Photo of Roelie Sanchez - Roe Sanchez, LMFT, RPT, EMDR-C, MS, LMFT, RPT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Roe Sanchez, LMFT, RPT, EMDR-C
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, RPT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Waitlist for new clients
As a play therapist, I use play, art, music, toys, & movement to help kids express themselves in a comfortable way.
Do you constantly worry about different things? are you tired of overthinking? Do you want to process a painful life event that has left you hurt or afraid? Do you want to make sense of how to align with your values and faith? Are you wondering why your relationship is not working out or if you should stay together? You've had enough of the same patterns and are ready to make some changes in your life. Does your child have frequent emotional outbursts? Does your child/ teen struggle with anxiety? I see adults, teens, and children who deal w/ anxiety, panic attacks, trauma, phobias, selective mutism, low self esteem, grief, and ADHD.
As a play therapist, I use play, art, music, toys, & movement to help kids express themselves in a comfortable way.
Do you constantly worry about different things? are you tired of overthinking? Do you want to process a painful life event that has left you hurt or afraid? Do you want to make sense of how to align with your values and faith? Are you wondering why your relationship is not working out or if you should stay together? You've had enough of the same patterns and are ready to make some changes in your life. Does your child have frequent emotional outbursts? Does your child/ teen struggle with anxiety? I see adults, teens, and children who deal w/ anxiety, panic attacks, trauma, phobias, selective mutism, low self esteem, grief, and ADHD.
(661) 593-4055 View (661) 593-4055
Photo of Dr. Ana Mena, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Ana Mena
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
I also specialize in working with early childhood mental health via play therapy and dyadic play therapy with parents.
Welcome! I am glad that you are here. I understand that finding the time to take care of your mind can be hard. We all get caught up in our thoughts and feelings of our day to day living and we may not necessarily take time to really listen to ourselves and focus on the messages our mind is saying to us. At MindCare Psychological Services we strive to help you in taking care of your mind. I believe that by taking care of your mind, you are working on promoting healthy functioning in other areas of your life that will result in enhanced overall wellbeing.
I also specialize in working with early childhood mental health via play therapy and dyadic play therapy with parents.
Welcome! I am glad that you are here. I understand that finding the time to take care of your mind can be hard. We all get caught up in our thoughts and feelings of our day to day living and we may not necessarily take time to really listen to ourselves and focus on the messages our mind is saying to us. At MindCare Psychological Services we strive to help you in taking care of your mind. I believe that by taking care of your mind, you are working on promoting healthy functioning in other areas of your life that will result in enhanced overall wellbeing.
(661) 241-3515 View (661) 241-3515
Photo of Lindsey Watkins, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lindsey Watkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93308
My offering is guided by the following post graduate trainings/certifications: Interpersonal Neurobiology, embodiment work, mindfulness, EMDR, Synergetic Play Therapy & parts work.
My passion is working with children, teens, adults and parents who yearn to discover their authentic selves, explore and heal past wounds in a way that allows for deeper connection to all parts of self and to tap into, regulate with and respond to the wisdom of the body and emotions (your embodied nervous system) in a way that guides you toward fulfilled living. The approach I offer is shaped by my professional training and personal experiences as well as over a decade of work helping children and families through a local non-profit agency where I developed specialties in PTSD, anxiety, depression, body image and women's issues.
My offering is guided by the following post graduate trainings/certifications: Interpersonal Neurobiology, embodiment work, mindfulness, EMDR, Synergetic Play Therapy & parts work.
My passion is working with children, teens, adults and parents who yearn to discover their authentic selves, explore and heal past wounds in a way that allows for deeper connection to all parts of self and to tap into, regulate with and respond to the wisdom of the body and emotions (your embodied nervous system) in a way that guides you toward fulfilled living. The approach I offer is shaped by my professional training and personal experiences as well as over a decade of work helping children and families through a local non-profit agency where I developed specialties in PTSD, anxiety, depression, body image and women's issues.
(661) 501-0309 View (661) 501-0309
Photo of Kimberly Yantuche-Hernandez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kimberly Yantuche-Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93305
My name is Kimberly Yantuche-Hernandez and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I work with children, adolescents, and adults. I specialize in anxiety, panic attacks, mood disorders, stress, depression, trauma, behavioral issues, anger and impulse control, relationship problems, and self-esteem issues by utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Managing and Adaptive Practice (MAP), Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, and play therapy.
My name is Kimberly Yantuche-Hernandez and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I work with children, adolescents, and adults. I specialize in anxiety, panic attacks, mood disorders, stress, depression, trauma, behavioral issues, anger and impulse control, relationship problems, and self-esteem issues by utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Managing and Adaptive Practice (MAP), Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), behavior therapy, motivational interviewing, and play therapy.
(209) 263-4822 View (209) 263-4822
Photo of Carrie L. Campbell, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carrie L. Campbell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Hello! My name is Carrie Campbell. I am a Christian, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist eager to help you reach your fullest potential. I am an inspirational speaker and have done annual conferences and workshops. I make evening and weekend appointments for your convenience. I will walk with you through your most difficult times and help you to conquer and overcome your greatest obstacles. You have the power inside of you. Allow me to help you release it and let it shine. Please call me. Working together we can heal your past and help you reach your goals.
Hello! My name is Carrie Campbell. I am a Christian, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist eager to help you reach your fullest potential. I am an inspirational speaker and have done annual conferences and workshops. I make evening and weekend appointments for your convenience. I will walk with you through your most difficult times and help you to conquer and overcome your greatest obstacles. You have the power inside of you. Allow me to help you release it and let it shine. Please call me. Working together we can heal your past and help you reach your goals.
(661) 249-7068 View (661) 249-7068
Photo of Stacey Tisler, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stacey Tisler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93312
Hello, my name is Stacey. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Bakersfield, California. I am passionate about my work and providing an opportunity to help individuals and families cope with life's challenges and work towards healing and creating a life worth living. I work well with children, adolescents, and young adults; however, I have the ability to engage with and work with any age group. I also have the ability to engage with individuals from a variety of backgrounds and ethnicities.
Hello, my name is Stacey. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Bakersfield, California. I am passionate about my work and providing an opportunity to help individuals and families cope with life's challenges and work towards healing and creating a life worth living. I work well with children, adolescents, and young adults; however, I have the ability to engage with and work with any age group. I also have the ability to engage with individuals from a variety of backgrounds and ethnicities.
(661) 903-8622 View (661) 903-8622
Photo of Gianna Flores Heatherly, MS, LMFT, CAMS-II, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gianna Flores Heatherly
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Offering Telehealth therapy and limited in-person apts. Do you struggle to engage in family and social relationships? Are you experiencing big life transitions and don’t know what to do? Is Anxiety, worry, nervousness, or intrusive thoughts getting the best of you? Are you feeling sad, unmotivated, and finding it hard to concentrate? Are you struggling with making sense of past trauma and unhealthy coping? If so, then I can assist in making sense of these concerns.
Offering Telehealth therapy and limited in-person apts. Do you struggle to engage in family and social relationships? Are you experiencing big life transitions and don’t know what to do? Is Anxiety, worry, nervousness, or intrusive thoughts getting the best of you? Are you feeling sad, unmotivated, and finding it hard to concentrate? Are you struggling with making sense of past trauma and unhealthy coping? If so, then I can assist in making sense of these concerns.
(661) 768-1526 View (661) 768-1526
Photo of Alejandrina (Aly) Brambila, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alejandrina (Aly) Brambila
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Hello! Hola! My name is Alejandrina (Aly). I ‘am the daughter of immigrant parents from Mexico. Connecting with my culture, roots and ancestral practices has been a core part of my development as a psychotherapist. It is important for me to create a space where people feel like they belong but most importantly that they know their story matters. I want my clients to believe they can find their own healing within themselves.
Hello! Hola! My name is Alejandrina (Aly). I ‘am the daughter of immigrant parents from Mexico. Connecting with my culture, roots and ancestral practices has been a core part of my development as a psychotherapist. It is important for me to create a space where people feel like they belong but most importantly that they know their story matters. I want my clients to believe they can find their own healing within themselves.
(661) 449-0294 View (661) 449-0294
Photo of Kiah Marks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kiah Marks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93307
I am a licensed clinical social worker that specializes working with women and children. With a strong sense of compassion and counseling skills, a space is created that leads to successful treatment outcomes and a transformative therapeutic experience. This is because I acknowledge the importance of healing as women in effort to create healthy relationships with ourselves, partners and children in our lives. I draw from a variety of methods that are best fit to your needs and current stage in life.
I am a licensed clinical social worker that specializes working with women and children. With a strong sense of compassion and counseling skills, a space is created that leads to successful treatment outcomes and a transformative therapeutic experience. This is because I acknowledge the importance of healing as women in effort to create healthy relationships with ourselves, partners and children in our lives. I draw from a variety of methods that are best fit to your needs and current stage in life.
(661) 451-5667 View (661) 451-5667
Photo of Dustin Arnold, PsyD, Psychologist
Dustin Arnold
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93308
Throughout our lives, we carry within us the voices, the gaze, acceptance or disapproval, the expectations, and the praise or criticism of those who have raised us and occupied our lives. Therapy can help us discover and clarify these powerful experiences and grow in our understanding of how they motivate us, giving us freedom to make more authentic decisions in our daily lives. I view therapy as an opportunity to heal, receive support, solve problems, improve relationships, and escape problems and patterns that seem to reappear over time.
Throughout our lives, we carry within us the voices, the gaze, acceptance or disapproval, the expectations, and the praise or criticism of those who have raised us and occupied our lives. Therapy can help us discover and clarify these powerful experiences and grow in our understanding of how they motivate us, giving us freedom to make more authentic decisions in our daily lives. I view therapy as an opportunity to heal, receive support, solve problems, improve relationships, and escape problems and patterns that seem to reappear over time.
(661) 463-5576 View (661) 463-5576
Photo of Sandra Guillen, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sandra Guillen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93313
Hi, my name is Sandra Guillen. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in the state of California and have a Master of Arts in Psychology with an emphasize in Marriage and Family Therapy degree from Chapman University.  I believe therapy is most beneficial when the client feels heard and supported. This is why I prefer a client center approach when practicing therapy. My focus is in trauma work to include PTSD and complex trauma.
Hi, my name is Sandra Guillen. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in the state of California and have a Master of Arts in Psychology with an emphasize in Marriage and Family Therapy degree from Chapman University.  I believe therapy is most beneficial when the client feels heard and supported. This is why I prefer a client center approach when practicing therapy. My focus is in trauma work to include PTSD and complex trauma.
(661) 768-1358 View (661) 768-1358
Photo of Artisa M Moten, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Artisa M Moten
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
“You don’t lose if you get knocked down, you lose if you stay down (Ali)” I understand that as we experience life we will inevitably encounter obstacles and stressors that challenge us to change. I also believe these moments present opportunities for transformation. Together, we can build an excellent foundation in achieving your needs, wants, and desires. Having over 10 years experience, Certified Trauma Specialist, Grief Specialist, and trainer for the workplace has allowed me to successfully work with various cultures, social economic backgrounds, and community organizations.
“You don’t lose if you get knocked down, you lose if you stay down (Ali)” I understand that as we experience life we will inevitably encounter obstacles and stressors that challenge us to change. I also believe these moments present opportunities for transformation. Together, we can build an excellent foundation in achieving your needs, wants, and desires. Having over 10 years experience, Certified Trauma Specialist, Grief Specialist, and trainer for the workplace has allowed me to successfully work with various cultures, social economic backgrounds, and community organizations.
(661) 426-8068 View (661) 426-8068
Photo of Dr. Fernando Garcia III - STONE Mental Health Services, Ed D, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
STONE Mental Health Services
Marriage & Family Therapist, Ed D, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Waitlist for new clients
Clients' needs may vary but most share the same theme of wanting to work toward positive change. My experience with working with such a diverse client population and education in sport & performance psychology has provided me with an approach that I am confident can help almost anyone in need. Therapy has the potential to be a space where clients' can explore their concerns and issues with professional guidance with the focus to achieve their individual goals. Getting symptoms under control, exploring mental blockage, and so many more obstacles can be effectively addressed with the right support.
Clients' needs may vary but most share the same theme of wanting to work toward positive change. My experience with working with such a diverse client population and education in sport & performance psychology has provided me with an approach that I am confident can help almost anyone in need. Therapy has the potential to be a space where clients' can explore their concerns and issues with professional guidance with the focus to achieve their individual goals. Getting symptoms under control, exploring mental blockage, and so many more obstacles can be effectively addressed with the right support.
(661) 459-5209 View (661) 459-5209
Photo of Nineveth Rose G Fauni, PsyD, RPT, Psychologist
Nineveth Rose G Fauni
Psychologist, PsyD, RPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Navigating through life can at times be challenging. Life stressors may bring forth a myriad of emotions that can be overwhelming and debilitating. Past hurts may intrude and impinge on your way of adapting and succeeding in life. Through psychotherapy, I aim to provide you with a safe space that would allow for a deeper understanding of the challenges you encounter and its impact on the areas of your work, school, and relationships. The safe space that we would work together to create will  make way for collaborative reflections and discoveries through self observations, self attunement, and self awareness.  
Navigating through life can at times be challenging. Life stressors may bring forth a myriad of emotions that can be overwhelming and debilitating. Past hurts may intrude and impinge on your way of adapting and succeeding in life. Through psychotherapy, I aim to provide you with a safe space that would allow for a deeper understanding of the challenges you encounter and its impact on the areas of your work, school, and relationships. The safe space that we would work together to create will  make way for collaborative reflections and discoveries through self observations, self attunement, and self awareness.  
(661) 387-2181 View (661) 387-2181
Photo of James Earl Holland Jr, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
James Earl Holland Jr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I SEE YOU! YES YOU! Great job on taking your first step! Have you ever felt anger, sadness, anxiety, been through trauma, suffered depression, addicted to something, annoyed with people or, just stuck in your everyday life? Well it’s time for you! Life throws us many obstacles and challenges that we overcome. We have all made mistakes, struggled with life and wondered if we made the right decisions. Sometimes we need advice, an ear to listen or just someone to tell us “Great Job”! I am here to work with you on whatever goal/issue that you want to focus on. I am a firm believer that we are the doctors of our own mind, body and soul.
I SEE YOU! YES YOU! Great job on taking your first step! Have you ever felt anger, sadness, anxiety, been through trauma, suffered depression, addicted to something, annoyed with people or, just stuck in your everyday life? Well it’s time for you! Life throws us many obstacles and challenges that we overcome. We have all made mistakes, struggled with life and wondered if we made the right decisions. Sometimes we need advice, an ear to listen or just someone to tell us “Great Job”! I am here to work with you on whatever goal/issue that you want to focus on. I am a firm believer that we are the doctors of our own mind, body and soul.
(661) 459-5828 View (661) 459-5828
Photo of Ming Pokey Mariscal, PsyD, MS, MFT, Psychologist
Ming Pokey Mariscal
Psychologist, PsyD, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist (PsyD. from Biola University) with previous training as a Marriage & Family Therapist (MFT from Fuller Theological Seminary). I have a passion for providing professional Psychological services as well as Christian counseling to those who are suffering. I completed a total of six years of graduate training at two of the six American Psychological Association (APA) approved Christian clinical psychology programs. Both of these institutions are committed to the development of practitioners adept in the integration of Psychology and Christian theology in clinical practice and research.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist (PsyD. from Biola University) with previous training as a Marriage & Family Therapist (MFT from Fuller Theological Seminary). I have a passion for providing professional Psychological services as well as Christian counseling to those who are suffering. I completed a total of six years of graduate training at two of the six American Psychological Association (APA) approved Christian clinical psychology programs. Both of these institutions are committed to the development of practitioners adept in the integration of Psychology and Christian theology in clinical practice and research.
(661) 451-5969 View (661) 451-5969
Photo of Felix Cruz, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Felix Cruz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93301
More than 20 years of experience assisting the Mexican/Latino families in their own language has been one of the most rewarding experiences in my life. It has been a privilege for me to help families not only from Bakersfield, but from all cities of Kern County and its surroundings. Entender la cultura Mexicana/Latina y respetar todos sus valores, ya que estan basados en una etica de Honestidad, Respeto y Prosperidad, son factores importantes para comprender y saber como ayudar a estas personas y familias cuando estan pasando por momentos dificiles que les impide amar en su totalidad y lograr sus metas.
More than 20 years of experience assisting the Mexican/Latino families in their own language has been one of the most rewarding experiences in my life. It has been a privilege for me to help families not only from Bakersfield, but from all cities of Kern County and its surroundings. Entender la cultura Mexicana/Latina y respetar todos sus valores, ya que estan basados en una etica de Honestidad, Respeto y Prosperidad, son factores importantes para comprender y saber como ayudar a estas personas y familias cuando estan pasando por momentos dificiles que les impide amar en su totalidad y lograr sus metas.
(661) 446-7591 View (661) 446-7591
Photo of Erika M Melendez, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erika M Melendez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Waitlist for new clients
Are you looking for someone to work with your infant, toddler, kid, teen or young adult? I would be honored to work with your child to manage day to day stressors or more severe issues like sexual assault, dating violence, bullying, or grief. I also love to work with parents or other caretakers/support people to provide education and work collaboratively to help the child feel whole and able to thrive! Regardless if your child is 1 or 25 I want to help them reach their goals to heal and feel empowered!
Are you looking for someone to work with your infant, toddler, kid, teen or young adult? I would be honored to work with your child to manage day to day stressors or more severe issues like sexual assault, dating violence, bullying, or grief. I also love to work with parents or other caretakers/support people to provide education and work collaboratively to help the child feel whole and able to thrive! Regardless if your child is 1 or 25 I want to help them reach their goals to heal and feel empowered!
(661) 760-2731 View (661) 760-2731
Photo of Patrick Middleton - Patrick Middleton Christian Therapist, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Patrick Middleton Christian Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Welcome. I work with adults and teens looking for Christ-centered professional therapy. Being Christian doesn't make us immune to suffering and you're not alone in your struggles. We live in a fallen world. Family issues, trauma, suffering, depression, anxiety and extreme anger are very real challenges that any of us can face from time to time. I work with people who are tired of the way things have been going in their life, and are wanting to see change as quickly as possible.
Welcome. I work with adults and teens looking for Christ-centered professional therapy. Being Christian doesn't make us immune to suffering and you're not alone in your struggles. We live in a fallen world. Family issues, trauma, suffering, depression, anxiety and extreme anger are very real challenges that any of us can face from time to time. I work with people who are tired of the way things have been going in their life, and are wanting to see change as quickly as possible.
(661) 205-5325 View (661) 205-5325
Photo of Pinkal Shah, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Pinkal Shah
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bakersfield, CA 93309  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I provide safe, accepting, and mindful environment as well as culturally sensitive services for children, adults, and families who are experiencing difficulties with emotional stress such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, behavioral issues such as ADHD, defiant, and oppositional behaviors, culture-related stress such as immigration and issues regarding identity including gender variant clients.
(661) 231-3212 View (661) 231-3212
1

Play Therapy

Who is play therapy for?

Play therapy is generally targeted to children between the ages of 3 and 11 who have social, emotional, or behavioral difficulties. Play therapy has also been found helpful for children who have experienced physical or emotional abuse or witnessed atrocities. Play therapy is also often recommended for children who are undergoing major medical procedures or who are suffering from chronic illness; many children’s hospitals are equipped to offer play therapy on-site. Play therapy is also sometimes used for adults; creative writing, music, and art are expressive forms that can all be adapted for therapeutic purposes.

Why do people need play therapy?

Children often do not have the language skills or words to know or to express what is troubling them. Yet they often spontaneously draw or use playthings to depict scenarios that reflect problems in their everyday life. Play therapy provides children with an array of objects and play situations to act out their feelings or experiences so that therapists can get a clear picture of what children might be struggling with and help them find solutions. In addition, play therapists are skilled at helping children understand their inner experience and find words for them, necessary steps toward helping children learn to control their own behavior and come up with solutions to problems they encounter.

What happens in play therapy?

A child enters a comfortable playroom where they are free to choose the objects they want to play with. The play therapist will typically observe how they play with the toys—whether a sandbox, puppets, dolls and action figures, trucks, costumes, drawing and painting materials, or more—because such play provides clues to a child’s family and social relationships, difficulties they are encountering in the world, and what going on inside themselves. Sometimes the therapist may ask the child to use the play objects to tell a story about their family. Using the same instruments of play, therapists can help children discover more advantageous ways of thinking and behaving.

What kinds of problems do play therapists treat?

Play therapy can help children who display destructive or self-destructive impulses; children who seem angry, sad, or fearful; children who experience frequent social, emotional, family, or school difficulty. Play therapy is often of value to children who have experienced a loss or distressing family experience, who are regularly exposed to family conflict, or who have been physically or emotionally abused. Play therapy can help children who are perpetrators of bullying as well as those who are targets of bullying. It helps children learn to identify their feelings, to express them in constructive ways, and to regulate them so they can get on with the business of development.

How long does play therapy last?

Play therapy sessions may last for 30 to 45 minutes, and they usually occur weekly for about 20 sessions. Each session is tailored to the individual child and the kinds of problems they are struggling with. Play that is highly repetitive often indicates a problem requiring further exploration. Therapists typically measure progress through session-to-session changes in play behavior.