Photo of Kasey Marie Bogoje - The Mindful Lemon , LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
The Mindful Lemon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926  (Online Only)
Here at The Mindful Lemon, we believe in treating the whole person – we focus on the mind-body connection, positive psychology, law of attraction and mindfulness in conjunction with a multitude of evidenced based practice and therapeutic modalities to help you to achieve your greatest potential.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
Here at The Mindful Lemon, we believe in treating the whole person – we focus on the mind-body connection, positive psychology, law of attraction and mindfulness in conjunction with a multitude of evidenced based practice and therapeutic modalities to help you to achieve your greatest potential.
Our mission is to provide quality online mental health and substance abuse services while breaking down the barriers of traditional, office based therapy. Traditional mental health and substance abuse treatment tends to focus on what makes you sick, what you are lacking but at The Mindful Lemon, our clinicians let you sit in the driver’s seat, focusing on your strengths and assets to help you become the best version of you! This can be via traditional talk therapy, medication management, mindfulness techniques, an emphasis on health, wellness and fitness or any combination of the above.
(530) 288-4066 View (530) 288-4066
Photo of Nancy Lynn Neidhardt, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nancy Lynn Neidhardt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926
Hello there! My name is Nancy L. Neidhardt and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Are Anxiety/Depression showing up more often than you feel able to handle? Sometimes life presents us with challenges that either seem insurmountable or are just better tackled with someone by our side. I would like to be that person. I absolutely love working with people of all ages, especially elders, families, and couples . My biggest strength as a counselor is that I am in awe with each and every life story I am told, and feel honored when clients trust me on their healing journey. I hope you will embark on yours with me!
Hello there! My name is Nancy L. Neidhardt and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Are Anxiety/Depression showing up more often than you feel able to handle? Sometimes life presents us with challenges that either seem insurmountable or are just better tackled with someone by our side. I would like to be that person. I absolutely love working with people of all ages, especially elders, families, and couples . My biggest strength as a counselor is that I am in awe with each and every life story I am told, and feel honored when clients trust me on their healing journey. I hope you will embark on yours with me!
(530) 451-3662 View (530) 451-3662
Photo of James G Brown, LPCC, NCC, CCTMH, Licensed Professional Counselor
James G Brown
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, NCC, CCTMH
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926  (Online Only)
I enjoy working with individuals who recognize something needs to change but aren’t sure which direction to take. Together, we’ll explore your motivation for change and align your life with your values, goals, and dreams. Using a solution-focused, strength-based approach, we’ll increase your self-awareness, foster self-love, and empower you to create a fuller, more meaningful life. I will ensure that you have safe, non-judgmental space with me so we’ll examine challenges from all angles and develop personalized strategies for growth and healing.
I enjoy working with individuals who recognize something needs to change but aren’t sure which direction to take. Together, we’ll explore your motivation for change and align your life with your values, goals, and dreams. Using a solution-focused, strength-based approach, we’ll increase your self-awareness, foster self-love, and empower you to create a fuller, more meaningful life. I will ensure that you have safe, non-judgmental space with me so we’ll examine challenges from all angles and develop personalized strategies for growth and healing.
(530) 319-5215 View (530) 319-5215
Photo of Teresa Richman - Kokoro Counseling Center, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kokoro Counseling Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95928
At Kokoro Counseling Center we help people move through their lives with a greater sense of purpose, meaning, and joy. We partner with our clients to develop treatment goals that target unwanted emotional struggles and behavioral patterns. Upon request, we work with prescribing medical providers for a more promising psychotherapeutic outcome. Our practice integrates various clinical treatment theories that meet a range of client treatment needs. Our center offers an emotionally safe space to heal past trauma and embrace new beginnings. Even in the darkest of places, we can recapture resiliency and joy one step at a time.
At Kokoro Counseling Center we help people move through their lives with a greater sense of purpose, meaning, and joy. We partner with our clients to develop treatment goals that target unwanted emotional struggles and behavioral patterns. Upon request, we work with prescribing medical providers for a more promising psychotherapeutic outcome. Our practice integrates various clinical treatment theories that meet a range of client treatment needs. Our center offers an emotionally safe space to heal past trauma and embrace new beginnings. Even in the darkest of places, we can recapture resiliency and joy one step at a time.
(530) 441-0927 View (530) 441-0927
Photo of David Burke - New Start Recovery Solutions Reno, LAADCCA, ICADC, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
New Start Recovery Solutions Reno
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LAADCCA, ICADC
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95973
New Start Recovery Solutions provides medical detox and dual diagnosis residential treatment to you or a love one struggling and needing help in achieving a better quality of life clean and sober. New Start Recovery Solutions is a benchmark of excellence in health care and drug and alcohol treatment. We provide exemplary services that are both patient-centered, and evidence-based with best practices to develop a solid treatment plan. The sole focus of New Start Recovery Solutions is the provision and management of specialty chemical dependency and addiction disorder services within a flexible and dynamic continuum of care.
New Start Recovery Solutions provides medical detox and dual diagnosis residential treatment to you or a love one struggling and needing help in achieving a better quality of life clean and sober. New Start Recovery Solutions is a benchmark of excellence in health care and drug and alcohol treatment. We provide exemplary services that are both patient-centered, and evidence-based with best practices to develop a solid treatment plan. The sole focus of New Start Recovery Solutions is the provision and management of specialty chemical dependency and addiction disorder services within a flexible and dynamic continuum of care.
(775) 372-3520 View (775) 372-3520
Photo of Lya Chapman, PhD, Psychologist
Lya Chapman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Chico, CA 95926
Not accepting new clients
Is anger, stress, depression, or anxiety getting in the way of having the life you want? Are you having difficulty moving forward after a stressful event? Do you want to change behaviors or relationship patterns that are no longer working for you? If any of this sounds familiar, please give me a call. I help clients identify effective coping skills that can significantly improve their ability to deal with situational or emotional stress. My commitment is to provide a therapeutic environment that helps you reach your highest potential for wellness.
Is anger, stress, depression, or anxiety getting in the way of having the life you want? Are you having difficulty moving forward after a stressful event? Do you want to change behaviors or relationship patterns that are no longer working for you? If any of this sounds familiar, please give me a call. I help clients identify effective coping skills that can significantly improve their ability to deal with situational or emotional stress. My commitment is to provide a therapeutic environment that helps you reach your highest potential for wellness.
(707) 981-4690 View (707) 981-4690

Online Therapists

Photo of Tom Paderna, PhD MS
Tom Paderna
Registered Psychological Assistant, PhD MS
Verified Verified
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
My internship was at the Sacramento VA, where I gained expertise in CBT for depression and anxiety, mindfulness, grief therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
“We are all going through something.” – Anonymous. Feeling stuck, overwhelmed and unable to move forward and live your best life? Oftentimes it’s about your relationships, communicating with your partner, major decisions, or facing life’s unexpected challenges. Every so often it can even be those long-standing issues that you’ve been able to deal with, but this time, you just need a little help. To be human is to be in a relationship. Relationships can be with your spouse or partner, with your family, or even with Yourself.
My internship was at the Sacramento VA, where I gained expertise in CBT for depression and anxiety, mindfulness, grief therapy, and Motivational Interviewing.
“We are all going through something.” – Anonymous. Feeling stuck, overwhelmed and unable to move forward and live your best life? Oftentimes it’s about your relationships, communicating with your partner, major decisions, or facing life’s unexpected challenges. Every so often it can even be those long-standing issues that you’ve been able to deal with, but this time, you just need a little help. To be human is to be in a relationship. Relationships can be with your spouse or partner, with your family, or even with Yourself.
(916) 312-1663 x710 View (916) 312-1663 x710
Photo of Ana Hernandez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ana Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95817  (Online Only)
Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing and Mindfulness Practices, I assist those grappling with chronic health issues, anxiety, depression, family conflict, relationship struggles, codependency and childhood trauma in cultivating self-compassion and inner resilience to conquer life's hurdles.
In the game of life, a positive mindset is your secret weapon. It turns challenges into opportunities and obstacles into stepping stones. Unfortunately, many individuals find themselves trapped in negativity due to childhood trauma, abusive relationships, or toxic work environments. Making positive life changes starts with understanding your own story and taking courageous steps towards creating a life that brings you joy. My mission is to offer a safe and nurturing environment where you can work through your pain, identify patterns that have kept you feeling stuck and negative, and embark on a journey toward positivity.
Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing and Mindfulness Practices, I assist those grappling with chronic health issues, anxiety, depression, family conflict, relationship struggles, codependency and childhood trauma in cultivating self-compassion and inner resilience to conquer life's hurdles.
In the game of life, a positive mindset is your secret weapon. It turns challenges into opportunities and obstacles into stepping stones. Unfortunately, many individuals find themselves trapped in negativity due to childhood trauma, abusive relationships, or toxic work environments. Making positive life changes starts with understanding your own story and taking courageous steps towards creating a life that brings you joy. My mission is to offer a safe and nurturing environment where you can work through your pain, identify patterns that have kept you feeling stuck and negative, and embark on a journey toward positivity.
(916) 623-7353 View (916) 623-7353
Photo of Dr. Tristan C. Buzzini, PsyD, MA, Psychologist
Dr. Tristan C. Buzzini
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95825
I sincerely believe in whole-person wellness and that mind, body, and spirit need to be nurtured for overall mental health and well-being to be stabilized. It is my hope to support you in taking the steps you believe need to be taken to live a healthy, fulfilling, peaceful, and empowered life. As an expert in mindfulness and meditation, I work with adults and teens to effectively manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I am also skilled in working with individuals who struggle with substance use, conduct disorders, and academic challenges.
I sincerely believe in whole-person wellness and that mind, body, and spirit need to be nurtured for overall mental health and well-being to be stabilized. It is my hope to support you in taking the steps you believe need to be taken to live a healthy, fulfilling, peaceful, and empowered life. As an expert in mindfulness and meditation, I work with adults and teens to effectively manage symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity, and post-traumatic stress disorder. I am also skilled in working with individuals who struggle with substance use, conduct disorders, and academic challenges.
(916) 269-5660 View (916) 269-5660
Photo of Shawna Cobabe - Shawna Cobabe, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shawna Cobabe
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
El Dorado Hills, CA 95762  (Online Only)
I have worked with children, families, individuals and couples in many different capacities before finding my calling as a therapist. I have specialized training in couples and marriage counseling, family counseling, PTSD/trauma, adoption and foster care, anxiety and depression, and other mental illness, life changes, grief and loss. I also work with adolescents who are struggling in school or with behavior problems, defiance, and depression and anxiety. I work with couples and families for a variety of reasons. I can help you too.
I have worked with children, families, individuals and couples in many different capacities before finding my calling as a therapist. I have specialized training in couples and marriage counseling, family counseling, PTSD/trauma, adoption and foster care, anxiety and depression, and other mental illness, life changes, grief and loss. I also work with adolescents who are struggling in school or with behavior problems, defiance, and depression and anxiety. I work with couples and families for a variety of reasons. I can help you too.
(925) 329-6259 View (925) 329-6259
Photo of Erik Olesen - Olesen & Associates, LMFT, BCIA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Olesen & Associates
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, BCIA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Auburn, CA 95602
You are struggling. Your life isn’t what you want it to be. We can help! We specialize in anxiety, depression, couples issues, addictions, sleep problems, concussion, ADD, and trauma. We are friendly and goal oriented. I have 25 years experience with adults, teens, and children. And, if you wish, we can also use Neurofeedback training. I taught Neurofeedback at San Francisco State University. This modality teaches you to change brainwave patterns that keep you from being your best. I’ve written three books, including a new one on enhancing brain function.
You are struggling. Your life isn’t what you want it to be. We can help! We specialize in anxiety, depression, couples issues, addictions, sleep problems, concussion, ADD, and trauma. We are friendly and goal oriented. I have 25 years experience with adults, teens, and children. And, if you wish, we can also use Neurofeedback training. I taught Neurofeedback at San Francisco State University. This modality teaches you to change brainwave patterns that keep you from being your best. I’ve written three books, including a new one on enhancing brain function.
(530) 419-5319 View (530) 419-5319
Photo of Regina E Helmer, MFT, MS, PPS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Regina E Helmer
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MS, PPS
Verified Verified
Placerville, CA 95667
Are you struggling with your child? Is your child struggling with displaying negative behaviors, emotionally unable to communicate their feelings or thoughts? Often times children display misbehavior as a way to communicate their inner feelings/thoughts. Let me help you or your child find practical tool coping skills to manage life successfully My passion is helping others, but more specifically children and their families who are struggling due to a variety of issues. My primary experience and focus has been with children and adolescences that have experienced trauma, substance abuse issues, behavioral issues, poor academic achievement and learning disabilities.
Are you struggling with your child? Is your child struggling with displaying negative behaviors, emotionally unable to communicate their feelings or thoughts? Often times children display misbehavior as a way to communicate their inner feelings/thoughts. Let me help you or your child find practical tool coping skills to manage life successfully My passion is helping others, but more specifically children and their families who are struggling due to a variety of issues. My primary experience and focus has been with children and adolescences that have experienced trauma, substance abuse issues, behavioral issues, poor academic achievement and learning disabilities.
(530) 494-6553 View (530) 494-6553
Photo of Erica Bosque - Keystone Therapy & Training Services, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Keystone Therapy & Training Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Santa Rosa, CA 95409
Sometimes looking for what you need is harder than you thought. Our Keystone team provides services that meet people in the different stages in their lives and goes along side you through your own self-determined growth process.
Sometimes looking for what you need is harder than you thought. Our Keystone team provides services that meet people in the different stages in their lives and goes along side you through your own self-determined growth process.
(707) 602-3812 View (707) 602-3812
Photo of Janina Guarino - Better Decisions Counseling, LAADC, CA, CADC, II, Drug & Alcohol Counselor
Better Decisions Counseling
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LAADC, CA, CADC, II
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95827
Why choose us? Because of our methods of Cognitive Behavior Theory counseling. Counseling services have a 86% goal success rate! Open till 7:00 by appointment. We offer Supervise visits, Co-parenting, Anger Management, Alcohol Forensic Assessments & Evaluations, Drug testing, a Department of Transportation Substance Abuse Professional (DOT/SAP) Education to help you achieve your goals. Interventions and referrals to residential treatment centers and Sober Living available. Don't forget to like our Facebook page! Call us! Located in Sacramento and nearby.
Why choose us? Because of our methods of Cognitive Behavior Theory counseling. Counseling services have a 86% goal success rate! Open till 7:00 by appointment. We offer Supervise visits, Co-parenting, Anger Management, Alcohol Forensic Assessments & Evaluations, Drug testing, a Department of Transportation Substance Abuse Professional (DOT/SAP) Education to help you achieve your goals. Interventions and referrals to residential treatment centers and Sober Living available. Don't forget to like our Facebook page! Call us! Located in Sacramento and nearby.
(916) 318-3402 View (916) 318-3402
Photo of Dawn Mehalakis, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dawn Mehalakis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95842  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist (LMFT) in California. I have been working as a therapist for 13 years. In my work, I am fortunate to have worked with both children and adults struggling in childhood abuse, traumatic experiences, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. In addition, I work with adults with Substance Abuse Disorder, caregivers caring for a mentally ill loved one, functional life skills, relationship issues, and parenting.
I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist (LMFT) in California. I have been working as a therapist for 13 years. In my work, I am fortunate to have worked with both children and adults struggling in childhood abuse, traumatic experiences, grief and loss, depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. In addition, I work with adults with Substance Abuse Disorder, caregivers caring for a mentally ill loved one, functional life skills, relationship issues, and parenting.
(530) 940-9538 View (530) 940-9538
Photo of Sierra Sparks - Sierra Therapy Center, LMFT
Sierra Therapy Center
LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Our story: Some of the best physicians are wounded healers, those who have walked through pain and suffering themselves only to emerge on the other side to help others. We believe strongly in the human capacity to heal. Our counseling specialists work with children/teens, adults, couples and families. With sensitivity and compassion, we help you bring resolution to the struggles you are facing. Modalities range from depth therapy, IMAGO couples therapy, Brainspotting, EMDR, play therapy, addiction groups to solution focused. We are trained in a variety of different therapeutic interventions that will fit what you need.
Our story: Some of the best physicians are wounded healers, those who have walked through pain and suffering themselves only to emerge on the other side to help others. We believe strongly in the human capacity to heal. Our counseling specialists work with children/teens, adults, couples and families. With sensitivity and compassion, we help you bring resolution to the struggles you are facing. Modalities range from depth therapy, IMAGO couples therapy, Brainspotting, EMDR, play therapy, addiction groups to solution focused. We are trained in a variety of different therapeutic interventions that will fit what you need.
(530) 419-5189 View (530) 419-5189
Photo of Stephanie Smith, PsyD, Psychologist
Stephanie Smith
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sacramento, CA 95819
Welcome! At this time I am accepting new clients for psychological testing ONLY. (If you have been referred for therapy by an existing client, or you are a former client, we may be able to make an exception). I provide psychological assessment in a few areas, including: Decision Making Capacity (such as ability to make financial or legal decisions), Bariatric Pre-Surgery (through a Health at Every Size lens), Autism, and Intellectual Ability (or disability). These assessments can help families and individuals answer important questions about their own or a loved one's abilities or readiness, and complete any needed paperwork.
Welcome! At this time I am accepting new clients for psychological testing ONLY. (If you have been referred for therapy by an existing client, or you are a former client, we may be able to make an exception). I provide psychological assessment in a few areas, including: Decision Making Capacity (such as ability to make financial or legal decisions), Bariatric Pre-Surgery (through a Health at Every Size lens), Autism, and Intellectual Ability (or disability). These assessments can help families and individuals answer important questions about their own or a loved one's abilities or readiness, and complete any needed paperwork.
(916) 764-3940 View (916) 764-3940
Photo of Stephanie Espinoza, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Stephanie Espinoza
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95811
Wherever you may be in life, my goal is to provide you with a safe, non-judgmental, and inclusive space to explore, learn, process, heal, and thrive. I'll help you accept yourself as you are. Be messy, complicated, worried, angry, and show up anyway! I'll help you find the space that feels most comfortable to you no matter what you've been through. We'll clarify your goals and values and look toward a new perspective and healthy narrative, so you can nurture the feelings that are aligned with your well-being and not those that keep you stuck. With commitment and focus, you'll get to a deeper sense of self-compassion and fulfillment.
Wherever you may be in life, my goal is to provide you with a safe, non-judgmental, and inclusive space to explore, learn, process, heal, and thrive. I'll help you accept yourself as you are. Be messy, complicated, worried, angry, and show up anyway! I'll help you find the space that feels most comfortable to you no matter what you've been through. We'll clarify your goals and values and look toward a new perspective and healthy narrative, so you can nurture the feelings that are aligned with your well-being and not those that keep you stuck. With commitment and focus, you'll get to a deeper sense of self-compassion and fulfillment.
(916) 894-8475 View (916) 894-8475
Photo of Jessica Del Pozo, PhD, Psychologist
Jessica Del Pozo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Meadow Vista, CA 95722
I am a licensed clinical psychologist, author, and retreat facilitator for people seeking healing, growth, and wholeness. With more than 20 years of experience working with diverse populations in healthcare, my work focuses on helping people navigate challenging relationships, high stress jobs, and health problems to find meaning, wellness, and contentment. Although my training and background are in evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), I draw from several modern therapies and ancient practices for an integrative experience that also provides practical support.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist, author, and retreat facilitator for people seeking healing, growth, and wholeness. With more than 20 years of experience working with diverse populations in healthcare, my work focuses on helping people navigate challenging relationships, high stress jobs, and health problems to find meaning, wellness, and contentment. Although my training and background are in evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), I draw from several modern therapies and ancient practices for an integrative experience that also provides practical support.
(530) 314-7118 View (530) 314-7118
Photo of Caiti Crum - Foresight Mental Health California, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Foresight Mental Health California
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sacramento, CA 95814
Foresight Mental Health’s integrated team of professionals includes licensed therapists, nutritionists, and psychiatric providers dedicated to working with clients to provide individualized and personal care. We believe in providing care that is accessible and affordable, which is why we are in network with most major insurers and provide both telehealth and in-person services.
Foresight Mental Health’s integrated team of professionals includes licensed therapists, nutritionists, and psychiatric providers dedicated to working with clients to provide individualized and personal care. We believe in providing care that is accessible and affordable, which is why we are in network with most major insurers and provide both telehealth and in-person services.
(916) 545-1120 View (916) 545-1120
Mindfulness-Based (MBCT) Therapists

How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy originated in the work of John Kabat-Zinn of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He developed mindfulness-based stress reduction, which is a technique found in yoga and meditation. MBCT is a combination of this type of stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy; it essentially quiets emotional distress through mindfulness, utilizing proper breathing and meditation. These techniques aim to bring the individual into the present moment when in a state of distress.

When do I know if I need treatment with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

If an individual’s mind is filled with emotional distress and general negativity, the person may feel trapped. A mindfulness-based cognitive therapist can help a person change their thinking patterns as well as their behavior through calm acceptance and compassion. This therapy can provide an individual with the coping skills needed for a healthier and more constructive life.

What should I expect from mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?

This therapy often takes place in group sessions. A therapist will work with the group as well as with each individual. Meditation and breathing exercises are core practices that aim to invite inquiry and discovery into a person’s troubled mental state. The objective is to identify and lessen negative thoughts and behaviors and move toward optimal health and productivity. The individual will see life in a more realistic way. This therapy is supportive, accepting, and warm.

Is mindfulness-based cognitive therapy effective?

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is evidence-based and effective. One study found that people with major depressive disorder have benefitted from this type of therapy; the person accepts their distressed thoughts and also moves into healthier patterns of thinking. This therapy also aims to move an individual away from automatic negative responses. This type of therapy can bring a person lifelong change, with higher levels of satisfaction, less stress, as well as positive emotional and behavioral habits.