Psychodynamic Therapists in Arcadia, CA

Photo of Dymetria Sellers, LMFT, ATR, Marriage & Family Therapist
Dymetria Sellers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, ATR
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Registered Art Therapist in the State of California with over 8 years of working experience. As a therapist, I enjoy utilizing a combination of psychodynamic and narrative theories, which I pair with CBT and mindfulness interventions to help develop coping strategies. I believe that perspectives can be greatly shaped by the stories we tell ourselves and enjoy assisting clients in altering negative beliefs into more positive thoughts and behaviors, shifting them into realities that better suit their current needs.
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Registered Art Therapist in the State of California with over 8 years of working experience. As a therapist, I enjoy utilizing a combination of psychodynamic and narrative theories, which I pair with CBT and mindfulness interventions to help develop coping strategies. I believe that perspectives can be greatly shaped by the stories we tell ourselves and enjoy assisting clients in altering negative beliefs into more positive thoughts and behaviors, shifting them into realities that better suit their current needs.
(626) 869-2995 View (626) 869-2995
Photo of Johnny Zhong, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Johnny Zhong
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91007  (Online Only)
Johnny Zhong, Trained EMDR, Specialized in couple therapy. A compassionate therapist, specializes in TRAUMA, body dysmorphic disorder, anxiety, depression, OCD, life transitions, grief. With a client-centered approach, Johnny offers therapy to both adults and children. He integrates "MUSIC Therapy techniques" such as songwriting, lyric analysis, drumming, improvisation, and singing to explore and process emotions. In addition to these techniques, Johnny incorporates play therapy, sound therapy, psychodynamic therapy, CBT, DBT, and somatic therapy. This holistic treatment approach ensures comprehensive care for their clients.
Johnny Zhong, Trained EMDR, Specialized in couple therapy. A compassionate therapist, specializes in TRAUMA, body dysmorphic disorder, anxiety, depression, OCD, life transitions, grief. With a client-centered approach, Johnny offers therapy to both adults and children. He integrates "MUSIC Therapy techniques" such as songwriting, lyric analysis, drumming, improvisation, and singing to explore and process emotions. In addition to these techniques, Johnny incorporates play therapy, sound therapy, psychodynamic therapy, CBT, DBT, and somatic therapy. This holistic treatment approach ensures comprehensive care for their clients.
(707) 610-1094 View (707) 610-1094
Photo of Janis Alexa Smith, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Janis Alexa Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
My therapeutic approach stems from psychodynamic, person-centered, attachment, and family-systems styles, working to break the cycles you may be stuck in using insight, humor (when appropriate), and creativity.
Hi there, I'm Janis Alexa! Congratulations on taking this first step toward becoming a healthier version of yourself and living the best life possible. Life is sometimes tough, and I understand that when trying to cope with anxiety, depression, heartbreak, and relationship struggles, this can feel overwhelming. In this season of life, you don’t have to be alone, and I can help you with those feelings because I am a therapist who has experience in helping others with what you may be facing right now. There is hope, and you can start your new journey for real and lasting change today.
My therapeutic approach stems from psychodynamic, person-centered, attachment, and family-systems styles, working to break the cycles you may be stuck in using insight, humor (when appropriate), and creativity.
Hi there, I'm Janis Alexa! Congratulations on taking this first step toward becoming a healthier version of yourself and living the best life possible. Life is sometimes tough, and I understand that when trying to cope with anxiety, depression, heartbreak, and relationship struggles, this can feel overwhelming. In this season of life, you don’t have to be alone, and I can help you with those feelings because I am a therapist who has experience in helping others with what you may be facing right now. There is hope, and you can start your new journey for real and lasting change today.
(805) 624-3649 View (805) 624-3649
Photo of Kelsey Chang-Kim, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelsey Chang-Kim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
I believe in a collaborative, Strengths-based, Psychodynamic approach that starts with searching for the root of what you are struggling with.
Welcome! I'm Kelsey Chang-Kim, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I am so happy you're here. With over 5 years of experience in private practice, my passion for working in the mental health field has motivated me to be a constantly growing clinician well-equipped to support others. I've worked with many diverse populations over the years and particularly enjoy working with teens and young adults as they discover their truest selves and navigate the complexities of life. Whether it is anxiety or depression or overcoming a painful past, you are not alone and there IS a light at the end of the tunnel.
I believe in a collaborative, Strengths-based, Psychodynamic approach that starts with searching for the root of what you are struggling with.
Welcome! I'm Kelsey Chang-Kim, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I am so happy you're here. With over 5 years of experience in private practice, my passion for working in the mental health field has motivated me to be a constantly growing clinician well-equipped to support others. I've worked with many diverse populations over the years and particularly enjoy working with teens and young adults as they discover their truest selves and navigate the complexities of life. Whether it is anxiety or depression or overcoming a painful past, you are not alone and there IS a light at the end of the tunnel.
(858) 758-2283 View (858) 758-2283
Photo of Julie Mikashus - Julie Mikashus Psy.D., PsyD, Psychologist
Julie Mikashus Psy.D.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
I am flexible in using an approach suited to the individual client, whether that is cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, psychodynamic, or relational therapy.
I specialize in helping people who are going through difficult life phases and major transitions that are causing anxiety, depression, general dissatisfaction, or relationship conflict. Are you having difficulty adjusting to the end of a relationship or working through problems in your partnership? Have you suffered a loss from which you are struggling to recover? Feeling anxious about job changes, starting school, or a new role? I am here to help you cope with challenges and facilitate the change you wish to make. I'd like to help you to increase self-knowledge, improve your overall functioning, and increase life satisfaction.
I am flexible in using an approach suited to the individual client, whether that is cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, psychodynamic, or relational therapy.
I specialize in helping people who are going through difficult life phases and major transitions that are causing anxiety, depression, general dissatisfaction, or relationship conflict. Are you having difficulty adjusting to the end of a relationship or working through problems in your partnership? Have you suffered a loss from which you are struggling to recover? Feeling anxious about job changes, starting school, or a new role? I am here to help you cope with challenges and facilitate the change you wish to make. I'd like to help you to increase self-knowledge, improve your overall functioning, and increase life satisfaction.
(626) 436-3299 View (626) 436-3299
Photo of Nicole Georgino, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Nicole Georgino
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Arcadia, CA 91006
I tend to gravitate towards elements of person-centered, psychodynamic, CBT, and ERP.
I strive to provide a non-judgmental and compassionate space for clients to work towards healing and inner peace. I work with teens and adults struggling with anxiety, OCD, body image, and stress-related issues. I believe each individual is the expert of their own experiences and therefore, I take on a collaborative and individualized approach in therapy together. In doing so, I like to utilize various approaches and modalities depending on each individual and their personalized treatment goals.
I tend to gravitate towards elements of person-centered, psychodynamic, CBT, and ERP.
I strive to provide a non-judgmental and compassionate space for clients to work towards healing and inner peace. I work with teens and adults struggling with anxiety, OCD, body image, and stress-related issues. I believe each individual is the expert of their own experiences and therefore, I take on a collaborative and individualized approach in therapy together. In doing so, I like to utilize various approaches and modalities depending on each individual and their personalized treatment goals.
(626) 603-8128 View (626) 603-8128
Photo of Joan Tompkins, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Joan Tompkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91007
My name is Joanie Tompkins and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Santa Rosa, California. I work with clients across the state through telehealth and see only individual adults from age 18 all the way to Seniors. I am a relational therapist and use mainly Client-Centered and Psychodynamic Therapy, but I also use other modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness when appropriate. My approach to therapy is based on the specific needs of each client with whom I work.
My name is Joanie Tompkins and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in Santa Rosa, California. I work with clients across the state through telehealth and see only individual adults from age 18 all the way to Seniors. I am a relational therapist and use mainly Client-Centered and Psychodynamic Therapy, but I also use other modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness when appropriate. My approach to therapy is based on the specific needs of each client with whom I work.
(424) 340-5762 View (424) 340-5762
Photo of Irma Elizabeth Moreno Montelongo, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Irma Elizabeth Moreno Montelongo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arcadia, CA 91007
I have training in trauma focused interventions/approaches, CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, Systems Theory, Narrative, Psychoanalytic, Psychodynamic, and Motivational Interventions.
Hi there, I'm Irma Elizabeth! I am bilingual clinician (Spanish/English) with close to 13 years of experience who specializes in trauma informed approaches, life transitions, and personal challenges. My experience is extensive as I have worked with infants and young children; children with high-risk needs involved with the Department of Child and Family Services and in specialty services; and adults from diverse backgrounds with a wide-range of clinical presentations (anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, etc.). I have a collaborative approach that adapts treatment to the individual's needs.
I have training in trauma focused interventions/approaches, CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, Systems Theory, Narrative, Psychoanalytic, Psychodynamic, and Motivational Interventions.
Hi there, I'm Irma Elizabeth! I am bilingual clinician (Spanish/English) with close to 13 years of experience who specializes in trauma informed approaches, life transitions, and personal challenges. My experience is extensive as I have worked with infants and young children; children with high-risk needs involved with the Department of Child and Family Services and in specialty services; and adults from diverse backgrounds with a wide-range of clinical presentations (anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, etc.). I have a collaborative approach that adapts treatment to the individual's needs.
(909) 403-5971 View (909) 403-5971
Photo of Alejandra Cardoso-Aguilera, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alejandra Cardoso-Aguilera
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006  (Online Only)
My name is Alejandra Cardoso-Aguilera, and I am a licensed Marriage Family Therapist in the State of California. My approach in therapy is providing the client with unconditional positive regard and a safe space to discuss their emotional well-being. The common theoretical approaches I incorporate in therapy are CBT and Psychodynamic. I like to focus on how our past impacts us now in the present moment with parents, family, friends, and work environment. I work with clients who are transitioning into adulthood and college. I like to provide support to clients struggling with depression and anxiety.
My name is Alejandra Cardoso-Aguilera, and I am a licensed Marriage Family Therapist in the State of California. My approach in therapy is providing the client with unconditional positive regard and a safe space to discuss their emotional well-being. The common theoretical approaches I incorporate in therapy are CBT and Psychodynamic. I like to focus on how our past impacts us now in the present moment with parents, family, friends, and work environment. I work with clients who are transitioning into adulthood and college. I like to provide support to clients struggling with depression and anxiety.
(424) 766-1063 View (424) 766-1063
Photo of Joshua Sandler, MFA, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joshua Sandler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MFA, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Arcadia, CA 91006
I am trained in many modalities but find trauma-informed, Humanistic, Gestalt, ERP, CBT, IFS, DBT, Art-based, and Psychodynamic approaches help the most.
Do you want to dig deeper? Are you repeating behaviors or situations and wishing you could break the cycle? Are you or your partner struggling with mismatched communication, attachment, intimacy, reactions, vulnerability, desire, culture, or conflict resolution styles? Sometimes, we're not sure what causes our distress, but we can sense we're not reaching our potential for health, happiness, or success. Even when we know the cause, change can still feel impossible. That's where I come in. Without judgment, my job is to listen, help you understand root causes of your difficulties, & teach you practical tools to help change your life.
I am trained in many modalities but find trauma-informed, Humanistic, Gestalt, ERP, CBT, IFS, DBT, Art-based, and Psychodynamic approaches help the most.
Do you want to dig deeper? Are you repeating behaviors or situations and wishing you could break the cycle? Are you or your partner struggling with mismatched communication, attachment, intimacy, reactions, vulnerability, desire, culture, or conflict resolution styles? Sometimes, we're not sure what causes our distress, but we can sense we're not reaching our potential for health, happiness, or success. Even when we know the cause, change can still feel impossible. That's where I come in. Without judgment, my job is to listen, help you understand root causes of your difficulties, & teach you practical tools to help change your life.
(626) 507-7925 View (626) 507-7925
Photo of Kai Ku, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kai Ku
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
Welcome to your transformative journey towards healing and self-discovery. I'm KAI KU, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, bringing over a decade of expertise in behavioral therapy, trauma-informed care, EMDR, and a comprehensive approach that integrates psychodynamic therapy, mindfulness, and CBT.
Welcome to your transformative journey towards healing and self-discovery. I'm KAI KU, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, bringing over a decade of expertise in behavioral therapy, trauma-informed care, EMDR, and a comprehensive approach that integrates psychodynamic therapy, mindfulness, and CBT.
(626) 779-9894 View (626) 779-9894
Photo of Ilke-Vanessa Miu-Ling Wentwoord, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ilke-Vanessa Miu-Ling Wentwoord
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
Vanessa is experienced in DBT, CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, Harm Reduction, Trauma Informed Care, Psychodynamic, Adventure Therapy, and PAT.
Vanessa Wentwoord is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist 138767. Client care is at the forefront of her philosophy and she believes in meeting herself as deeply as she intends to meet her clients. She practices and is passionate about the healing arts and empowering others toward self-actualization. Vanessa has worked with clients from all walks of life. Clients that she has typically supported were moving through depression, anxiety, grief and loss, life transitions, addiction, family issues, trauma, domestic violence, and career challenges. Vanessa has also worked with athletes, persons in high-stress career positions.
Vanessa is experienced in DBT, CBT, Solution Focused Therapy, Harm Reduction, Trauma Informed Care, Psychodynamic, Adventure Therapy, and PAT.
Vanessa Wentwoord is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist 138767. Client care is at the forefront of her philosophy and she believes in meeting herself as deeply as she intends to meet her clients. She practices and is passionate about the healing arts and empowering others toward self-actualization. Vanessa has worked with clients from all walks of life. Clients that she has typically supported were moving through depression, anxiety, grief and loss, life transitions, addiction, family issues, trauma, domestic violence, and career challenges. Vanessa has also worked with athletes, persons in high-stress career positions.
(909) 918-4785 View (909) 918-4785
Photo of Linda Hynes, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Linda Hynes
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91066
My early training focused on family systems theory, psychodynamic theory and cognitive behavioral work.
The focus of my work in Marriage and Family Therapy has been to help individuals and families gain greater control over their lives, acquire freedom from areas of trauma and maintain healthy relationships with God and loved ones.
My early training focused on family systems theory, psychodynamic theory and cognitive behavioral work.
The focus of my work in Marriage and Family Therapy has been to help individuals and families gain greater control over their lives, acquire freedom from areas of trauma and maintain healthy relationships with God and loved ones.
(626) 499-6282 View (626) 499-6282
Photo of Jacqueline Hong, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jacqueline Hong
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
Jacqueline Hong, LMFT124664, has extensive knowledge and experience working with adults with undiagnosed/diagnosed ADHD. I also work with disorders comorbid with ADHD, such as anxiety, panic, and depression with anxious features. My approach to therapy is mainly psychodynamic and relational, but also integrative since the needs of the client are all different. My approach to therapy is integrative. I mainly use psychodynamic and relational approaches. However, I use CBT for initial symptom reduction.
Jacqueline Hong, LMFT124664, has extensive knowledge and experience working with adults with undiagnosed/diagnosed ADHD. I also work with disorders comorbid with ADHD, such as anxiety, panic, and depression with anxious features. My approach to therapy is mainly psychodynamic and relational, but also integrative since the needs of the client are all different. My approach to therapy is integrative. I mainly use psychodynamic and relational approaches. However, I use CBT for initial symptom reduction.
(424) 544-8487 View (424) 544-8487
Photo of Vicky Zhao, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Vicky Zhao
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006  (Online Only)
I provide psychodynamic-oriented, existentialism-inspired, and process-focused therapy for those seeking expansions in their human capacity and spiritual growth.
I support clients who struggle with chronic depression, anxiety, relational issues, and existential crises by inviting them to look inwardly and incorporate their growing insight into daily life’s challenges. I believe the process of self-discovery is the realest gift of life, the path leading to our internal peace and freedom. My passion is to support you in becoming you, in this world we all live in - as your self, and as part of something greater.
I provide psychodynamic-oriented, existentialism-inspired, and process-focused therapy for those seeking expansions in their human capacity and spiritual growth.
I support clients who struggle with chronic depression, anxiety, relational issues, and existential crises by inviting them to look inwardly and incorporate their growing insight into daily life’s challenges. I believe the process of self-discovery is the realest gift of life, the path leading to our internal peace and freedom. My passion is to support you in becoming you, in this world we all live in - as your self, and as part of something greater.
(408) 898-9626 View (408) 898-9626
Photo of Shir Shanun, PsyD, Psychologist
Shir Shanun
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Arcadia, CA 91007
When we change ourselves we create change in our life and relationships. Therapy is a journey of self discovery to develop intimacy and create meaning in life and relationships. Gain new perspectives expand freedom and fulfillment. Through exploration of your past and present I will help you develop nurturing relationships with others and with your empathetic genuine self; connect with playfulness and creativity; understand repetition in your life; discover the unconscious role in your decisions ; experience intimacy and alleviate depression and anxiety as we transform suffering into growth. More at https://www.shirshanunpsyd.com
When we change ourselves we create change in our life and relationships. Therapy is a journey of self discovery to develop intimacy and create meaning in life and relationships. Gain new perspectives expand freedom and fulfillment. Through exploration of your past and present I will help you develop nurturing relationships with others and with your empathetic genuine self; connect with playfulness and creativity; understand repetition in your life; discover the unconscious role in your decisions ; experience intimacy and alleviate depression and anxiety as we transform suffering into growth. More at https://www.shirshanunpsyd.com
(626) 376-4994 View (626) 376-4994
Photo of Maria Mir, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maria Mir
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
Are you a working professional who is just feeling the stressors of work and everyday life? It’s hard to be able to juggle it all and still somehow try to find time for yourself. Sometimes life just feels like a lot, bad day at work, a fight with a partner or loved one, difficult day with the kids, a triggered emotion that came out of nowhere, or just not enough time in the day to get everything done.
Are you a working professional who is just feeling the stressors of work and everyday life? It’s hard to be able to juggle it all and still somehow try to find time for yourself. Sometimes life just feels like a lot, bad day at work, a fight with a partner or loved one, difficult day with the kids, a triggered emotion that came out of nowhere, or just not enough time in the day to get everything done.
(626) 790-5707 View (626) 790-5707
Jaazar Shalabi
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arcadia, CA 91006
Hi, my name is Jaazar (Jay) Shalabi and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). Are you struggling with past traumatic experiences, cycles of depression and/or anxiety? Maybe you are struggling with relationship issues, confidence, low self esteem. Perhaps you are a veteran struggling to deal with integrating back to civi-life or take back control of your life once again prior to service. I support those struggling with their unique symptoms by empowering them to retake control of their symptoms, thoughts, and life. Through direct, unconditional regard with no judgement, we will go through your journey to mental wellness tog
Hi, my name is Jaazar (Jay) Shalabi and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). Are you struggling with past traumatic experiences, cycles of depression and/or anxiety? Maybe you are struggling with relationship issues, confidence, low self esteem. Perhaps you are a veteran struggling to deal with integrating back to civi-life or take back control of your life once again prior to service. I support those struggling with their unique symptoms by empowering them to retake control of their symptoms, thoughts, and life. Through direct, unconditional regard with no judgement, we will go through your journey to mental wellness tog
(626) 790-2106 View (626) 790-2106
Photo of David Kattenhorn, PsyD, Psychologist
David Kattenhorn
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arcadia, CA 91006
My clients find my compassionate listening combined with over 40 years of experience counseling full time, puts them at ease. I focus on helping people begin the process of resolving the concerns and issues they are facing in their lives. I have a Christian background and think morality, integrity, and emotionally healthy living as supported in scripture are significant qualities worth having in our lives. Even if we differ in religion, I can help you create a foundation for how you live and the changes you make within the context of your belief system.
My clients find my compassionate listening combined with over 40 years of experience counseling full time, puts them at ease. I focus on helping people begin the process of resolving the concerns and issues they are facing in their lives. I have a Christian background and think morality, integrity, and emotionally healthy living as supported in scripture are significant qualities worth having in our lives. Even if we differ in religion, I can help you create a foundation for how you live and the changes you make within the context of your belief system.
(626) 869-9992 View (626) 869-9992
Photo of Grace Ou, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Grace Ou
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Arcadia, CA 91007  (Online Only)
I believe in the power of connection and relationships. Many times in our lives, we come into places where we get stuck, feel disconnected, and wonder about our place in this life. This can look like depression, anxiety, disconnection, broken relationships, or more.
I believe in the power of connection and relationships. Many times in our lives, we come into places where we get stuck, feel disconnected, and wonder about our place in this life. This can look like depression, anxiety, disconnection, broken relationships, or more.
(626) 667-2328 View (626) 667-2328
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Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.