Testing and Evaluation Therapists in Hollywood, CA

Photo of Alan D Caggiano, PsyD, Psychologist
Alan D Caggiano
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Hollywood, CA 90028  (Online Only)
I specialize in stress leave certification for healthcare pros, done efficiently and effectively, and for a limited time can offer a comprehensive FMLA evaluation for $575 using(1) the gold-standard MCMI-IV psych test instrument and (2) the clinical skills I gained in years as a Consulting Psychologist for the California Department of Mental Health.
My ideal client is a dedicated professional who feels overwhelmed by long hours and too many tasks, and especially being "on call". On-call means you can't schedule your rest periods, and disrupted sleep is very bad for health and well being. You may also feel unfairly manipulated by management as they try to meet unreasonable demands. You may think "Why don't they hire more people?" Nurses, for example, are often stuck in this situation. I have been able to aid these staff in getting time off, or going part time with no on-call with a guarantee of getting their job back when they're ready with no retailiation.
I specialize in stress leave certification for healthcare pros, done efficiently and effectively, and for a limited time can offer a comprehensive FMLA evaluation for $575 using(1) the gold-standard MCMI-IV psych test instrument and (2) the clinical skills I gained in years as a Consulting Psychologist for the California Department of Mental Health.
My ideal client is a dedicated professional who feels overwhelmed by long hours and too many tasks, and especially being "on call". On-call means you can't schedule your rest periods, and disrupted sleep is very bad for health and well being. You may also feel unfairly manipulated by management as they try to meet unreasonable demands. You may think "Why don't they hire more people?" Nurses, for example, are often stuck in this situation. I have been able to aid these staff in getting time off, or going part time with no on-call with a guarantee of getting their job back when they're ready with no retailiation.
(949) 353-6433 View (949) 353-6433
Photo of Dr. Pamela Kaczmarek Licensed Clinical Psychologist, AS, BA, MA, LPC, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Pamela Kaczmarek Licensed Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, AS, BA, MA, LPC, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hollywood, CA 90068
Waitlist for new clients
"Normal is just a setting on the dryer!" Https://pronkcounseling.com/about-pronk FOR DETAILED INFORMATION /// I enjoy working with individuals who are (not always) open to engage in the therapeutic process and allow themselves to transform into the unique, worthy person they’ve always been.....but perhaps have not yet met. I often work with profound unrecognized and misdiagnosed trauma, critical incidents & shame. The benefit about having various "tools" in my arsenal means we don't need to verbally go "into the muck" which can be re-traumatizing and contraindicated.
"Normal is just a setting on the dryer!" Https://pronkcounseling.com/about-pronk FOR DETAILED INFORMATION /// I enjoy working with individuals who are (not always) open to engage in the therapeutic process and allow themselves to transform into the unique, worthy person they’ve always been.....but perhaps have not yet met. I often work with profound unrecognized and misdiagnosed trauma, critical incidents & shame. The benefit about having various "tools" in my arsenal means we don't need to verbally go "into the muck" which can be re-traumatizing and contraindicated.
(262) 891-4924 View (262) 891-4924
Photo of Rashin D'Angelo - California Psychological Services, Inc., PhD, Psychologist
California Psychological Services, Inc.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hollywood, CA 90028
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adolescent and adult clients in individual, couples & family therapy. My personal philosophy is that through human connection, we can foster the encouragement needed to take courageous steps toward seeing an old pattern through a new perspective to create positive change. I use a strengths-based approach & believe in the inherent wisdom of each individual. Therapy thus serves as a road map, illuminating the path so the client can make conscious choices. My attitude is one of respect and acceptance of each client's self-image and world-view allowing for the creation of a safe, therapeutic container.
I work with adolescent and adult clients in individual, couples & family therapy. My personal philosophy is that through human connection, we can foster the encouragement needed to take courageous steps toward seeing an old pattern through a new perspective to create positive change. I use a strengths-based approach & believe in the inherent wisdom of each individual. Therapy thus serves as a road map, illuminating the path so the client can make conscious choices. My attitude is one of respect and acceptance of each client's self-image and world-view allowing for the creation of a safe, therapeutic container.
(818) 495-8718 View (818) 495-8718
Photo of Dr. Kwang (Paul) Ha, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Kwang (Paul) Ha
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Hollywood, CA 90028  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in CA & NY, a certified life coach, and a pastoral counselor being an ordained minister. Since every human being consists of a spirit, the ultimate healing takes place when there is an integration of spirituality and psychology in the treatment process, and I am devoted to this type of work.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in CA & NY, a certified life coach, and a pastoral counselor being an ordained minister. Since every human being consists of a spirit, the ultimate healing takes place when there is an integration of spirituality and psychology in the treatment process, and I am devoted to this type of work.
(661) 732-2045 View (661) 732-2045
Photo of Annie Nardella - Pacific Therapy Group, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Pacific Therapy Group
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hollywood, CA 90068
Currently accepting new clients for appointments next week! Pacific Pain & Wellness Group treats mental health and pain conditions using a variety of effective treatments including medications, psychotherapy, telemedicine, ketamine infusions, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Our mission is to create a personalized treatment plan that will help guide you on a path towards better living and emotional relief. Through diagnostic evaluations, we construct a treatment plan aligned with meeting your current goals towards resiliency and healing.
Currently accepting new clients for appointments next week! Pacific Pain & Wellness Group treats mental health and pain conditions using a variety of effective treatments including medications, psychotherapy, telemedicine, ketamine infusions, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Our mission is to create a personalized treatment plan that will help guide you on a path towards better living and emotional relief. Through diagnostic evaluations, we construct a treatment plan aligned with meeting your current goals towards resiliency and healing.
(310) 868-2264 View (310) 868-2264
Photo of Georgina Kim Smith - Revolve Recovery Intensive Outpatient Center, PhD
Revolve Recovery Intensive Outpatient Center
PhD
Verified Verified
Hollywood, CA 90028
Whether you just completed residential treatment, or you’re in sober or transitional living, or you’re independently seeking a more intensive therapy experience, Revolve Recovery’s trauma-focused intensive outpatient program tailors it’s dynamic, comprehensive, and innovative approaches to effectively treat those dealing with trauma, PTSD, complex trauma, addiction, and the spectrum of co-occurring disorders. Our clients come to Revolve yearning for deeper, more intensively focused trauma therapy, and yearning for tangible action and change, dynamic life and relational shifts, relief, and lasting healing.
Whether you just completed residential treatment, or you’re in sober or transitional living, or you’re independently seeking a more intensive therapy experience, Revolve Recovery’s trauma-focused intensive outpatient program tailors it’s dynamic, comprehensive, and innovative approaches to effectively treat those dealing with trauma, PTSD, complex trauma, addiction, and the spectrum of co-occurring disorders. Our clients come to Revolve yearning for deeper, more intensively focused trauma therapy, and yearning for tangible action and change, dynamic life and relational shifts, relief, and lasting healing.
(424) 384-1373 View (424) 384-1373

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Luis Ceballos, LEP, Psychologist
Luis Ceballos
Psychologist, LEP
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90027
Psychological-Educational assessments and IEE results can be utilized by parents and clients to create 504 plans, IEP's, and university testing and accommodations.
As a Licensed Educational Psychologist, I'm able to work with children, teenagers, and adults in different capacities. My focus is conducting psychological-educational evaluations and Independent Educational Evaluations (IEE) to provide parents, teachers, administrators, tutors, and students with an in-depth insight into the student's strengths and weaknesses in the areas of intelligence, processing, academics, and social-emotional/behavioral skills.
Psychological-Educational assessments and IEE results can be utilized by parents and clients to create 504 plans, IEP's, and university testing and accommodations.
As a Licensed Educational Psychologist, I'm able to work with children, teenagers, and adults in different capacities. My focus is conducting psychological-educational evaluations and Independent Educational Evaluations (IEE) to provide parents, teachers, administrators, tutors, and students with an in-depth insight into the student's strengths and weaknesses in the areas of intelligence, processing, academics, and social-emotional/behavioral skills.
(562) 662-3961 View (562) 662-3961
Patience Cummings-John
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Hollywood, CA 90046  (Online Only)
As a licensed psychologist, my clinical experience is with individuals, children, adolescents, and families dealing with stressful and agonizing life events. In addition, my professional expertise also includes providing psychological testing and evaluations, psycho-educational assessments, and immigration evaluations.
As a licensed psychologist, my clinical experience is with individuals, children, adolescents, and families dealing with stressful and agonizing life events. In addition, my professional expertise also includes providing psychological testing and evaluations, psycho-educational assessments, and immigration evaluations.
(424) 294-8902 View (424) 294-8902
Photo of Lydia Kim, PsyD, Psychologist
Lydia Kim
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90004  (Online Only)
My goal is to help you achieve a full, vital, and meaningful life. As challenges occur, life becomes stressful and it can be difficult to feel balanced and in control. I believe in empowering individuals and families by using evidence-based treatments and comprehensive psychological testing within a framework of compassion and sensitivity while recognizing the uniqueness of each individual and setting. I have expertise working with children, families, and adults. I can help you address challenges you may be experiencing, better define your goals, increase your motivation, map out a plan, and guide you through achieving your goals.
My goal is to help you achieve a full, vital, and meaningful life. As challenges occur, life becomes stressful and it can be difficult to feel balanced and in control. I believe in empowering individuals and families by using evidence-based treatments and comprehensive psychological testing within a framework of compassion and sensitivity while recognizing the uniqueness of each individual and setting. I have expertise working with children, families, and adults. I can help you address challenges you may be experiencing, better define your goals, increase your motivation, map out a plan, and guide you through achieving your goals.
(213) 267-7616 View (213) 267-7616
Photo of Krystal Pope, JD/PhD, Psychologist
Krystal Pope
Psychologist, JD/PhD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90046  (Online Only)
Do you have a high stress job with unique struggles and stressors? Is your personal life complicated and you're doing everything you can to live your best life but still facing obstacles? Do you have some very specific goals that you're looking to accomplish but need extra support. Overcoming barriers is part of the human experience but we all face unique struggles in this journey. Together, we will develop a plan to help you overcome your barriers. Evaluation services available: fitness for duty, competency, etc.
Do you have a high stress job with unique struggles and stressors? Is your personal life complicated and you're doing everything you can to live your best life but still facing obstacles? Do you have some very specific goals that you're looking to accomplish but need extra support. Overcoming barriers is part of the human experience but we all face unique struggles in this journey. Together, we will develop a plan to help you overcome your barriers. Evaluation services available: fitness for duty, competency, etc.
(325) 308-6765 View (325) 308-6765
Photo of Norma Kehdi, PsyD, Psychologist
Norma Kehdi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90038
My work is informed by my experience in the field of disabilities in higher education, social justice lens, my own cultural background and experience in education, and passion for the insight and understanding gained through testing.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Oregon and California. Currently, I am only providing comprehensive psychological and psychoeducational evaluations. I conduct assessments for ADHD, learning disabilities, brain injury, psychological functioning and more. I work with adults, but I specialize in young adults and college students. So many people come to me saying they've felt different their whole lives, couldn't talk to anyone about it, and found ways to compensate over the years. Evaluations can provide clarity, validation, and answers so that folks can understand themselves better and seek the right support.
My work is informed by my experience in the field of disabilities in higher education, social justice lens, my own cultural background and experience in education, and passion for the insight and understanding gained through testing.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Oregon and California. Currently, I am only providing comprehensive psychological and psychoeducational evaluations. I conduct assessments for ADHD, learning disabilities, brain injury, psychological functioning and more. I work with adults, but I specialize in young adults and college students. So many people come to me saying they've felt different their whole lives, couldn't talk to anyone about it, and found ways to compensate over the years. Evaluations can provide clarity, validation, and answers so that folks can understand themselves better and seek the right support.
(541) 813-3879 View (541) 813-3879
Photo of Cary Frank Schwimmer, PsyD, Psychologist
Cary Frank Schwimmer
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
Psychological Testing for Adults: ADHD.
I have over 30 years of experience in working with adults. I am an expert in the treatment of anxiety and depression. If I am not in your insurance network I can still work with you. I will help you to get reimbursement. I have a wide range of knowledge about anxiety, depression, OCD, panic disorder, addictions, fears, relationship issues, PTSD, phobias and family issues. One Specialty: Childhood and Adult Trauma. I believe that the exploration of your life helps us to understand who you are today. 20 years of experience with EMDR. Neurofeedback for anxiety, ADHD, brain fog, TBI, depression, concussion and a range of other issues.
Psychological Testing for Adults: ADHD.
I have over 30 years of experience in working with adults. I am an expert in the treatment of anxiety and depression. If I am not in your insurance network I can still work with you. I will help you to get reimbursement. I have a wide range of knowledge about anxiety, depression, OCD, panic disorder, addictions, fears, relationship issues, PTSD, phobias and family issues. One Specialty: Childhood and Adult Trauma. I believe that the exploration of your life helps us to understand who you are today. 20 years of experience with EMDR. Neurofeedback for anxiety, ADHD, brain fog, TBI, depression, concussion and a range of other issues.
(954) 874-8417 View (954) 874-8417
Photo of Dr. Bradley McConnell - Finding Your Way Psychological Services, Inc., PsyD, ABPP, Psychologist
Finding Your Way Psychological Services, Inc.
Psychologist, PsyD, ABPP
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004  (Online Only)
We look forward to actively collaborating with you as we work together to meet your goals during therapy or for psychological testing.
Are you seeking direction in your mental health journey? Are you looking to understand your strengths and weaknesses to guide effective treatment and make informed decisions in your life? Or maybe you're also navigating legal or educational hurdles and need objective insights to ensure you receive the right support. Together, we'll use psychological assessments to empower you with the self-awareness you need to take control of your future. Whether it's legally related (forensic), autism, ADHD, neuropsychology, IQ assessment, learning disabilities, or other concerns, contact us today to determine the best way to help you!
We look forward to actively collaborating with you as we work together to meet your goals during therapy or for psychological testing.
Are you seeking direction in your mental health journey? Are you looking to understand your strengths and weaknesses to guide effective treatment and make informed decisions in your life? Or maybe you're also navigating legal or educational hurdles and need objective insights to ensure you receive the right support. Together, we'll use psychological assessments to empower you with the self-awareness you need to take control of your future. Whether it's legally related (forensic), autism, ADHD, neuropsychology, IQ assessment, learning disabilities, or other concerns, contact us today to determine the best way to help you!
(907) 318-1236 View (907) 318-1236
Photo of Tracy R Zemansky, PhD, CSAT-S, MFT, Psychologist
Tracy R Zemansky
Psychologist, PhD, CSAT-S, MFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90036
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist, Clinical Sex Addiction Therapist - Supervisor, and licensed MFT with a private practice in Santa Monica, California since 1994. I offer interpersonal psychotherapy with individuals, families, and groups as well as psychological testing and assessment. My areas of expertise include: substance and process addictions, trauma/abuse, positive psychology, impaired professionals and first-responders, as well as grief/loss, disfigurement, and cross-cultural issues. I provide traditional, forensic, and pre-employment psychological assessment as well as Collaborative/Therapeutic evaluations.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist, Clinical Sex Addiction Therapist - Supervisor, and licensed MFT with a private practice in Santa Monica, California since 1994. I offer interpersonal psychotherapy with individuals, families, and groups as well as psychological testing and assessment. My areas of expertise include: substance and process addictions, trauma/abuse, positive psychology, impaired professionals and first-responders, as well as grief/loss, disfigurement, and cross-cultural issues. I provide traditional, forensic, and pre-employment psychological assessment as well as Collaborative/Therapeutic evaluations.
(424) 396-0349 View (424) 396-0349
Photo of Dana R. Anderson Psyd, PsyD, Psychologist
Dana R. Anderson Psyd
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90028
Dr. Dana Anderson is a renowned Forensic Psychologist, providing comprehensive psycho-legal evaluations within the court justice system. Guided by court orders and penal codes, she delivers precise assessments for specific legal queries. Her expert insights and recommendations assist in fair judicial decision-making. Whether privately retained or court-appointed, Dr. Anderson upholds professionalism and integrity in every case. Dr. Anderson specializes in clinical forensic psychological evaluations and provides annual contracts for law firms and government agencies.
Dr. Dana Anderson is a renowned Forensic Psychologist, providing comprehensive psycho-legal evaluations within the court justice system. Guided by court orders and penal codes, she delivers precise assessments for specific legal queries. Her expert insights and recommendations assist in fair judicial decision-making. Whether privately retained or court-appointed, Dr. Anderson upholds professionalism and integrity in every case. Dr. Anderson specializes in clinical forensic psychological evaluations and provides annual contracts for law firms and government agencies.
(530) 451-0679 View (530) 451-0679
Photo of Dr. Sarah DeMarco, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Sarah DeMarco
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90046
Dr. Sarah DeMarco is a Licensed Psychologist in CA, NJ, & NY. Therapy: Using a holistic approach, we will work collaboratively to help you manage burnout, reduce fear and anxiety, perfectionism, or navigating life transitions. Empowerment, self-compassion, and mindfulness will be a foundational aspect of our work. Creating strong and healthy habits and means of coping can be highly supportive for a variety of difficult life experiences and changes.
Dr. Sarah DeMarco is a Licensed Psychologist in CA, NJ, & NY. Therapy: Using a holistic approach, we will work collaboratively to help you manage burnout, reduce fear and anxiety, perfectionism, or navigating life transitions. Empowerment, self-compassion, and mindfulness will be a foundational aspect of our work. Creating strong and healthy habits and means of coping can be highly supportive for a variety of difficult life experiences and changes.
(213) 263-6429 View (213) 263-6429
Photo of Lyre Fribourg, PhD, BCBA-D, Psychologist
Lyre Fribourg
Psychologist, PhD, BCBA-D
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90027
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and a Board Certified Behavior Analyst in Los Angeles, CA. For more than 25 years, I have worked with children and families in homes, schools, and in diverse communities. My expertise includes diagnostic evaluations, treatment for children with cognitive, social, and behavioral challenges; and supporting caregivers by teaching practical strategies that are effective across different ages.
I am a Licensed Clinical Psychologist and a Board Certified Behavior Analyst in Los Angeles, CA. For more than 25 years, I have worked with children and families in homes, schools, and in diverse communities. My expertise includes diagnostic evaluations, treatment for children with cognitive, social, and behavioral challenges; and supporting caregivers by teaching practical strategies that are effective across different ages.
(747) 207-3321 View (747) 207-3321
Photo of Brian J Benjamin, PsyD, Psychologist
Brian J Benjamin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90004  (Online Only)
I specialize in providing psychological services to children and adolescents. These include neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy. Assessments can be invaluable tools that provide diagnostic clarification, treatment recommendations, and the basis for academic accommodations. The therapeutic interventions I provide to young clients can be used to address a range of common challenges including, but not limited to emotional dysregulation and behavior problems. Based on the client, therapy may take various forms and could entail a talk or play-based approach. I regularly integrate parent or family sessions when appropriate.
I specialize in providing psychological services to children and adolescents. These include neuropsychological assessment and psychotherapy. Assessments can be invaluable tools that provide diagnostic clarification, treatment recommendations, and the basis for academic accommodations. The therapeutic interventions I provide to young clients can be used to address a range of common challenges including, but not limited to emotional dysregulation and behavior problems. Based on the client, therapy may take various forms and could entail a talk or play-based approach. I regularly integrate parent or family sessions when appropriate.
(626) 714-2875 View (626) 714-2875
Photo of Jessica Hogan, PsyD, Psychologist
Jessica Hogan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027  (Online Only)
Have you always felt different from everyone else, or even proudly identified as a "weirdo?" Are you burnt out and exhausted? Have therapy and medications been ineffective for you in the past? Is the search for a therapist or assessor that truly -gets- you more overwhelming than you could have ever imagined? You're in the right place. My clients are often on journeys to learn more about themselves, on a quest to feel better and enhance their quality of life. Nothing makes me happier than being immersed in a client's world. I want to know everything about what you love and care about.
Have you always felt different from everyone else, or even proudly identified as a "weirdo?" Are you burnt out and exhausted? Have therapy and medications been ineffective for you in the past? Is the search for a therapist or assessor that truly -gets- you more overwhelming than you could have ever imagined? You're in the right place. My clients are often on journeys to learn more about themselves, on a quest to feel better and enhance their quality of life. Nothing makes me happier than being immersed in a client's world. I want to know everything about what you love and care about.
View
Photo of Dr. Keiko Y. Miller, PsyD, MSCP, Psychologist
Dr. Keiko Y. Miller
Psychologist, PsyD, MSCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90027
Dr. Keiko Miller is a neuropsychologist located in Walnut Creek and is the founder of Aspire Neuropsychological Services. She has worked in the field of Autism since 2003 and has worked in the field of neuropsychology since 2009. She conducts a variety of evaluations of adults and children ages 12 months+. She earned her Psy.D. degree in 2011 and Masters of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology (MSCP) in 2019 from California School of Professional Psychology. She holds an active license in California. Aspire has clinicians from a variety of specialities in an effort to meet our patient's needs.
Dr. Keiko Miller is a neuropsychologist located in Walnut Creek and is the founder of Aspire Neuropsychological Services. She has worked in the field of Autism since 2003 and has worked in the field of neuropsychology since 2009. She conducts a variety of evaluations of adults and children ages 12 months+. She earned her Psy.D. degree in 2011 and Masters of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology (MSCP) in 2019 from California School of Professional Psychology. She holds an active license in California. Aspire has clinicians from a variety of specialities in an effort to meet our patient's needs.
(925) 406-3262 View (925) 406-3262

See more therapy options for Hollywood

Testing and Evaluation Therapists

What is a psychological evaluation?

A psychological evaluation is a test or assessment most commonly administered by a trained psychologist that is intended to be used in the diagnosis of specific psychological conditions, such as ADHD, mood disorders, personality disorders, dementia or Alzheimer's, and learning disabilities. Psychological evaluations can help inform future treatment decisions and help direct clients to professionals and resources that may be most helpful, such as potential therapy options or additional school supports.

Can psychological evaluations be done on individuals of any age group?

Psychological evaluations are conducted on individuals of all ages and can be beneficial to individuals across the lifespan. However, specific types of evaluations may be most frequently conducted on individuals of certain age groups. For instance, ADHD or learning disability testing is often conducted in children ages 4-12--the period of time when ADHD symptoms most commonly emerge. In contrast, cognitive functioning assessments, such as those conducted to diagnose dementia, are most commonly conducted in elderly individuals. Clients should ensure that the psychologist they are seeing has specific expertise in conducting evaluations in their age group to ensure they receive a correct diagnosis.

How long does a psychological evaluation take?

Psychological evaluations vary in length depending on the test being administered and the goals of the evaluation; however, most evaluations are 2-4 hours in length. Some evaluations may take as long as 8 hours but can often be spread across multiple days. In some cases, clients will also attend an intake session or interview, which can help the psychologist assess client functioning outside of the testing environment.

How should I prepare for a psychological test and evaluation?

Individuals do not need to prepare for psychological tests or evaluations in most cases, as they are intended to measure a client's baseline psychological status without test-specific preparation. However, clients may want to brainstorm a list of questions for their psychologist about any tests they are receiving prior to the assessment, including what potential outcomes may mean for what next steps the client should take.