EMDR Therapists in Emeryville, CA

Photo of Laura M Gardner, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laura M Gardner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608
); interracial and interfaith couples; and EMDR.
Does it feel like nothing is ever good enough and neither are you? You don’t have to feel this way - therapy helps. We can work together to overcome crises, learn to calm yourself down, build confidence, feel more hopeful, communicate more effectively, build and have better relationships, feel comfortable in your own skin, feel whole, and much more! Send me a message today.
); interracial and interfaith couples; and EMDR.
Does it feel like nothing is ever good enough and neither are you? You don’t have to feel this way - therapy helps. We can work together to overcome crises, learn to calm yourself down, build confidence, feel more hopeful, communicate more effectively, build and have better relationships, feel comfortable in your own skin, feel whole, and much more! Send me a message today.
(510) 470-5595 View (510) 470-5595
Photo of Valerie V Veza, LCSW, CHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Valerie V Veza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CHT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Current, training includes; Foundations/ Providing Virtual EMDR and Healing Trauma/ Somatic Skills and Tools.
My intention is to create a comfortable, safe space for clients to explore, heal and grow. I have years of experience helping individuals in crisis due to a wide variety of life's challenges and traumas. I help those of you who suffer from physical pain, anxiety, depression, emotional crisis, stress, trauma, PTSD and many other common symptoms . My approach is tailoring my experience and skills in a compassionate, honest and direct manner, to facilitate your experience to balance, self-acceptance and wholeness.
Current, training includes; Foundations/ Providing Virtual EMDR and Healing Trauma/ Somatic Skills and Tools.
My intention is to create a comfortable, safe space for clients to explore, heal and grow. I have years of experience helping individuals in crisis due to a wide variety of life's challenges and traumas. I help those of you who suffer from physical pain, anxiety, depression, emotional crisis, stress, trauma, PTSD and many other common symptoms . My approach is tailoring my experience and skills in a compassionate, honest and direct manner, to facilitate your experience to balance, self-acceptance and wholeness.
(510) 878-4260 View (510) 878-4260
Photo of Maegan Willan, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maegan Willan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
I use EMDR for effective trauma treatment.
Whatever you have lived through--healing is possible. I provide therapy for people living outside of the mainstream, whether because of values and ideals or personal identity. Therapy with me doesn't require that you or I believe there is anything wrong with you. Instead it is a place where we work collaboratively and creatively to develop an environment where you can take more and more risks to be yourself. It is a place to keep growing. It is a place to get real about what matters to you and what challenges you. Keywords: radical, queer, therapy for therapists, artists, activists, social justice.
I use EMDR for effective trauma treatment.
Whatever you have lived through--healing is possible. I provide therapy for people living outside of the mainstream, whether because of values and ideals or personal identity. Therapy with me doesn't require that you or I believe there is anything wrong with you. Instead it is a place where we work collaboratively and creatively to develop an environment where you can take more and more risks to be yourself. It is a place to keep growing. It is a place to get real about what matters to you and what challenges you. Keywords: radical, queer, therapy for therapists, artists, activists, social justice.
(510) 248-4807 View (510) 248-4807
Photo of Eleanor Lew, MA,  LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eleanor Lew
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
In other words, we'll work together to use whatever healing techniques are most effective – including sensorimotor therapy, CBT, mindfulness, IFS, and EMDR – to help you resolve any self-limiting beliefs and behaviors, create true healing and growth, and achieve your goals.
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, stress, depression, relationship issues, or navigating life transitions, the fact that you're reading this means you still have hope that you can overcome the issues you're facing and create a life you truly love. And you can! My name is Eleanor Lew, and I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist in Emeryville and Berkeley, California, who's been helping people like you to do just this for the past two decades. And I can help you, too. I commend you for the self-awareness that's brought you here, and for your courage in seeking the professional assistance you need and deserve.
In other words, we'll work together to use whatever healing techniques are most effective – including sensorimotor therapy, CBT, mindfulness, IFS, and EMDR – to help you resolve any self-limiting beliefs and behaviors, create true healing and growth, and achieve your goals.
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, stress, depression, relationship issues, or navigating life transitions, the fact that you're reading this means you still have hope that you can overcome the issues you're facing and create a life you truly love. And you can! My name is Eleanor Lew, and I'm a licensed marriage and family therapist in Emeryville and Berkeley, California, who's been helping people like you to do just this for the past two decades. And I can help you, too. I commend you for the self-awareness that's brought you here, and for your courage in seeking the professional assistance you need and deserve.
(510) 738-0887 View (510) 738-0887
Photo of Carrie Gajowski, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carrie Gajowski
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Creating a safe space that allows clients to explore how they feel and what they need in their lives, I tailor therapy to your needs, using an eclectic client-centered approach that includes EMDR, CBT, and mindfulness.
Narcissistic and emotional abuse can leave us feeling confused, hurt, and desperate for answers. You may have thought you found your soulmate, but instead you find yourself in a very complicated relationship. You may feel alone and isolated, blaming yourself for how badly the relationship is going. Instead of being in this amazing relationship you thought you had signed up for, you are now studying everything you can about narcissism and narcissistic abuse. But you’re ready to make a change. You’re ready to leave this person but you don’t know how. You know deep down that it is time to do something different.
Creating a safe space that allows clients to explore how they feel and what they need in their lives, I tailor therapy to your needs, using an eclectic client-centered approach that includes EMDR, CBT, and mindfulness.
Narcissistic and emotional abuse can leave us feeling confused, hurt, and desperate for answers. You may have thought you found your soulmate, but instead you find yourself in a very complicated relationship. You may feel alone and isolated, blaming yourself for how badly the relationship is going. Instead of being in this amazing relationship you thought you had signed up for, you are now studying everything you can about narcissism and narcissistic abuse. But you’re ready to make a change. You’re ready to leave this person but you don’t know how. You know deep down that it is time to do something different.
(959) 210-6800 View (959) 210-6800
Photo of Liz Diaz, LCSW, PPSC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Liz Diaz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I use an array of therapeutic methods that are holistic and evidence-based such as CBT, EMDR, psychodynamic, and mindfulness.
Maybe you are experiencing overwhelming thoughts and emotions, enduring a traumatic experience, or looking for ways to cope with life stressors. Maybe you are feeling out of balance with yourself, or simply seeking inner transformation and change, and could use guidance and support. Hola and welcome! As a bilingual, bicultural Licensed Clinical Social Worker, my goal is to create a safe and nurturing space for healing and exploration. Through this process, my hope is to build on your strengths and help you navigate some of life’s challenges, creating the life you deserve.
I use an array of therapeutic methods that are holistic and evidence-based such as CBT, EMDR, psychodynamic, and mindfulness.
Maybe you are experiencing overwhelming thoughts and emotions, enduring a traumatic experience, or looking for ways to cope with life stressors. Maybe you are feeling out of balance with yourself, or simply seeking inner transformation and change, and could use guidance and support. Hola and welcome! As a bilingual, bicultural Licensed Clinical Social Worker, my goal is to create a safe and nurturing space for healing and exploration. Through this process, my hope is to build on your strengths and help you navigate some of life’s challenges, creating the life you deserve.
(510) 405-4630 View (510) 405-4630
Photo of Dana Locke, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dana Locke
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
The combination of EMDR, Coherence Therapy, and Mindfulness Practices can be quickly effective, and end the suffering.
Using methods that quickly get to the heart of your struggles with relationships, depression, low self esteem, or loss, I can help you find relief when we work together in therapy. Very often, knowing the deeper truth and inherent logic of our problems leads to uprooting and transforming them. You can feel more creative and joyful.
The combination of EMDR, Coherence Therapy, and Mindfulness Practices can be quickly effective, and end the suffering.
Using methods that quickly get to the heart of your struggles with relationships, depression, low self esteem, or loss, I can help you find relief when we work together in therapy. Very often, knowing the deeper truth and inherent logic of our problems leads to uprooting and transforming them. You can feel more creative and joyful.
(510) 655-2823 View (510) 655-2823
Photo of Galia Schechter, PsyD, MBA, Psychologist
Galia Schechter
Psychologist, PsyD, MBA
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
I enjoy facilitating Gestalt, somatic, focusing, EMDR, mindfulness and emotion-focused processes.
My love for human development and growth and my outmost trust in human potential inspire me to facilitate effective, meaningful and ever-transformative change in my own life and in the lives of those who become my therapy clients. Through collaborative, respectful, compassionate and daring processes, I am here, with my talents and skills, to support you in finding your ways to live and love successfully. I am highly experienced and skilled at working with individual adults, couples and families, towards significant healing from anxieties, depression, relationship-challenges, major life adjustments and transitions, minor or significant trauma, grief and loss.
I enjoy facilitating Gestalt, somatic, focusing, EMDR, mindfulness and emotion-focused processes.
My love for human development and growth and my outmost trust in human potential inspire me to facilitate effective, meaningful and ever-transformative change in my own life and in the lives of those who become my therapy clients. Through collaborative, respectful, compassionate and daring processes, I am here, with my talents and skills, to support you in finding your ways to live and love successfully. I am highly experienced and skilled at working with individual adults, couples and families, towards significant healing from anxieties, depression, relationship-challenges, major life adjustments and transitions, minor or significant trauma, grief and loss.
(510) 616-4547 View (510) 616-4547
Photo of Jessica Brugel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Brugel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Additionally I utilize modalities of CBT, Mindfulness, Attachment Theory and EMDR.
Welcome! The focus of my practice is to work in partnership with my clients to help build resilience and facilitate positive change. Fostering kindness and compassion with a mindfulness based approach is at the heart of my work. I provide a safe and nurturing environment in which to explore options, and also offer the respect, understanding and empathy that encourages exploration and growth. As an experienced therapist, therapy can assist with clarifying, setting and maintaining your specific goals, as well as provide a space for self-exploration.I will be there to accompany and collaborate with you on your unique journey.
Additionally I utilize modalities of CBT, Mindfulness, Attachment Theory and EMDR.
Welcome! The focus of my practice is to work in partnership with my clients to help build resilience and facilitate positive change. Fostering kindness and compassion with a mindfulness based approach is at the heart of my work. I provide a safe and nurturing environment in which to explore options, and also offer the respect, understanding and empathy that encourages exploration and growth. As an experienced therapist, therapy can assist with clarifying, setting and maintaining your specific goals, as well as provide a space for self-exploration.I will be there to accompany and collaborate with you on your unique journey.
(510) 900-8026 View (510) 900-8026
Photo of Ann Gildersleeve, PhD, Psychologist
Ann Gildersleeve
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
For nearly 20 years I have been utilizing EMDR as a powerful tool in the treatment of trauma, anxiety and to assist with performance enhancement.
As a clinician, I have been privileged to work with people as they transform their difficulties from the past into a richer, more functioning fabric of the present. I have been in practice for over 30 years, working with adults, adolescents and couples. I utilize EMDR for the treatment of trauma, anxiety, and for performance enhancement. I also work extensively in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, often treating family members of the addicted/alcoholic individual. In recent years I have been involved in the treatment of firefighters, police, and other First Responders.
For nearly 20 years I have been utilizing EMDR as a powerful tool in the treatment of trauma, anxiety and to assist with performance enhancement.
As a clinician, I have been privileged to work with people as they transform their difficulties from the past into a richer, more functioning fabric of the present. I have been in practice for over 30 years, working with adults, adolescents and couples. I utilize EMDR for the treatment of trauma, anxiety, and for performance enhancement. I also work extensively in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, often treating family members of the addicted/alcoholic individual. In recent years I have been involved in the treatment of firefighters, police, and other First Responders.
(510) 239-5485 View (510) 239-5485
Photo of Jennifer Lilly, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Lilly
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I am trained in EMDR and find it to be a transformative modality for working with trauma and social anxiety.
Do you have relationships in your life that are not working, and no matter what you do, it doesn't seem to get better? Are you looking for a partner, but find that it never seems to work out? Do you feel disconnected from others and are longing for relationships that are solid and fulfilling? Relationships take work and psychotherapy is an opportunity to understand who you are in relationship and how to create and healthy and supportive connections. I work with both individuals and couples to explore, cultivate and sustain intimacy.
I am trained in EMDR and find it to be a transformative modality for working with trauma and social anxiety.
Do you have relationships in your life that are not working, and no matter what you do, it doesn't seem to get better? Are you looking for a partner, but find that it never seems to work out? Do you feel disconnected from others and are longing for relationships that are solid and fulfilling? Relationships take work and psychotherapy is an opportunity to understand who you are in relationship and how to create and healthy and supportive connections. I work with both individuals and couples to explore, cultivate and sustain intimacy.
(415) 237-2667 View (415) 237-2667
Photo of Miranda York, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Miranda York
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
I offer psychotherapy to individuals and couples who reside in California or Oregon. I offer clinical supervision to associates residing and working in the state of California. As a psychotherapist, I am flexible and tailor my approach to the need of each client. I have been trained in many modalities that offer various benefits, depending on your needs and preferences ( EMDR, AEDP, Sensorimotor, Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic, Somatic). As a clinical supervisor, I supervise from a primarily psychodynamic orientation. My practice is anti oppression and trauma informed.
I offer psychotherapy to individuals and couples who reside in California or Oregon. I offer clinical supervision to associates residing and working in the state of California. As a psychotherapist, I am flexible and tailor my approach to the need of each client. I have been trained in many modalities that offer various benefits, depending on your needs and preferences ( EMDR, AEDP, Sensorimotor, Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic, Somatic). As a clinical supervisor, I supervise from a primarily psychodynamic orientation. My practice is anti oppression and trauma informed.
(971) 314-6752 View (971) 314-6752
Photo of Iman Saint Jean, ASW, MSW, MEd, EMDR, Pre-Licensed Professional
Iman Saint Jean
Pre-Licensed Professional, ASW, MSW, MEd, EMDR
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
Feeling stressed and anxious about life’s challenges? Struggling to find balance and peace in your everyday life? If you’re seeking to strengthen meaningful connections and personal growth you're in the right place. My name is Iman Saint Jean and I am an ADHD & EMDR trained Clinical Psychotherapist with a passion for supporting clients on their healing journey. Whether you're seeking to overcome obstacles, enhance your well-being, or achieve personal growth, my approach blends psychological insight with compassionate support. Embark on a transformative journey in therapy and discover the power and resilience within.
Feeling stressed and anxious about life’s challenges? Struggling to find balance and peace in your everyday life? If you’re seeking to strengthen meaningful connections and personal growth you're in the right place. My name is Iman Saint Jean and I am an ADHD & EMDR trained Clinical Psychotherapist with a passion for supporting clients on their healing journey. Whether you're seeking to overcome obstacles, enhance your well-being, or achieve personal growth, my approach blends psychological insight with compassionate support. Embark on a transformative journey in therapy and discover the power and resilience within.
(510) 241-3943 View (510) 241-3943
Photo of John Charles Bieda Jr, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
John Charles Bieda Jr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608
With trauma I use EMDR as it least re traumatizes clients.
Currently I am only offering Teletherapy via hipaa compliant methods. I enjoy working with clients looking to make positive changes in their life. I work with them to develop coping skills to assist them in managing extreme emotional states and distress, as well as to develop increased interpersonal skills. By developing communication skills clients are able to improve their relationships in all areas of their lives. I have expertise working with a diverse spectrum of individuals including those in non-mainstream relationships and those with chronic mental illness.
With trauma I use EMDR as it least re traumatizes clients.
Currently I am only offering Teletherapy via hipaa compliant methods. I enjoy working with clients looking to make positive changes in their life. I work with them to develop coping skills to assist them in managing extreme emotional states and distress, as well as to develop increased interpersonal skills. By developing communication skills clients are able to improve their relationships in all areas of their lives. I have expertise working with a diverse spectrum of individuals including those in non-mainstream relationships and those with chronic mental illness.
(415) 691-6505 View (415) 691-6505
Photo of Eleanor Lew, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eleanor Lew
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
I listen deeply, with compassion and without judgment, to give you a place where you feel safe to express thoughts and feelings, My strength is how I work, using minimal interpretations but instead allowing your inner core to experience the genuineness of your own truth when it surfaces. I thus avoid diagnostic labels and preconceptions. Love and work is how we express ourselves. I hope you will let me help you with relationship issues, both in love and at work. My goal is to help you discover your inner creativity and resilience.
I listen deeply, with compassion and without judgment, to give you a place where you feel safe to express thoughts and feelings, My strength is how I work, using minimal interpretations but instead allowing your inner core to experience the genuineness of your own truth when it surfaces. I thus avoid diagnostic labels and preconceptions. Love and work is how we express ourselves. I hope you will let me help you with relationship issues, both in love and at work. My goal is to help you discover your inner creativity and resilience.
(510) 400-7417 View (510) 400-7417
Photo of Danielle Kouri, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Danielle Kouri
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608  (Online Only)
Do you struggle to feel good enough, no matter what you do? You feel the pressure to hold it all together and be perfect, maybe at work or with your family, which often means hiding who you are, what you want and need, in order to meet others' expectations. Sometimes you feel like a kid again, being told you can't do anything right. Your thoughts and emotions feel overwhelming, which makes setting boundaries and communicating your needs feel impossible. Especially with your parents or higher ups. You are also resilient and ready to feel better, stronger, more confident, and excited about your life again.
Do you struggle to feel good enough, no matter what you do? You feel the pressure to hold it all together and be perfect, maybe at work or with your family, which often means hiding who you are, what you want and need, in order to meet others' expectations. Sometimes you feel like a kid again, being told you can't do anything right. Your thoughts and emotions feel overwhelming, which makes setting boundaries and communicating your needs feel impossible. Especially with your parents or higher ups. You are also resilient and ready to feel better, stronger, more confident, and excited about your life again.
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Photo of Dr. Heather Martarella, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Heather Martarella
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608
Feeling Overwhelmed by Emotional Distress? You’re not alone, and seeking help is healthy. I specialize in helping individuals navigate the challenges that develop from chronic pain, illness, and sleep difficulties. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I understand the impact these conditions can have on your life - and I’m here to offer the information and support you need. I'm also a certified anxiety and trauma treatment provider.
Feeling Overwhelmed by Emotional Distress? You’re not alone, and seeking help is healthy. I specialize in helping individuals navigate the challenges that develop from chronic pain, illness, and sleep difficulties. With over 20 years of clinical experience, I understand the impact these conditions can have on your life - and I’m here to offer the information and support you need. I'm also a certified anxiety and trauma treatment provider.
(510) 892-3227 View (510) 892-3227
Photo of Rachel F Kaplan, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rachel F Kaplan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
You will feel it when you sit with me, this is my life's calling. I was lucky enough to walk the path of healing from an early age because of a devastating life trauma. This brought me to my deep understanding of the healing process. I am committed to accompanying you and catalyzing your journey to health, self-love, ease in relationship and empowerment in the world. My ideal client is going through change, loss, or questioning, needs support and desires a deeper connection to themselves, and satisfaction from their life. Check out my podcast The Healing Feeling Shit Show, a free course in emotional healing to sense how I work.
You will feel it when you sit with me, this is my life's calling. I was lucky enough to walk the path of healing from an early age because of a devastating life trauma. This brought me to my deep understanding of the healing process. I am committed to accompanying you and catalyzing your journey to health, self-love, ease in relationship and empowerment in the world. My ideal client is going through change, loss, or questioning, needs support and desires a deeper connection to themselves, and satisfaction from their life. Check out my podcast The Healing Feeling Shit Show, a free course in emotional healing to sense how I work.
(415) 702-3703 View (415) 702-3703
Photo of Barbara Hart, PhD, Psychologist
Barbara Hart
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Emeryville, CA 94608
I have over 20 years of experience with a individuals, couples and families. I also have a background in chemical dependency and codependency.
I have over 20 years of experience with a individuals, couples and families. I also have a background in chemical dependency and codependency.
(510) 240-1838 View (510) 240-1838
Photo of Aaron Testard, MA, LMFT, LPCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Aaron Testard
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Emeryville, CA 94608
Do you feel lost, questioning who you are or where you're going with no easy answers? Sometimes life takes an unexpected turn, we hit a bottom, or we just realize that something in us is different...or something must change. Such times of confusion and crisis are often the meeting point for our work together. They are also openings to self-discovery and real change. I listen deeply for what you want, develop a relationship of trust, and work WITH you to establish the clarity and direction you need.
Do you feel lost, questioning who you are or where you're going with no easy answers? Sometimes life takes an unexpected turn, we hit a bottom, or we just realize that something in us is different...or something must change. Such times of confusion and crisis are often the meeting point for our work together. They are also openings to self-discovery and real change. I listen deeply for what you want, develop a relationship of trust, and work WITH you to establish the clarity and direction you need.
(312) 467-7543 View (312) 467-7543
1
EMDR Therapists

Who is EMDR for?

EMDR was initially developed as a treatment for individuals with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for whom memories of a deeply distressing experience can be inadvertently triggered by random everyday events. The procedure has since been applied in the treatment of many other conditions. For example, it is used by some therapists to treat anxiety disorders including panic and phobias, depression, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and some personality disorders. It is suitable for adolescents and adults.

Why do people need EMDR?

People need EMDR as a way to manage distressing memories that in some way hamper the ability to function in the present. The procedure is believed to target the way memories are stored in the brain. Evidence indicates that past disturbing experiences cause ongoing distress because they were not adequately processed, and when such memories are triggered in the present, they are accompanied by all the emotions, thoughts, and physical sensations as the initial experience.

What problems does EMDR treat?

First and foremost, EMDR is intended as a treatment for PTSD, to defuse distressing memories that intrude on and impair everyday functioning. It is also often used to help those who are subject to panic attacks, phobias, and other forms of anxiety. In addition, EMDR has been used to treat individuals with depression, eating disorders, and personality disorders.

What happens in EMDR therapy?

First the therapist takes an individual’s history, and then the therapist and client decide which distressing experience(s) will be the target(s) of the exercise, delivered via a side-to-side visual stimulus requiring lateral eye movements. The client will be asked to activate thoughts, feelings, and any body sensations related to the troubling experience. The eye movements are said to reduce the emotional charge of the memory, so that the experience can then be safely discussed with the therapist and digested, minimizing its ability to trigger anxiety.