Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Castro Valley, CA

Photo of Ken Athey, MS, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ken Athey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castro Valley, CA 94546  (Online Only)
I often use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy because it’s the most efficient way to move forward for most clients.
I specialize in relationship issues with over 30 years of clinical experience. I provide compassionate care when you are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, or feeling stuck. I work on shifting problematic thoughts and behaviors.
I often use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy because it’s the most efficient way to move forward for most clients.
I specialize in relationship issues with over 30 years of clinical experience. I provide compassionate care when you are experiencing stress, anxiety, depression, or feeling stuck. I work on shifting problematic thoughts and behaviors.
(510) 394-3788 View (510) 394-3788
Photo of Annia Raysberg, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Annia Raysberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
20 Endorsed
Castro Valley, CA 94546
I use CBT, DBT, and mindfulness when appropriate.
I work with individuals, couples, and families. I tend to be interactive and collaborative; I provide a warm & supportive environment to help my clients achieve positive changes in their lives. I am non-judgmental and open minded. I create an individual treatment plan and approach for each client based on each person's needs and preferences. I offer phone/video sessions if appropriate. I am Certified in EMDR which means I have advanced training in this modality (beyond basic training). EMDR is used to re-process traumatic memories, and it can be applied to other things as well. I use the Flash Technique as well.
I use CBT, DBT, and mindfulness when appropriate.
I work with individuals, couples, and families. I tend to be interactive and collaborative; I provide a warm & supportive environment to help my clients achieve positive changes in their lives. I am non-judgmental and open minded. I create an individual treatment plan and approach for each client based on each person's needs and preferences. I offer phone/video sessions if appropriate. I am Certified in EMDR which means I have advanced training in this modality (beyond basic training). EMDR is used to re-process traumatic memories, and it can be applied to other things as well. I use the Flash Technique as well.
(415) 941-3461 View (415) 941-3461
Photo of Danielle Vanaman, LMFT, MA, MS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Danielle Vanaman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Castro Valley, CA 94546  (Online Only)
I believe therapy is a collaborative and creative endeavor, and provide a safe, supportive environment for you to explore your identity, relationships, history, and desired changes. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) to help you create lasting changes, and am also influenced by Mindfulness, Narrative, Relational, and Systemic approaches to therapy. I am certified in the Triple P Positive Parenting Program and trained in Trauma-Focused CBT. I am also supportive and affirmative of clients of all sexual orientations and gender identifications, and can assist with issues such as coming out, homophobia, and LGBT relationship or parenting issues.
I believe therapy is a collaborative and creative endeavor, and provide a safe, supportive environment for you to explore your identity, relationships, history, and desired changes. I am trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT) to help you create lasting changes, and am also influenced by Mindfulness, Narrative, Relational, and Systemic approaches to therapy. I am certified in the Triple P Positive Parenting Program and trained in Trauma-Focused CBT. I am also supportive and affirmative of clients of all sexual orientations and gender identifications, and can assist with issues such as coming out, homophobia, and LGBT relationship or parenting issues.
(510) 849-6886 View (510) 849-6886
Photo of Michelle Frizzelle, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Michelle Frizzelle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Mostly I lean towards cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT) and narrative therapy.
Hi, My name is Michelle Frizzelle. Ca LMFT 132628. My general therapeutic approach is to always treat my clients with respect and honesty. I am a very open minded person, who is not there to judge, but to see if we can find a plan that works for you. It's my goal to make you feel safe during sessions. I work intensively with trauma and anxiety. Finding ways to understand how trauma affects our life and how we can move forward in a more positive approach is doable. Let's see if this is a fit and we can explore what might work for you and your situation.
Mostly I lean towards cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT) and narrative therapy.
Hi, My name is Michelle Frizzelle. Ca LMFT 132628. My general therapeutic approach is to always treat my clients with respect and honesty. I am a very open minded person, who is not there to judge, but to see if we can find a plan that works for you. It's my goal to make you feel safe during sessions. I work intensively with trauma and anxiety. Finding ways to understand how trauma affects our life and how we can move forward in a more positive approach is doable. Let's see if this is a fit and we can explore what might work for you and your situation.
(510) 871-8252 View (510) 871-8252
Photo of Suzanne Fischer Comelo, MA, JD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Suzanne Fischer Comelo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, JD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
I use a blended approach to meet each client’s unique needs, drawing from psychodynamic (attachment), CBT, brief models, family systems and narrative therapy.
One of the amazing aspects of therapy is that it provides a unique opportunity for people to have a space where the focus is on their needs and growth. Very few other spaces exist where your needs and well-being can be the priority. This is a key part of the healing power of therapy, which is why I believe it is so important you find a therapist who is a good fit for you. Sessions by secure video or phone & limited in-person options in Castro Valley & Hayward). (In-Network with AETNA, OPTUM & CIGNA via Alma)
I use a blended approach to meet each client’s unique needs, drawing from psychodynamic (attachment), CBT, brief models, family systems and narrative therapy.
One of the amazing aspects of therapy is that it provides a unique opportunity for people to have a space where the focus is on their needs and growth. Very few other spaces exist where your needs and well-being can be the priority. This is a key part of the healing power of therapy, which is why I believe it is so important you find a therapist who is a good fit for you. Sessions by secure video or phone & limited in-person options in Castro Valley & Hayward). (In-Network with AETNA, OPTUM & CIGNA via Alma)
(510) 822-7213 View (510) 822-7213
Photo of Rebecca Dooley, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Rebecca Dooley
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
My sessions combine the clarity of CBT, the forward momentum of Solution-Focused therapy, the centered awareness of mindfulness, the depth of Psychodynamic insight and the connection-fostering elements of attachment-based therapy.
Hello, I'm Rebecca Dooley. I know that deciding to seek help can be a daunting step, yet it is a courageous move towards healing and growth. I commend you for exploring therapy services to help navigate any challenges that you are currently facing. Therapy with me is a collaborative journey. I am committed to tailoring the experience to your unique needs and goals; helping you navigate life's complexities with understanding and empathy. Whether in person or via telehealth, I strive to create a safe collaborative environment for individuals, couples, families, and groups that is client-centered, neuro-affirming, and trauma-informed.
My sessions combine the clarity of CBT, the forward momentum of Solution-Focused therapy, the centered awareness of mindfulness, the depth of Psychodynamic insight and the connection-fostering elements of attachment-based therapy.
Hello, I'm Rebecca Dooley. I know that deciding to seek help can be a daunting step, yet it is a courageous move towards healing and growth. I commend you for exploring therapy services to help navigate any challenges that you are currently facing. Therapy with me is a collaborative journey. I am committed to tailoring the experience to your unique needs and goals; helping you navigate life's complexities with understanding and empathy. Whether in person or via telehealth, I strive to create a safe collaborative environment for individuals, couples, families, and groups that is client-centered, neuro-affirming, and trauma-informed.
(510) 690-8395 View (510) 690-8395
Photo of Nolan Butler, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nolan Butler
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
However, I prefer to utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), The Gottman Method Couples Therapy to name a few of my approaches.
My name is Nolan Butler, and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). I specialize in working with couples and individuals in finding ways to cope with and manage common daily stressors, as well as the major life events that can turn one's lives upside down. I strive to provide a nonjudgmental space where clients can feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and feelings, as well as finding the motivation to work through life's toughest challenges.
However, I prefer to utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), The Gottman Method Couples Therapy to name a few of my approaches.
My name is Nolan Butler, and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). I specialize in working with couples and individuals in finding ways to cope with and manage common daily stressors, as well as the major life events that can turn one's lives upside down. I strive to provide a nonjudgmental space where clients can feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and feelings, as well as finding the motivation to work through life's toughest challenges.
(949) 779-6511 View (949) 779-6511
Photo of Norine Campbell, CP, Psychologist
Norine Campbell
Psychologist, CP
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
I also use CBT and mindfulness-based approaches.
My name is Norine Campbell. I am a licensed Clinical Forensic Psychologist. My approach to therapy is to develop a trusting therapeutic relationship so that the focus can be on healing in a nonjudgmental and safe space in order to move towards positive change. My focus has been with adolescents and adults dealing with severe mental illness, substance abuse issues, trauma, behavioral issues, anxiety and anger.
I also use CBT and mindfulness-based approaches.
My name is Norine Campbell. I am a licensed Clinical Forensic Psychologist. My approach to therapy is to develop a trusting therapeutic relationship so that the focus can be on healing in a nonjudgmental and safe space in order to move towards positive change. My focus has been with adolescents and adults dealing with severe mental illness, substance abuse issues, trauma, behavioral issues, anxiety and anger.
(562) 534-8883 View (562) 534-8883
Photo of Mirely Vasquez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mirely Vasquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94552
I work primarily from a Cognitive behavioral informed perspective and will incorporate various treatment modalities throughout my work with the client(s) in the therapeutic journey,.
Bienvenidos/Welcome! I am a bilingual/bicultural Spanish-speaking therapist located in the East Bay area of California. I have been working with children, teens, and adults of color struggling with an array of concerns including anxiety, depression, relationship satisfaction, life purpose, trauma, postpartum depression, and spirituality, related to life transitions, family stress, trauma, and grief. Although my work has focused on the unique needs of minorities and underrepresented individuals, being a member of that community is certainly not a requirement for your personal development.
I work primarily from a Cognitive behavioral informed perspective and will incorporate various treatment modalities throughout my work with the client(s) in the therapeutic journey,.
Bienvenidos/Welcome! I am a bilingual/bicultural Spanish-speaking therapist located in the East Bay area of California. I have been working with children, teens, and adults of color struggling with an array of concerns including anxiety, depression, relationship satisfaction, life purpose, trauma, postpartum depression, and spirituality, related to life transitions, family stress, trauma, and grief. Although my work has focused on the unique needs of minorities and underrepresented individuals, being a member of that community is certainly not a requirement for your personal development.
(510) 916-3215 View (510) 916-3215
Photo of Lauren Nicole Hill, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lauren Nicole Hill
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546  (Online Only)
Lauren’s speciality is in the treatment of trauma, anxiety, depression and relationships. One of the techniques she uses is called EMDR which helps reduce the effects that traumatic event (s) and panic are having on a persons life. She also has a breadth of knowledge and experience in CBT and DBT which has been shown to help reduce anxiety and depression.
Lauren’s speciality is in the treatment of trauma, anxiety, depression and relationships. One of the techniques she uses is called EMDR which helps reduce the effects that traumatic event (s) and panic are having on a persons life. She also has a breadth of knowledge and experience in CBT and DBT which has been shown to help reduce anxiety and depression.
(707) 380-8776 View (707) 380-8776
Photo of Luz Hernandez Jasso, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Luz Hernandez Jasso
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
My name is Luz Hernandez Jasso, and I am a Bilingual and Bi-culture Licensed Marriage Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Napa California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with children, adults, families, and couples. I specialize in severe trauma, anxiety, and depression, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and multi-systemic therapy to help my clients to make progress and start feeling better. I specialize in working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families facing a range of mental health challenges.
My name is Luz Hernandez Jasso, and I am a Bilingual and Bi-culture Licensed Marriage Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Napa California and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with children, adults, families, and couples. I specialize in severe trauma, anxiety, and depression, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and multi-systemic therapy to help my clients to make progress and start feeling better. I specialize in working with adolescents, adults, couples, and families facing a range of mental health challenges.
(661) 727-0739 View (661) 727-0739
Photo of Ann Hodgdon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann Hodgdon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Hello! My name is Ann Hodgdon, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I view all clients as individuals and work with you to identify your areas of focus and your personal goals. I generally utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as well as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. I love working with adults from all backgrounds. My experience in a variety of Mental Health settings has given me a unique perspective. I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for over 25 years and have worked extensively with individuals with depression, anxiety, trauma, chronic mental illness, and addiction.
Hello! My name is Ann Hodgdon, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I view all clients as individuals and work with you to identify your areas of focus and your personal goals. I generally utilize Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as well as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. I love working with adults from all backgrounds. My experience in a variety of Mental Health settings has given me a unique perspective. I have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for over 25 years and have worked extensively with individuals with depression, anxiety, trauma, chronic mental illness, and addiction.
(909) 581-4347 View (909) 581-4347
Photo of Suzanne Quijano, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Suzanne Quijano
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
CBT, Somatic, Family Systems, Multi-Cultural, Spanish Language) depending on each client's strengths, style, and needs.
In my practice, I help clients with a wide range of issues including anxiety, depression, grief, family stress and conflict. I provide therapy to families and couples, as well as young adults and teens. I like to work collaboratively with clients to identify issues and help bring relief from relationship conflicts, negative emotions, and life transitions.
CBT, Somatic, Family Systems, Multi-Cultural, Spanish Language) depending on each client's strengths, style, and needs.
In my practice, I help clients with a wide range of issues including anxiety, depression, grief, family stress and conflict. I provide therapy to families and couples, as well as young adults and teens. I like to work collaboratively with clients to identify issues and help bring relief from relationship conflicts, negative emotions, and life transitions.
(510) 761-3780 View (510) 761-3780
Photo of Megan Goodwin, PsyD, Psychologist
Megan Goodwin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Castro Valley, CA 94546
My practice has a specialty of providing tailored, compassionate care for a variety of concerns, particularly anxiety, panic, and other stress and anxiety based issues. I aim to be supportive, collaborative, practical, and warm in my style. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is the cornerstone of the healing and change that can happen in therapy. I have been trained in CBT ( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), mindfulness approaches, positive psychology, and solutions based therapy and am also interested in the connections between our current experiences and their roots in our past.
My practice has a specialty of providing tailored, compassionate care for a variety of concerns, particularly anxiety, panic, and other stress and anxiety based issues. I aim to be supportive, collaborative, practical, and warm in my style. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is the cornerstone of the healing and change that can happen in therapy. I have been trained in CBT ( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), mindfulness approaches, positive psychology, and solutions based therapy and am also interested in the connections between our current experiences and their roots in our past.
(650) 204-1370 View (650) 204-1370
Photo of Evan Alves, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Evan Alves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Evan Alves, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. No two people are alike, so I do not use a one-size-fits-all approach to treatment. I am trained in various modalities and want to tailor treatment to your specified needs. I have experience treating trauma, anxiety, and depression amongst many other mental health needs. Let’s work together towards feeling better. My approach is eclectic and really dependent on the client's needs. I am trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, EMDR, and motivational interviewing. I like to use a collaborative approach with clients.
Hi, my name is Evan Alves, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. No two people are alike, so I do not use a one-size-fits-all approach to treatment. I am trained in various modalities and want to tailor treatment to your specified needs. I have experience treating trauma, anxiety, and depression amongst many other mental health needs. Let’s work together towards feeling better. My approach is eclectic and really dependent on the client's needs. I am trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, EMDR, and motivational interviewing. I like to use a collaborative approach with clients.
(323) 443-1261 View (323) 443-1261
Photo of Karen Sharkey, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karen Sharkey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
I'm a trauma-informed/trained therapist; I'm here to support you through your most vulnerable and emotionally exhausting times. I utilize CBT; Psychodynamic methods to help with stressors like ADHD, anxiety, major life; career changes, and relationships. I also have a unique understanding of the stressors that come with working in toxic office environments.
I'm a trauma-informed/trained therapist; I'm here to support you through your most vulnerable and emotionally exhausting times. I utilize CBT; Psychodynamic methods to help with stressors like ADHD, anxiety, major life; career changes, and relationships. I also have a unique understanding of the stressors that come with working in toxic office environments.
(213) 513-7749 View (213) 513-7749
Photo of Adriana Flores-Trespalacios - Flores Psychobehavioral Services, MA, LPCC, BCB, BCN, Counselor
Flores Psychobehavioral Services
Counselor, MA, LPCC, BCB, BCN
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
In my practice I use talk therapy, including EMDR and CBT in conjunction with biofeedback and Neurofeedback.
I am a psychotherapist specialized in developmental Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
In my practice I use talk therapy, including EMDR and CBT in conjunction with biofeedback and Neurofeedback.
I am a psychotherapist specialized in developmental Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
(925) 660-7156 View (925) 660-7156
Photo of Leslie E Kays, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Leslie E Kays
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Then, from this "sacred" space my client and I co-create and implement an individualized treatment plan using a combination of dreamwork, narrative therapy, psychodynamic exploration, and cognitive behavioral approaches.
Do you feel weary of the constant parade of "failed" relationships that show up in your life? Would you like to discover the secret to attracting and keeping a healthy committed relationship? If you answered "yes" to these questions, you have come to the right place. I have 25 years of experience in helping people just like you to understand how the patterns of unhealthy relationships are laid down very early in life. Relationships are like a "dance" in which each partner performs their "steps". Becoming aware of your "steps" means you can change them, and reap amazing rewards.
Then, from this "sacred" space my client and I co-create and implement an individualized treatment plan using a combination of dreamwork, narrative therapy, psychodynamic exploration, and cognitive behavioral approaches.
Do you feel weary of the constant parade of "failed" relationships that show up in your life? Would you like to discover the secret to attracting and keeping a healthy committed relationship? If you answered "yes" to these questions, you have come to the right place. I have 25 years of experience in helping people just like you to understand how the patterns of unhealthy relationships are laid down very early in life. Relationships are like a "dance" in which each partner performs their "steps". Becoming aware of your "steps" means you can change them, and reap amazing rewards.
(510) 287-9206 View (510) 287-9206
Photo of Jennifer Villena - Jennifer Villena, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jennifer Villena
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Castro Valley, CA 94546
I believe in using a holistic approach and various therapeutic techniques, including EMDR, CBT, expressive arts, and mindfulness, to help you achieve your therapeutic goals.
I completely understand that life can be tough sometimes and we all need someone to rely on. That's where I come in. I am here to offer you a safe space, a listening ear, and support. Whether you're dealing with trauma, career challenges, relationship struggles, or low self-esteem, I am here to support you every step of the way. And if you're going through grief, loss, microaggressions, abuse, or identity issues, please know that I am here for you and I will do everything in my power to help you cope and overcome these challenges. You are not alone.
I believe in using a holistic approach and various therapeutic techniques, including EMDR, CBT, expressive arts, and mindfulness, to help you achieve your therapeutic goals.
I completely understand that life can be tough sometimes and we all need someone to rely on. That's where I come in. I am here to offer you a safe space, a listening ear, and support. Whether you're dealing with trauma, career challenges, relationship struggles, or low self-esteem, I am here to support you every step of the way. And if you're going through grief, loss, microaggressions, abuse, or identity issues, please know that I am here for you and I will do everything in my power to help you cope and overcome these challenges. You are not alone.
(925) 378-4165 View (925) 378-4165
Photo of Sonia Malek, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sonia Malek
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Waitlist for new clients
My focus is on working with you to address current challenges, process past difficulties, and develop tools to overcome hurdles in relationships and daily life. I frequently work with individuals going through life changes, experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma, and couples with communication and conflict concerns. In addition, I work with neurodivergent individuals, including those on the autism spectrum, and parents, including parents of children with disabilities.
My focus is on working with you to address current challenges, process past difficulties, and develop tools to overcome hurdles in relationships and daily life. I frequently work with individuals going through life changes, experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma, and couples with communication and conflict concerns. In addition, I work with neurodivergent individuals, including those on the autism spectrum, and parents, including parents of children with disabilities.
(510) 617-1764 View (510) 617-1764
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Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.