Depression Therapists in El Toro, CA

Photo of Richard Lappin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Richard Lappin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
My specialties include treating ADHD, other behavioral problems, anxiety, OCD, and depression.
I provide psychotherapy for individuals, couples and families in a safe, nurturing environment. I have over 20 years of experience as a therapist and supervisor of therapists, and I use this experience to tailor my services to meet your individual and specific needs. I work with a wide variety of clients and issues, from children with ADHD and school problems, to adolescents with substance abuse issues, to adults grappling with mood disorders and marital problems.
My specialties include treating ADHD, other behavioral problems, anxiety, OCD, and depression.
I provide psychotherapy for individuals, couples and families in a safe, nurturing environment. I have over 20 years of experience as a therapist and supervisor of therapists, and I use this experience to tailor my services to meet your individual and specific needs. I work with a wide variety of clients and issues, from children with ADHD and school problems, to adolescents with substance abuse issues, to adults grappling with mood disorders and marital problems.
(714) 752-0988 View (714) 752-0988
Photo of Sherri Mahdavi, PhD, Psychologist
Sherri Mahdavi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
People often come to therapy because they are suffering from some psychological difficulties. They want to get rid of depression, anxiety or any other psychological problems that have made life unbearable. I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist and certified Jungian analyst with more than 18 years of clinical experience. I will create a safe space for my clients to work through their problems. Therapy from depth perspective can create an opportunity for personal growth. Sometimes in the depth of our depression or anxieties we can find the most important answers to our soul searching.
People often come to therapy because they are suffering from some psychological difficulties. They want to get rid of depression, anxiety or any other psychological problems that have made life unbearable. I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist and certified Jungian analyst with more than 18 years of clinical experience. I will create a safe space for my clients to work through their problems. Therapy from depth perspective can create an opportunity for personal growth. Sometimes in the depth of our depression or anxieties we can find the most important answers to our soul searching.
(949) 422-4488 View (949) 422-4488
Photo of Susan Spehling, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Spehling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
My name is Susan Spehling. I am an LCSW in CA, AZ, NV & OR. I am a certified Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist. I have special certifications in Trauma (CCTP-II) and ADHD (ADHD-CCSP), specializing in trauma/ depression/anxiety & amp; marital problems. I typically work with a wide range of clients, from children, generally around age 10, to adults of varied ages and stages in their lives. I enjoy working with individuals, couples, and families, with a specialty focus on trauma, depression, resistant depression, anxiety, marital issues, and parenting.
My name is Susan Spehling. I am an LCSW in CA, AZ, NV & OR. I am a certified Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist. I have special certifications in Trauma (CCTP-II) and ADHD (ADHD-CCSP), specializing in trauma/ depression/anxiety & amp; marital problems. I typically work with a wide range of clients, from children, generally around age 10, to adults of varied ages and stages in their lives. I enjoy working with individuals, couples, and families, with a specialty focus on trauma, depression, resistant depression, anxiety, marital issues, and parenting.
(916) 659-8177 View (916) 659-8177
Photo of Melissa Barraza, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Barraza
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
My typical client is between 18 and 65 years old of all cultural backgrounds, and I have treated diagnoses such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, mood disorders, psychosis, personality disorders, and PTSD.
Hello, I'm Melissa Barraza, a bilingual Spanish-speaking licensed clinical social worker who is committed to helping you heal from within. My work focuses on how attachment and trauma may impact your worldviews and beliefs, causing an imbalance in everyday functioning and interpersonal relationships. My goal is to help guide your healing process and create peace and harmony in your life. Some of the most common therapeutic approaches I use include attachment theory, trauma-informed practices, CBT, DBT, strengths-based, problem-solving, somatic, and client-centered interventions to help you meet your goals.
My typical client is between 18 and 65 years old of all cultural backgrounds, and I have treated diagnoses such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, mood disorders, psychosis, personality disorders, and PTSD.
Hello, I'm Melissa Barraza, a bilingual Spanish-speaking licensed clinical social worker who is committed to helping you heal from within. My work focuses on how attachment and trauma may impact your worldviews and beliefs, causing an imbalance in everyday functioning and interpersonal relationships. My goal is to help guide your healing process and create peace and harmony in your life. Some of the most common therapeutic approaches I use include attachment theory, trauma-informed practices, CBT, DBT, strengths-based, problem-solving, somatic, and client-centered interventions to help you meet your goals.
(858) 251-8797 View (858) 251-8797
Photo of John Robles, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
John Robles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
Hi, my name is John Robles, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has engaged with people, by way of a client centered approach, to partner with them in continuing their self-improvement journey. I have worked with clients struggling with anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress, depression, existential struggles and relational challenges. The conditions I am most comfortable treating are Anxiety, Depression, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
Hi, my name is John Robles, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who has engaged with people, by way of a client centered approach, to partner with them in continuing their self-improvement journey. I have worked with clients struggling with anxiety, stress, post-traumatic stress, depression, existential struggles and relational challenges. The conditions I am most comfortable treating are Anxiety, Depression, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
(415) 230-2644 View (415) 230-2644
Photo of Michael Annoreno, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michael Annoreno
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
Hello! I'm Michael Annoreno, a compassionate therapist dedicated to helping individuals like you navigate life's challenges and cultivate emotional well-being. Whether you're struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or personal growth, I'm here to provide a safe and supportive space for you to explore, heal, and thrive.
Hello! I'm Michael Annoreno, a compassionate therapist dedicated to helping individuals like you navigate life's challenges and cultivate emotional well-being. Whether you're struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or personal growth, I'm here to provide a safe and supportive space for you to explore, heal, and thrive.
(213) 529-9758 View (213) 529-9758
Photo of Lorena Martin, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lorena Martin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
I have experience working with children, teens, & adults that struggle with anxiety, depression, communication, trauma, loss, changes, life events, and school issues (including working with children in supported classrooms, with an IEP/accommodations).
Hi there, I'm Lorena! I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Inland Empire, California, and working with new clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults and specialize in anxiety, stress, depression, grief and loss, trauma, parenting, and life events, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma Focus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help clients begin to feel better.
I have experience working with children, teens, & adults that struggle with anxiety, depression, communication, trauma, loss, changes, life events, and school issues (including working with children in supported classrooms, with an IEP/accommodations).
Hi there, I'm Lorena! I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Inland Empire, California, and working with new clients statewide via telehealth. I work with adolescents and adults and specialize in anxiety, stress, depression, grief and loss, trauma, parenting, and life events, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma Focus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help clients begin to feel better.
(661) 493-8708 View (661) 493-8708
Photo of Jennifer Villar, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Villar
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92610
I have been a licensed therapist since 2018. Before that I was a special education teacher, working with children in a non-public school. I have 3 years of working with children and adolescents who have history or PTSD, trauma, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and general neglect. I have a year experience of working with adults who are working through grief, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem concerns, and depression. I tend to use cognitive behavioral therapy in my practice, and enjoy mixing in motivational interviewing, strength based, and solution focused therapy.
I have been a licensed therapist since 2018. Before that I was a special education teacher, working with children in a non-public school. I have 3 years of working with children and adolescents who have history or PTSD, trauma, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and general neglect. I have a year experience of working with adults who are working through grief, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem concerns, and depression. I tend to use cognitive behavioral therapy in my practice, and enjoy mixing in motivational interviewing, strength based, and solution focused therapy.
(657) 837-1439 View (657) 837-1439
Photo of Vivian Kiani, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vivian Kiani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92610
I have a diverse range of experiences with children and adults encountering depression, anxiety, adjustment issues, low self-esteem, bereavement, substance abuse, poor emotion regulation skills, and having difficulty coping.
I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship for healing the wounds of the past and the present. In order to understand the complexities of problems nested in cultural beliefs and values in the individuals’ life, I use a culturally sensitive approach to support individuals in navigating their experiences. I strive to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for individuals to express and process their emotions. Therapy is a unique experience and I believe that finding the right fit is extremely important. My clinical approach would depend on the person and presenting issue that is brought into the therapy session.
I have a diverse range of experiences with children and adults encountering depression, anxiety, adjustment issues, low self-esteem, bereavement, substance abuse, poor emotion regulation skills, and having difficulty coping.
I believe in the power of the therapeutic relationship for healing the wounds of the past and the present. In order to understand the complexities of problems nested in cultural beliefs and values in the individuals’ life, I use a culturally sensitive approach to support individuals in navigating their experiences. I strive to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for individuals to express and process their emotions. Therapy is a unique experience and I believe that finding the right fit is extremely important. My clinical approach would depend on the person and presenting issue that is brought into the therapy session.
(949) 776-0386 View (949) 776-0386
Photo of Reneshia White, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Reneshia White
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
I have experience working with transitional-age youth and adults who presented with depression, personality disorders, and the need for resources such as housing, employment, educational assistance, and medical assistance.
I have experience working in multiple disciplinary settings while servicing urban impact communities. I have a strong passion for connecting with teens by being supportive and encouraging as the teens have dealt with personal issues ranging from depression to suicidal ideation.
I have experience working with transitional-age youth and adults who presented with depression, personality disorders, and the need for resources such as housing, employment, educational assistance, and medical assistance.
I have experience working in multiple disciplinary settings while servicing urban impact communities. I have a strong passion for connecting with teens by being supportive and encouraging as the teens have dealt with personal issues ranging from depression to suicidal ideation.
(747) 269-6449 View (747) 269-6449
Photo of Tina Luke, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tina Luke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92610
My name is Tina Luke, a licensed clinical social worker. I work with clients struggling with various forms of anxiety, managing stress, trauma, depression, social and specific phobias, relationships transitions, self-esteem concerns, life transitions, brief crisis intervention and PTSD. I like to use a strength based approach to allow identifying of strengths of the client to draw from when advancing into sessions. My main approach is cognitive behavioral therapy. My approach to therapy is ensuring that the client is being heard and that services are tailored to meet the needs of the client.
My name is Tina Luke, a licensed clinical social worker. I work with clients struggling with various forms of anxiety, managing stress, trauma, depression, social and specific phobias, relationships transitions, self-esteem concerns, life transitions, brief crisis intervention and PTSD. I like to use a strength based approach to allow identifying of strengths of the client to draw from when advancing into sessions. My main approach is cognitive behavioral therapy. My approach to therapy is ensuring that the client is being heard and that services are tailored to meet the needs of the client.
(657) 216-7356 View (657) 216-7356
Photo of Olivia Dahlin, MS, LMFT, LPCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Olivia Dahlin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630  (Online Only)
We will work to help you find relief from trauma, stress, grief, anxiety/ depression or behavior concerns.
Are you concerned about your child/teen? Is their behavior related to mental health or are the changes you are observing a normal part of development? You may be noticing behaviors such as withdrawal, sadness, irritability, loss of interest in activities they previously enjoyed. Or they may be anxious, overwhelmed, moody, fearful or having difficulty focusing in school. It can be hard to start the conversation with your child/teen or get them to open up? As a parent it can be overwhelming to watch kids struggle and not know how to intervene or offer support. You don't have to do it alone.
We will work to help you find relief from trauma, stress, grief, anxiety/ depression or behavior concerns.
Are you concerned about your child/teen? Is their behavior related to mental health or are the changes you are observing a normal part of development? You may be noticing behaviors such as withdrawal, sadness, irritability, loss of interest in activities they previously enjoyed. Or they may be anxious, overwhelmed, moody, fearful or having difficulty focusing in school. It can be hard to start the conversation with your child/teen or get them to open up? As a parent it can be overwhelming to watch kids struggle and not know how to intervene or offer support. You don't have to do it alone.
(949) 694-3451 View (949) 694-3451
Celanire Shangraw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
Hi, my name is Celanire (Cel) Shangraw and I am an LCSW. I enjoy supporting my clients to live a happier and more fulfilling life by overcoming obstacles and hurdles. I work with a wide variety of clients, mostly aged 18-40. I have worked in inpatient settings treating severe substance use and mental health concerns. I use a person-centered focus. I prescribe a number of different modalities since each individual client may need a different approach to meet their needs.
Hi, my name is Celanire (Cel) Shangraw and I am an LCSW. I enjoy supporting my clients to live a happier and more fulfilling life by overcoming obstacles and hurdles. I work with a wide variety of clients, mostly aged 18-40. I have worked in inpatient settings treating severe substance use and mental health concerns. I use a person-centered focus. I prescribe a number of different modalities since each individual client may need a different approach to meet their needs.
(669) 338-1084 View (669) 338-1084
Photo of Angele Suarez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angele Suarez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
Hello, my name is Angele Suarez, and I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 22 years of experience. I believe if I can help one person become the best version of themselves, then this will directly impact the other relationships in their lives. Through empowerment and support, the adults I work with will be able to model healthy communication and respect towards others (i.e., their children, family members, friends, colleagues, etc.), thus creating a domino effect. I enjoy working with adults and couples who are struggling with relationship issues, past childhood trauma, and parenting challenges.
Hello, my name is Angele Suarez, and I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 22 years of experience. I believe if I can help one person become the best version of themselves, then this will directly impact the other relationships in their lives. Through empowerment and support, the adults I work with will be able to model healthy communication and respect towards others (i.e., their children, family members, friends, colleagues, etc.), thus creating a domino effect. I enjoy working with adults and couples who are struggling with relationship issues, past childhood trauma, and parenting challenges.
(858) 723-0161 View (858) 723-0161
Photo of Paul True, PsyD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Paul True
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
El Toro, CA 92630
If life is suffering, as it was said long ago, what is the meaning of both suffering and life? The real secret seems to be that through suffering we transcend suffering. Engaging in our legitimate suffering – manifesting as anxieties and depressions – brings us beyond the narrow egocentric view into a broader compassion and understanding, which is essentially a place of peace. I am not here to heal you but to help guide you to the place of self-healing. I have seen enough of both suffering and self-healing to know whereof I speak. Let's talk about what troubles you and find your unique path to resolution and acceptance.
If life is suffering, as it was said long ago, what is the meaning of both suffering and life? The real secret seems to be that through suffering we transcend suffering. Engaging in our legitimate suffering – manifesting as anxieties and depressions – brings us beyond the narrow egocentric view into a broader compassion and understanding, which is essentially a place of peace. I am not here to heal you but to help guide you to the place of self-healing. I have seen enough of both suffering and self-healing to know whereof I speak. Let's talk about what troubles you and find your unique path to resolution and acceptance.
(714) 752-0886 View (714) 752-0886
Photo of Merett Sheridan, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Merett Sheridan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
Hi there, I'm Merrett, a licensed marriage and family therapist. Areas I can help you with include self-esteem, co-dependency, setting boundaries, work/life balance, caregiver burnout, dysfunctional family dynamics, existential concerns, and life transitions. I use a variety of modalities including positive psychology, solution-focused, and existential, but always work in a client-centered manner, focusing on the issues that matter most to you to help guide you to better understand your experience and solutions for moving forward.
Hi there, I'm Merrett, a licensed marriage and family therapist. Areas I can help you with include self-esteem, co-dependency, setting boundaries, work/life balance, caregiver burnout, dysfunctional family dynamics, existential concerns, and life transitions. I use a variety of modalities including positive psychology, solution-focused, and existential, but always work in a client-centered manner, focusing on the issues that matter most to you to help guide you to better understand your experience and solutions for moving forward.
(760) 935-6664 View (760) 935-6664
Photo of Joe Mutow, LPCC
Joe Mutow
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
I have provided therapy for individuals (children K-12 and adults), family, group, and couple sessions for over ten years. My modality is Cognitive Behavioral which means we believe it is not the event itself but how we perceive and react to the circumstance that may cause a problem. We will explore different possibilities through our session and discover what may serve us the best in pursuing happiness.
I have provided therapy for individuals (children K-12 and adults), family, group, and couple sessions for over ten years. My modality is Cognitive Behavioral which means we believe it is not the event itself but how we perceive and react to the circumstance that may cause a problem. We will explore different possibilities through our session and discover what may serve us the best in pursuing happiness.
(909) 316-1947 View (909) 316-1947
Photo of Janel Guinane, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janel Guinane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
El Toro, CA 92630
My career in the helping professions started in 1997 at a residential program in San Francisco working with adults with substance use issues and co-occurring mental health disorders. This launched a long road of determination to attain a Bachelor’s degree in Social Work in 2008 and then a Master’s in Social Work in 2010. I obtained my Clinical License in 2015. Throughout my educational years and afterward, I worked with many different populations such as children, teens, TAY, former foster youth, homeless youth, adults with mental illness, homeless adults, and those arrested for alcohol and/or drug related offenses.
My career in the helping professions started in 1997 at a residential program in San Francisco working with adults with substance use issues and co-occurring mental health disorders. This launched a long road of determination to attain a Bachelor’s degree in Social Work in 2008 and then a Master’s in Social Work in 2010. I obtained my Clinical License in 2015. Throughout my educational years and afterward, I worked with many different populations such as children, teens, TAY, former foster youth, homeless youth, adults with mental illness, homeless adults, and those arrested for alcohol and/or drug related offenses.
(909) 675-0160 View (909) 675-0160

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Sun Lee, LPCC
Sun Lee
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Whether you are facing anxiety, depression or relationship issues, my goal is to work with you to reach your personal goals in a safe environment. I am passionate about what I do. I know what it is like to walk alone without guidance. Quality counseling can change your life and perspectives. I can help you overcome your pain and find the new purpose of your life. If you are looking for a counselor who can truly empathize what you are going through and understand your cultural background with top notch professional knowledge and experience, I am here to help you.
Whether you are facing anxiety, depression or relationship issues, my goal is to work with you to reach your personal goals in a safe environment. I am passionate about what I do. I know what it is like to walk alone without guidance. Quality counseling can change your life and perspectives. I can help you overcome your pain and find the new purpose of your life. If you are looking for a counselor who can truly empathize what you are going through and understand your cultural background with top notch professional knowledge and experience, I am here to help you.
(949) 536-9297 View (949) 536-9297
Photo of Christina Harner, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Christina Harner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Hi! I'm Christina Harner, a licensed marriage and family therapist. I'm also an active-duty military spouse and a veteran myself. believe therapy works for those that want to make change. I have worked extensively with couples dealing with domestic violence, cultural concerns, work-life balance, and military communities. I typically work with adults (over 18) that experience anxiety, depression, and stress due to relationship issues, work-life balance (or lack of), and family issues. As a parent (and one of 9 siblings) I relate well to the complex dynamics in merging family life and work life.
Hi! I'm Christina Harner, a licensed marriage and family therapist. I'm also an active-duty military spouse and a veteran myself. believe therapy works for those that want to make change. I have worked extensively with couples dealing with domestic violence, cultural concerns, work-life balance, and military communities. I typically work with adults (over 18) that experience anxiety, depression, and stress due to relationship issues, work-life balance (or lack of), and family issues. As a parent (and one of 9 siblings) I relate well to the complex dynamics in merging family life and work life.
(916) 252-5569 View (916) 252-5569

See more therapy options for El Toro

Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.