Brainspotting Therapists in Novato, CA
![Photo of Gary Buck, PhD, Psychol, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3bf8d640-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
I am trained in MBSR, MBCT, EFT, Energy Psychology and Brainspotting and have studied with Richard Miller, the developer of Integrative Restoration (iRest/Yoga Nidra).
I am a licensed psychologist. I see both children and adults in my private practice. My work with children and adults utilizes our human ability to express ourselves through imagery in art, play, imagination, and dreams in ways that catalyzes healing and inner transformation. With children my work includes collateral sessions with their parents. With adults I also draw on my many years of spiritual practice, using such techniques as mindfulness and Yoga Nidra with my clients.
I am trained in MBSR, MBCT, EFT, Energy Psychology and Brainspotting and have studied with Richard Miller, the developer of Integrative Restoration (iRest/Yoga Nidra).
I am a licensed psychologist. I see both children and adults in my private practice. My work with children and adults utilizes our human ability to express ourselves through imagery in art, play, imagination, and dreams in ways that catalyzes healing and inner transformation. With children my work includes collateral sessions with their parents. With adults I also draw on my many years of spiritual practice, using such techniques as mindfulness and Yoga Nidra with my clients.
![Photo of Sonja Wanhala, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4ca84670-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/1/320x400.jpeg)
I work with both children and adults and provide each client with the individualized support they need. I have specialized training in OCD and Brainspotting and work with individuals inflicted by anxiety, depression and life transitions. I also offer parenting support and educational consultation around the IEP process.
I work with both children and adults and provide each client with the individualized support they need. I have specialized training in OCD and Brainspotting and work with individuals inflicted by anxiety, depression and life transitions. I also offer parenting support and educational consultation around the IEP process.
![Photo of Myriam M Martinez, MA, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8881faf1-099b-4fdc-9efa-65902ae80a42/1/320x400.jpeg)
Life is hard. We are faced with so many challenges and stressors each and every day. It can often leave us feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed, and uncertain. This is not an easy world we live in. I can help. I have been supporting children, families and individuals for almost 20 years and am committed to helping my clients find their way to feeling more empowered and less stressed. I specialize in working with children and families around behavior management, communication, discipline, and overall helping you create a more balanced home life.
Life is hard. We are faced with so many challenges and stressors each and every day. It can often leave us feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed, and uncertain. This is not an easy world we live in. I can help. I have been supporting children, families and individuals for almost 20 years and am committed to helping my clients find their way to feeling more empowered and less stressed. I specialize in working with children and families around behavior management, communication, discipline, and overall helping you create a more balanced home life.
![Photo of Sandra Devine, MSW, LCSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3e50857a-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Sandra Devine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94949 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My goal as a therapist is for you to feel supported and inspired. Our work together is directed towards balancing and healing your health and life issues. When you come in to see me, we start where your concerns are. You may come to recognize your pain as an opportunity to expand your insight and empowerment. As you increase your self-awareness, you become more whole. Frequently, your concerns are designed to focus your energy upon imbalances that need attention, so you can discover your innate strength and wisdom.
My goal as a therapist is for you to feel supported and inspired. Our work together is directed towards balancing and healing your health and life issues. When you come in to see me, we start where your concerns are. You may come to recognize your pain as an opportunity to expand your insight and empowerment. As you increase your self-awareness, you become more whole. Frequently, your concerns are designed to focus your energy upon imbalances that need attention, so you can discover your innate strength and wisdom.
![Photo of Dana Nussbaum, PhD, EMDR, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3cd1790a-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
What brings you into my office is my first concern. I want to help you resolve your issue(s) as swiftly as possible. To that end, we begin.
What brings you into my office is my first concern. I want to help you resolve your issue(s) as swiftly as possible. To that end, we begin.
![Photo of Kitu Jhawar-Terris, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9ccc98c1-67bf-4c70-ba9d-d5e8f39465cc/2/320x400.jpeg)
Kitu Jhawar-Terris
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94945
Therapy provides the opportunity to address personal concerns while identifying strengths to improve functioning, recovery, and growth. By taking a non-judgemental collaborative stance in therapy, I am able to help support positive and long lasting change. I offer a variety of methods to clients of all ages who are interested in exploring and resolving internal conflicts and overcoming challenges that prevent them from realizing their full potential. I can help you build self-esteem and social skills, improve communication skills, and provide the tools to help cope with emotions.
Therapy provides the opportunity to address personal concerns while identifying strengths to improve functioning, recovery, and growth. By taking a non-judgemental collaborative stance in therapy, I am able to help support positive and long lasting change. I offer a variety of methods to clients of all ages who are interested in exploring and resolving internal conflicts and overcoming challenges that prevent them from realizing their full potential. I can help you build self-esteem and social skills, improve communication skills, and provide the tools to help cope with emotions.
![Photo of Lorin Tierney, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5ef1f8c3-9218-464a-8eb5-481afbab91fc/3/320x400.jpeg)
Lorin Tierney
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94945 (Online Only)
YOU ARE DOING "ALL*THE*THINGS," but you’re emotionally and physically exhausted all the time. You're on autopilot, going through the daily motions, but not living your best life. You put your needs last, with caring for others first. You don’t want to burden or worry your friends or family, with your problems. You self sacrifice only to stay stressed and unfulfilled, with your life and relationships. There is no work-life balance and you don’t know where to start. You don't have to continue down this stressful path, you can gain back energy. CHANGE IS POSSIBLE. With getting the right help, you can create a life worth living!
YOU ARE DOING "ALL*THE*THINGS," but you’re emotionally and physically exhausted all the time. You're on autopilot, going through the daily motions, but not living your best life. You put your needs last, with caring for others first. You don’t want to burden or worry your friends or family, with your problems. You self sacrifice only to stay stressed and unfulfilled, with your life and relationships. There is no work-life balance and you don’t know where to start. You don't have to continue down this stressful path, you can gain back energy. CHANGE IS POSSIBLE. With getting the right help, you can create a life worth living!
![Photo of Mary Ziadeh - Expansion Counseling Center, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/80c7edc7-f5ec-4e0e-b4ad-57ef8210e212/2/320x400.jpeg)
Expansion Counseling Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Novato, CA 94949 (Online Only)
Welcome! Our clients are as young as 5-years-old to adults of all ages. They are motivated to invest time and energy into their well-being in order to transform their experience and improve their quality of life. The challenges our clients face may be needing to learn how to navigate their emotions and manage their stress, needing to increase their self-awareness so they can articulate their experience and advocate for themselves, resolving trauma from their past, finding meaning in their lives, or general support as they live out their lives. Your goals determine what we work on to achieve the results you want for your life.
Welcome! Our clients are as young as 5-years-old to adults of all ages. They are motivated to invest time and energy into their well-being in order to transform their experience and improve their quality of life. The challenges our clients face may be needing to learn how to navigate their emotions and manage their stress, needing to increase their self-awareness so they can articulate their experience and advocate for themselves, resolving trauma from their past, finding meaning in their lives, or general support as they live out their lives. Your goals determine what we work on to achieve the results you want for your life.
![Photo of Wally Phillips - Integrative Psychotherapy, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f0732862-091d-4906-a896-e941c96e9065/3/320x400.jpeg)
Integrative Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Novato, CA 94949
Not accepting new clients
I have a warm, collaborative, relational and empowering style. At times we look at what holds you back, and at times we look at the evolving being who is struggling to emerge. Both polarities have something to offer when properly accessed and integrated. Since wounding frequently happens in relationship, healing may best be facilitated in relationship with someone who is accepting all of who you are. Trauma requires a safe and inviting space to move into, and needs delicate handling. I help couples find a way to communicate that makes it safer for both to come forward vulnerably.
I have a warm, collaborative, relational and empowering style. At times we look at what holds you back, and at times we look at the evolving being who is struggling to emerge. Both polarities have something to offer when properly accessed and integrated. Since wounding frequently happens in relationship, healing may best be facilitated in relationship with someone who is accepting all of who you are. Trauma requires a safe and inviting space to move into, and needs delicate handling. I help couples find a way to communicate that makes it safer for both to come forward vulnerably.
More Therapists Nearby
![Photo of Couples Counseling Dr. Annie Buxbaum, MA, LMFT, PsyD, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/88d9647e-8b01-4b08-b435-4f80bb24be17/4/320x400.jpeg)
Couples Counseling Dr. Annie Buxbaum
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901
Wednesday afternoon appointments still available!- Welcome! My name is Dr. Annie Buxbaum. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have a Doctorate in Human and Organizational Psych. I work with couples struggling with communication, intimacy, and overall wanting a change in their relationship. My passion also includes supporting clients who are pregnant, postpartum, or struggling with miscarriages and infertility. I am skilled with Brainspotting to support clients wanting to work on Trauma.
Wednesday afternoon appointments still available!- Welcome! My name is Dr. Annie Buxbaum. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have a Doctorate in Human and Organizational Psych. I work with couples struggling with communication, intimacy, and overall wanting a change in their relationship. My passion also includes supporting clients who are pregnant, postpartum, or struggling with miscarriages and infertility. I am skilled with Brainspotting to support clients wanting to work on Trauma.
![Photo of Laura Elliott, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3b6b4c1f-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/8/320x400.jpeg)
Laura Elliott
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901 (Online Only)
I integrate Hakomi somatic psychotherapy, mindfulness, Brainspotting for trauma, EFT Couples Therapy, attachment theory and dream work into my practice.
The heart and emphasis of my work is to help you know and trust your deepest feelings and to live an emotionally authentic life. When you become more intimate and present with yourself you become more intimate and authentic with others. As you know yourself better, you'll discover how certain emotions, behaviors and beliefs have shaped your life and relationships and you'll become empowered to make many important changes.
For over 20 years, I've helped couples and individuals develop increased self-trust and self-awareness, greater life purpose and more conscious, loving and intimate relationships.
I integrate Hakomi somatic psychotherapy, mindfulness, Brainspotting for trauma, EFT Couples Therapy, attachment theory and dream work into my practice.
The heart and emphasis of my work is to help you know and trust your deepest feelings and to live an emotionally authentic life. When you become more intimate and present with yourself you become more intimate and authentic with others. As you know yourself better, you'll discover how certain emotions, behaviors and beliefs have shaped your life and relationships and you'll become empowered to make many important changes.
For over 20 years, I've helped couples and individuals develop increased self-trust and self-awareness, greater life purpose and more conscious, loving and intimate relationships.
![Photo of Pamela Susan Kohll, MS, LPCC, LMHC, CST, CSAT-S, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3e0c0b64-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Pamela Susan Kohll
Counselor, MS, LPCC, LMHC, CST, CSAT-S
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94901 (Online Only)
I use EMDR, and Brainspotting, as well as Pia Mellody's PIT model to help clients get what they need.
As an AASECT Certified Sex Therapist as well as a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist- Supervisor, I am dedicated to helping you identify and overcome any intimacy challenges within the sex therapy realm, including sex/love addiction. This encompasses behaviors such as desire discrepency, successive unfulfilling relationships, affairs, excessive internet porn usage and intimacy anorexia. I also am a Certified Partner of Sex Addicts Specialist, and through a trauma based model, am able to help the Partner work through their own painful experience of loving and being involved with someone with out of control sexual compulsivity.
I use EMDR, and Brainspotting, as well as Pia Mellody's PIT model to help clients get what they need.
As an AASECT Certified Sex Therapist as well as a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist- Supervisor, I am dedicated to helping you identify and overcome any intimacy challenges within the sex therapy realm, including sex/love addiction. This encompasses behaviors such as desire discrepency, successive unfulfilling relationships, affairs, excessive internet porn usage and intimacy anorexia. I also am a Certified Partner of Sex Addicts Specialist, and through a trauma based model, am able to help the Partner work through their own painful experience of loving and being involved with someone with out of control sexual compulsivity.
![Photo of Brian Polis, MS, LPCC, PPS](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6e93d78e-7cfb-4b07-9810-455f82654df0/2/320x400.jpeg)
Brian Polis
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC, PPS
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901 (Online Only)
Brainspotting/EMDR trained, I approach therapy with a humanistic mindset, focused on developing insight to overcome the barriers that are preventing you from fully living life.
Opening up around the vulnerable and intimate details of our lives can be very uncomfortable. There is so much pressure to be “happy”, “better”, or “perfect”, while receiving messaging that being anything else is unacceptable. We are very adaptive yet often struggle to effectively get our needs met, so may engage in avoidance behaviors and withhold or internalize our feelings to try to prevent things from getting worse. You want to feel more like your true self and get more satisfaction out of your relationships. You need an unconditionally supportive, non-judgmental, creative, and humorous therapist who accepts you however you are.
Brainspotting/EMDR trained, I approach therapy with a humanistic mindset, focused on developing insight to overcome the barriers that are preventing you from fully living life.
Opening up around the vulnerable and intimate details of our lives can be very uncomfortable. There is so much pressure to be “happy”, “better”, or “perfect”, while receiving messaging that being anything else is unacceptable. We are very adaptive yet often struggle to effectively get our needs met, so may engage in avoidance behaviors and withhold or internalize our feelings to try to prevent things from getting worse. You want to feel more like your true self and get more satisfaction out of your relationships. You need an unconditionally supportive, non-judgmental, creative, and humorous therapist who accepts you however you are.
![Photo of Jessica Peters Malmberg, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4b9cd423-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/5/320x400.jpeg)
Jessica Peters Malmberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94912
I offer a relational, insightful, effective approach to therapy. I often work with people who are anxious, sensitive, deep-feelers who can be overcritical of themselves. I have a good capacity for attuning to my clients, and to be present with their depth and grief as we work through important places. When working through traumatic experiences I offer tools such as Brainspotting and the Safe and Sound Protocol to help calm and regulate the body and brain, and allow new perspectives and patterns to emerge. In our work I hope to foster acceptance of your whole self, allowing more connection to community, and to the cosmos.
I offer a relational, insightful, effective approach to therapy. I often work with people who are anxious, sensitive, deep-feelers who can be overcritical of themselves. I have a good capacity for attuning to my clients, and to be present with their depth and grief as we work through important places. When working through traumatic experiences I offer tools such as Brainspotting and the Safe and Sound Protocol to help calm and regulate the body and brain, and allow new perspectives and patterns to emerge. In our work I hope to foster acceptance of your whole self, allowing more connection to community, and to the cosmos.
![Photo of Phu Luu, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d17e6bdf-ea56-46ee-8036-16df33a0afbb/1/320x400.png)
As a psychotherapist, I work collaboratively to support and empower individuals in the process of self-discovery, growth, and healing. My treatment approach is integrative/holistic, informed by training, continuing education, and clinical experience. The modalities/frameworks I provide are derived from but not limited to: Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Hypnotherapy, Brainspotting, Integral Somatic Psychology, Gestalt, Depth Psychology, Brief Psychodynamic Therapy, Humanistic-Existential Psychology, and Transpersonal Psychology.
As a psychotherapist, I work collaboratively to support and empower individuals in the process of self-discovery, growth, and healing. My treatment approach is integrative/holistic, informed by training, continuing education, and clinical experience. The modalities/frameworks I provide are derived from but not limited to: Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Hypnotherapy, Brainspotting, Integral Somatic Psychology, Gestalt, Depth Psychology, Brief Psychodynamic Therapy, Humanistic-Existential Psychology, and Transpersonal Psychology.
![Photo of Kathy (Kat) M Davis - Kat M. Davis, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/533385be-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Kat M. Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Fairfax, CA 94930 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My primary focus is rooted in the belief that identifying strengths and resiliencies are key components to working effectively in the therapeutic format. We will stay focused on using these abilities to inform decision making while also exploring the impact of personal challenges. I like to use curiosity, intuition and empathic insight to continually deepen our therapeutic connection, and to offer homework to keep the work alive during the week. Working in this dynamic style ideally creates an increased sense of Self, motivation for change, and a reduction of current problematic symptoms.
My primary focus is rooted in the belief that identifying strengths and resiliencies are key components to working effectively in the therapeutic format. We will stay focused on using these abilities to inform decision making while also exploring the impact of personal challenges. I like to use curiosity, intuition and empathic insight to continually deepen our therapeutic connection, and to offer homework to keep the work alive during the week. Working in this dynamic style ideally creates an increased sense of Self, motivation for change, and a reduction of current problematic symptoms.
![Photo of Annie Bjork, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/3d33ba13-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Whether it's families, couples or individuals, I bring my enthusiasm and warmth to each person I work with. In therapy with me you won't be bombarded by psycho-babble or heady interpretations. What you will get is my full attention, real talk and an emphasis on being in the moment. Together we will slow down, get grounded and deeply consider what you want for yourself and look at what is getting in the way. I am passionate about helping you see your strengths and fortifying areas that need reinforcement. I also offer support to parents struggling with family life.
Whether it's families, couples or individuals, I bring my enthusiasm and warmth to each person I work with. In therapy with me you won't be bombarded by psycho-babble or heady interpretations. What you will get is my full attention, real talk and an emphasis on being in the moment. Together we will slow down, get grounded and deeply consider what you want for yourself and look at what is getting in the way. I am passionate about helping you see your strengths and fortifying areas that need reinforcement. I also offer support to parents struggling with family life.
![Photo of Nicole Collins, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9ea045ea-68eb-455a-a275-4322e258feef/2/320x400.jpeg)
Nicole Collins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Rafael, CA 94901 (Online Only)
Specializing in trauma and addiction. I believe that addiction, alcoholism, depression, the things that push against your joy, calm, serenity, and sense of security, are powerful and baffling. Still, something unique inside of you is ready to push back against it all. The fear, anxiety, depression, and trauma that press against your head and chest are real, but they should not define you. I feel my role is to help you find the resources within to overcome the challenges and suffering that life may bring.
Specializing in trauma and addiction. I believe that addiction, alcoholism, depression, the things that push against your joy, calm, serenity, and sense of security, are powerful and baffling. Still, something unique inside of you is ready to push back against it all. The fear, anxiety, depression, and trauma that press against your head and chest are real, but they should not define you. I feel my role is to help you find the resources within to overcome the challenges and suffering that life may bring.
![Photo of Theresa Hall, MA, LMFT, ART-BC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9dc7ff29-8a0a-42b2-9980-92b2dd1511cf/1/320x400.jpeg)
My goal as a therapist is to help my clients learn how to effectively manage anxiety and stress, decrease depression, support positive life transitions, improve social connections, and build effective parenting skills. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, combined with Mindfulness, Psychodynamic, and Client-Centered therapy techniques to help clients navigate the challenges they face. This allows my clients to learn from their life experiences, understand the impacts of their current patterns and decision making, and explore and develop new ways of thinking and acting.
My goal as a therapist is to help my clients learn how to effectively manage anxiety and stress, decrease depression, support positive life transitions, improve social connections, and build effective parenting skills. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, combined with Mindfulness, Psychodynamic, and Client-Centered therapy techniques to help clients navigate the challenges they face. This allows my clients to learn from their life experiences, understand the impacts of their current patterns and decision making, and explore and develop new ways of thinking and acting.
![Photo of Rebecca Bernstein, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/bfe01523-cc92-4053-b2e5-5eb36b65588e/1/320x400.png)
Rebecca Bernstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Rafael, CA 94903 (Online Only)
You wake up each morning feeling stuck and alone. The anxious thoughts just won't go away. Perhaps they are related to things going on in your life, or maybe they feel like they are coming out of nowhere. Either way, these feelings overwhelm you and you're just not sure what to do about it anymore. You notice that your relationships, work and even your ability to care for yourself are starting to be affected. You set goals in an effort to make a positive change, but quickly give up because you just don't have the energy. You are starting to lose hope that you can get yourself out of this.
You wake up each morning feeling stuck and alone. The anxious thoughts just won't go away. Perhaps they are related to things going on in your life, or maybe they feel like they are coming out of nowhere. Either way, these feelings overwhelm you and you're just not sure what to do about it anymore. You notice that your relationships, work and even your ability to care for yourself are starting to be affected. You set goals in an effort to make a positive change, but quickly give up because you just don't have the energy. You are starting to lose hope that you can get yourself out of this.
See more therapy options for Novato
Nearby Brainspotting Therapists Searches for Novato
- Berkeley
- Corte Madera
- El Cerrito
- Mill Valley
- Napa
- Petaluma
- Richmond
- Rohnert Park
- San Francisco
- San Rafael
- Sebastopol
- Sonoma
Brainspotting Therapists
How does brainspotting work?
Brainspotting works by using eye positioning to identify and process traumatic memories so that a client is better able to move forward and live with less fear. The theory behind brainspotting is that by identifying where a person looks when thinking of traumatic memories, a therapist will be able to guide them to focus on that spot and work with the client to get them out of the “fight, flight, freeze” response associated with the traumatic memory.
Is brainspotting an evidence-based therapy?
Brainspotting is a theory-based alternative therapy. It is one of the newest forms of treatment, so very little research has been completed that examines the mechanism by which it works. The theory behind brainspotting is that eye position can be linked to areas of the brain that store and process memory.
How effective is brainspotting?
Because it is such a new treatment, the effectiveness of brainspotting cannot be quantified. Some people have found it to be effective on its own, or in conjunction with other types of therapy. It is considered an alternative therapy, and it is popular with people for whom more traditional therapies have proven ineffective.
How long does brainspotting take to work?
A typical brainspotting session will last between 60 to 90 minutes. There is no required number of sessions needed to complete brainspotting therapy, but in many cases it is delivered over the course of about six sessions. Clients are encouraged to rate their level of distress prior to a session and again following a session, and to track progress.