. I am here to help you gain the strength, confidence, and clarity needed to tackle life’s obstacles and to feel well. I work with individuals from adolescence through adulthood who are dealing with a range of issues including stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, life transitions, relationship and parenting concerns, grief and loss, trauma recovery, and more. I also help couples work through problems and strengthen their bond.
(925) 660-7363 View (925) 660-7363
Photo of Catherine Pfister, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Catherine Pfister
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
My perinatal mental health clients say that my lived experience with infertility and loss resonates deeply with them.
I work with new parents, people experiencing infertility and post-partum mood and anxiety disorders and adults and couples who are dealing with trauma, grief, and life transitions and are struggling with depression and anxiety. I have more than 20 years experience working with trauma, anxiety, depression, and grief and additional training through Post-Partum Support International in post-partum mood anxiety disorders, loss, and lived experience with infertility. I provide individual therapy, family therapy, parenting consultations, and immigration evaluations. I work in English and Spanish.
My perinatal mental health clients say that my lived experience with infertility and loss resonates deeply with them.
I work with new parents, people experiencing infertility and post-partum mood and anxiety disorders and adults and couples who are dealing with trauma, grief, and life transitions and are struggling with depression and anxiety. I have more than 20 years experience working with trauma, anxiety, depression, and grief and additional training through Post-Partum Support International in post-partum mood anxiety disorders, loss, and lived experience with infertility. I provide individual therapy, family therapy, parenting consultations, and immigration evaluations. I work in English and Spanish.
(341) 444-3699 View (341) 444-3699
Photo of Georgie Abel, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Georgie Abel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
I have the most experience working with clients who have suffered some kind of pregnancy loss or birth trauma (abortion, infertility, miscarriage, adoption, near death experiences during delivery, etc).
Trauma and other difficult experiences can impact the way we view our relationships, the world, and ourselves. I support clients in processing traumatic experiences, identifying triggers, and reclaiming their sense of safety and joy. I work with adults, couples/relationships, and families of all kinds. I welcome and affirm non-traditional family structures (donor, adoption, foster, blended families), members of LGBTQ+ community, neurodivergent individuals, and people who have had negative experiences with therapy in the past.
I have the most experience working with clients who have suffered some kind of pregnancy loss or birth trauma (abortion, infertility, miscarriage, adoption, near death experiences during delivery, etc).
Trauma and other difficult experiences can impact the way we view our relationships, the world, and ourselves. I support clients in processing traumatic experiences, identifying triggers, and reclaiming their sense of safety and joy. I work with adults, couples/relationships, and families of all kinds. I welcome and affirm non-traditional family structures (donor, adoption, foster, blended families), members of LGBTQ+ community, neurodivergent individuals, and people who have had negative experiences with therapy in the past.
(925) 886-0799 View (925) 886-0799
Photo of Robin Criner, LCSW, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robin Criner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MA
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, or grief? Perhaps you are trying to cope with an acute or chronic illness. Are you a caregiver taking care of an ill loved one looking for support? Robin is passionate about helping adults move through difficult life transitions, especially grief and changes related to medical conditions. In addition to her specialty focus in behavioral health, Robin also treats mood and anxiety disorders in adults. She works with her clients to identify their goals and values, then together, they collaborate to achieve the client's goals to live a life of fulfillment.
Are you struggling with anxiety, depression, or grief? Perhaps you are trying to cope with an acute or chronic illness. Are you a caregiver taking care of an ill loved one looking for support? Robin is passionate about helping adults move through difficult life transitions, especially grief and changes related to medical conditions. In addition to her specialty focus in behavioral health, Robin also treats mood and anxiety disorders in adults. She works with her clients to identify their goals and values, then together, they collaborate to achieve the client's goals to live a life of fulfillment.
(925) 722-6706 View (925) 722-6706
Photo of Dr. Karlene Alves, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Karlene Alves
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
In my practice of helping others strive for mental wellness, I believe in taking a holistic approach. I specialize in working with children, teens and adults with anxiety, depression and life transitions. I also work with parents in ways to effectively support their children and manage their own mental well-being throughout the parenting journey. In addition I have previously served hundreds of parents and their children in speciality areas such as teen anxiety, teen DBT, and pre-adolescence emotional regulation skill building. I also have specialized training in Perinatal Mental Health through Postpartum Support International.
In my practice of helping others strive for mental wellness, I believe in taking a holistic approach. I specialize in working with children, teens and adults with anxiety, depression and life transitions. I also work with parents in ways to effectively support their children and manage their own mental well-being throughout the parenting journey. In addition I have previously served hundreds of parents and their children in speciality areas such as teen anxiety, teen DBT, and pre-adolescence emotional regulation skill building. I also have specialized training in Perinatal Mental Health through Postpartum Support International.
(925) 248-3421 View (925) 248-3421
Photo of Allison Gans, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Allison Gans
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
As a dedicated Marriage and Family Therapist based in Orinda, I am passionate about supporting individuals, children, couples and families through life’s challenges. I believe in creating a safe, nurturing space where clients can explore their feelings, develop healthier relationships, and achieve personal growth. I have a special affinity for working with women, particularly mothers and perinatal individuals, as they navigate the unique joys and struggles of motherhood. Whether you’re dealing with the challenges of parenting, facing family conflicts, or seeking support through significant life transitions, I am here to help you.
As a dedicated Marriage and Family Therapist based in Orinda, I am passionate about supporting individuals, children, couples and families through life’s challenges. I believe in creating a safe, nurturing space where clients can explore their feelings, develop healthier relationships, and achieve personal growth. I have a special affinity for working with women, particularly mothers and perinatal individuals, as they navigate the unique joys and struggles of motherhood. Whether you’re dealing with the challenges of parenting, facing family conflicts, or seeking support through significant life transitions, I am here to help you.
(510) 730-2965 View (510) 730-2965
Photo of Kari Kagan, PsyD, PMH-C, Psychologist
Kari Kagan
Psychologist, PsyD, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
I have a particular passion for helping people cope with the challenges that can arise during the perinatal period, which includes pre-conception, pregnancy, postpartum, and beyond. I work with many moms and dads and understand how common it is to feel a mix of emotions during this vulnerable stage in life. Many people feel overwhelmed, anxious, guilty, exhausted, happy, and sad... sometimes all within the same day. I use a CBT and ACT approach to provide the most effective interventions to help people not only cope better with “the grind” of the daily tasks, but also to shift from surviving to thriving.
I have a particular passion for helping people cope with the challenges that can arise during the perinatal period, which includes pre-conception, pregnancy, postpartum, and beyond. I work with many moms and dads and understand how common it is to feel a mix of emotions during this vulnerable stage in life. Many people feel overwhelmed, anxious, guilty, exhausted, happy, and sad... sometimes all within the same day. I use a CBT and ACT approach to provide the most effective interventions to help people not only cope better with “the grind” of the daily tasks, but also to shift from surviving to thriving.
(415) 968-2557 View (415) 968-2557
Photo of Elizabeth Rae Walker, MA, MBA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elizabeth Rae Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MBA, MFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
Living a life where struggling is a regular experience is difficult to change, because no one wants to feel worse. Therapy helps by talking through what's happened, what feels wrong and what ideas you have about it, all which may be conscious or unconscious. What's unconscious surfaces naturally through our work together. Most people enter therapy afraid, because they don't know where to start or are overwhelmed because so much has happened. I can help you navigate this terrain to relieve pain, clarify thoughts and beliefs, and improve well-being.
Living a life where struggling is a regular experience is difficult to change, because no one wants to feel worse. Therapy helps by talking through what's happened, what feels wrong and what ideas you have about it, all which may be conscious or unconscious. What's unconscious surfaces naturally through our work together. Most people enter therapy afraid, because they don't know where to start or are overwhelmed because so much has happened. I can help you navigate this terrain to relieve pain, clarify thoughts and beliefs, and improve well-being.
(925) 259-3986 View (925) 259-3986
Photo of Kathy Macchi, LMFT, #101014, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kathy Macchi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, #101014
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orinda, CA 94563
I offer strategies and tools for College age students and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, self-harming behavior, and trauma. My highest aim as your therapist is to co-create a lasting and genuine healing relationship, one where you feel supported to express yourself authentically and make the changes necessary in your life to live, love and work wholeheartedly. My warm, genuine and practical approach allows us to move through difficult times and gain clarity about yourself and your relationships . All are welcome in my office and I see clients from 18 on up.
I offer strategies and tools for College age students and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, self-harming behavior, and trauma. My highest aim as your therapist is to co-create a lasting and genuine healing relationship, one where you feel supported to express yourself authentically and make the changes necessary in your life to live, love and work wholeheartedly. My warm, genuine and practical approach allows us to move through difficult times and gain clarity about yourself and your relationships . All are welcome in my office and I see clients from 18 on up.
(925) 259-3258 View (925) 259-3258
Photo of Margie Ryerson, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Margie Ryerson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
My orientation is cognitive and behavioral (CBT). I'm a caring compassionate listener and also actively engage with clients to elicit thoughts, feelings, and strategies for healing. My specialties include eating disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, couples, family issues, parenting, and teens. My therapy approach is directive and problem-solving while encouraging self-acceptance and compassion. I believe that everyone is capable of change at their own rate and comfort level. I help my clients eliminate self-critical thinking that too often sabotages their happiness and their relationships.
My orientation is cognitive and behavioral (CBT). I'm a caring compassionate listener and also actively engage with clients to elicit thoughts, feelings, and strategies for healing. My specialties include eating disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, couples, family issues, parenting, and teens. My therapy approach is directive and problem-solving while encouraging self-acceptance and compassion. I believe that everyone is capable of change at their own rate and comfort level. I help my clients eliminate self-critical thinking that too often sabotages their happiness and their relationships.
(925) 392-3516 View (925) 392-3516
Photo of Lisa Wright, PhD, Psychologist
Lisa Wright
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Orinda, CA 94563
Are you suffering from sleepless nights and unable to shut off your mind from stress and negative thoughts? Has stress been affecting your health and well-being? Have you felt stuck in terms of your ability to move toward your goals or have the life or career that you want? No matter what challenges you are facing, such as stress, illness, trauma, life transition, relationship issues, or loss, I can help you make the necessary changes to move toward what is most important to you in your life.
Are you suffering from sleepless nights and unable to shut off your mind from stress and negative thoughts? Has stress been affecting your health and well-being? Have you felt stuck in terms of your ability to move toward your goals or have the life or career that you want? No matter what challenges you are facing, such as stress, illness, trauma, life transition, relationship issues, or loss, I can help you make the necessary changes to move toward what is most important to you in your life.
(925) 270-1528 View (925) 270-1528
Photo of Tiana Beard, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tiana Beard
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
Parenting is rewarding, but it's also one of the hardest jobs. Navigating the responsibilities of managing a household with children can cause parents to feel overwhelmed and stressed. For working parents, things get even more complex. Overseeing department operations can create anxiety for executive level professionals. Trying to juggle one's familial and professional roles can produce extreme burn out. I help executive level parents who are at risk of falling into the self-sacrificing pattern of overextending recover from emotional bankruptcy, enhance the connection with their children and improve their overall quality of life.
Parenting is rewarding, but it's also one of the hardest jobs. Navigating the responsibilities of managing a household with children can cause parents to feel overwhelmed and stressed. For working parents, things get even more complex. Overseeing department operations can create anxiety for executive level professionals. Trying to juggle one's familial and professional roles can produce extreme burn out. I help executive level parents who are at risk of falling into the self-sacrificing pattern of overextending recover from emotional bankruptcy, enhance the connection with their children and improve their overall quality of life.
(510) 738-2940 View (510) 738-2940
Photo of Jill Pettegrew, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jill Pettegrew
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
Providing Somatic Psychotherapy, Somatic Experiencing, Ketamine-Assisted Therapy, and Psychedelic Integration. I specialize in supporting people with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and other mood-related issues. I am dedicated to helping you find balance, clarity and meaning in your livfe through evidence-based mind-body psychotherapy. My goal is to create a safe and comfortable space to explore and grow, going at a pace that does not overwhelm the nervous system, and allows for integration.
Providing Somatic Psychotherapy, Somatic Experiencing, Ketamine-Assisted Therapy, and Psychedelic Integration. I specialize in supporting people with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and other mood-related issues. I am dedicated to helping you find balance, clarity and meaning in your livfe through evidence-based mind-body psychotherapy. My goal is to create a safe and comfortable space to explore and grow, going at a pace that does not overwhelm the nervous system, and allows for integration.
(925) 308-6168 View (925) 308-6168
Photo of Kathryn Orfirer, PhD, Psychologist
Kathryn Orfirer
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
I am a clinical and developmental psychologist with over 35 years experience. I currently have limited availability for 1) caregivers seeking parenting support; 2) people anticipating or during pregnancy, adoption, fostering or otherwise transitioning to parenthood and early parenting; and, 3) for consultation and supervision for professionals and students.
I am a clinical and developmental psychologist with over 35 years experience. I currently have limited availability for 1) caregivers seeking parenting support; 2) people anticipating or during pregnancy, adoption, fostering or otherwise transitioning to parenthood and early parenting; and, 3) for consultation and supervision for professionals and students.
(510) 692-9736 View (510) 692-9736
Photo of Melissa Rapp, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Melissa Rapp
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
I work with individuals and couples to help reduce struggles and find ways to live more fulfilling, gratifying lives. Our relationship is the context in which we work to find where you're stuck, what's getting in your way, and ways to do things differently. My specialty areas include grief and loss, adoption, ADHD, race/class issues, work/life balance, LGBTQ issues, and divorce. I help people manage anxiety and mood problems. I help couples with concerns related to parenting, managing conflict, and addressing needs and expectations. I see communication as the grease that keeps relationships running smoothly, and I help facilitate good communication.
I work with individuals and couples to help reduce struggles and find ways to live more fulfilling, gratifying lives. Our relationship is the context in which we work to find where you're stuck, what's getting in your way, and ways to do things differently. My specialty areas include grief and loss, adoption, ADHD, race/class issues, work/life balance, LGBTQ issues, and divorce. I help people manage anxiety and mood problems. I help couples with concerns related to parenting, managing conflict, and addressing needs and expectations. I see communication as the grease that keeps relationships running smoothly, and I help facilitate good communication.
(510) 822-7911 View (510) 822-7911
Photo of Dr. Catherine Ferreira-Babor, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Catherine Ferreira-Babor
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
I completed my doctoral training in the UCSF Dept. of Psychiatry working primarily with trauma survivors. Within that setting our standards of care were very high & I maintain that standard in my practice. My patients felt confused, irritated, exhausted & hopeless, worrying that their lives would never improve. I imagine that you do as well. With perspective & compassion I will help you make sense of your experiences, reducing the degree to which you blame yourself & helping you use your strengths to create a much more satisfying life.
I completed my doctoral training in the UCSF Dept. of Psychiatry working primarily with trauma survivors. Within that setting our standards of care were very high & I maintain that standard in my practice. My patients felt confused, irritated, exhausted & hopeless, worrying that their lives would never improve. I imagine that you do as well. With perspective & compassion I will help you make sense of your experiences, reducing the degree to which you blame yourself & helping you use your strengths to create a much more satisfying life.
(925) 267-6803 View (925) 267-6803
Photo of Amanda Michelle Flasck, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amanda Michelle Flasck
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orinda, CA 94563  (Online Only)
You may find working together to be supportive if you are grieving the loss of a pregnancy and need a private space to sort through your thoughts, beliefs, and emotions about it. Many women benefit from being able to speak frankly about their loss experience. You may also find it helpful to work together if you are in a relationship where you feel fundamentally confused, doubt yourself, worry about wearing your friendships thin by talking about your relationship too much, or find yourself thinking that you have to be sure you have tried everything before leaving. You deserve this support and you are not "crazy."
You may find working together to be supportive if you are grieving the loss of a pregnancy and need a private space to sort through your thoughts, beliefs, and emotions about it. Many women benefit from being able to speak frankly about their loss experience. You may also find it helpful to work together if you are in a relationship where you feel fundamentally confused, doubt yourself, worry about wearing your friendships thin by talking about your relationship too much, or find yourself thinking that you have to be sure you have tried everything before leaving. You deserve this support and you are not "crazy."
(510) 592-5621 View (510) 592-5621
Photo of Linda Michels, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Linda Michels
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Orinda, CA 94563
I think you know what would make you happy but don't know how to make it happen. This applies to both individuals and couples. People stop themselves from moving forward because they think they can't or don't deserve to get their own needs met. I can help you overcome blocks, fears, guilt, depression, and/or self-defeating behaviors so you can free yourself to be happy and more successful. It seems daunting but, with support and direction, it is possible to improve your life. This is even true for people who are suffering from more debilitating problems such as Bipolar Disorder, OCD,or Schizoaffective Disorders.
I think you know what would make you happy but don't know how to make it happen. This applies to both individuals and couples. People stop themselves from moving forward because they think they can't or don't deserve to get their own needs met. I can help you overcome blocks, fears, guilt, depression, and/or self-defeating behaviors so you can free yourself to be happy and more successful. It seems daunting but, with support and direction, it is possible to improve your life. This is even true for people who are suffering from more debilitating problems such as Bipolar Disorder, OCD,or Schizoaffective Disorders.
(415) 800-3916 View (415) 800-3916
1
Infertility Therapists

How can infertility affect couples and their relationship?

Clients who are dealing with infertility may experience conflict and communication problems. It’s not unusual for shame, blame, and guilt to arise in cases of infertility, whether the source of the problem is one partner or both. This means that clients are upset and pulling away from their partner just when they need them the most. Some clients may find it difficult to spend time around friends and family who are pregnant. Friends and family can also make hurtful comments that increase tension during this time.

How does therapy for infertility issues work?

The therapist will begin by gathering information about the client or couple and make a treatment plan for their specific concerns. In addition to addressing common mental health issues, such as anxiety, depression, and trauma reactions or PTSD, therapists can help clients improve their decision-making and deal with stressors unique to infertility. Some examples include coping with the “two-week wait” before a pregnancy test, the distress associated with a failed attempt or miscarriage, and the shame and blame sometimes associated with reproductive concerns.

What type of therapy is best for infertility issues?

Many therapists offer psychotherapy for individuals and couples who are dealing with infertility issues. Some helpful therapeutic approaches include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which can aid clients in reframing negative thoughts about their situation. Expressive writing and art therapy can help clients process difficult feelings. Clients might also benefit from group therapy to experience support from others who are dealing with the same problems.

How long does therapy for infertility issues take?

There is no set length for therapy that addresses infertility or reproductive concerns. Some clients might find it helpful to continue therapy during their pregnancy to have healthy ways to cope with any associated stress, anxiety, depression, or trauma. Some clients who decide not to pursue fertility treatments might benefit from the support of a therapist. The duration of therapy varies depending on the individual client’s specific needs and goals.