Therapists in New York, NY

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Photo of Elisheva Bellin, PhD, Psychologist
Elisheva Bellin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
Modern living can be filled with joys and opportunities, as well as burdens and stressors. Some people face barriers that interfere with achieving goals and pursuing the lives they want. Some have lost their internal compass and struggle to move forward in the face of loss or struggles with mental illness. My goal as a clinician is to help my clients live fuller, healthier, and more meaningful lives through helping them cope with their challenges and find ways to access their internal strengths.
Modern living can be filled with joys and opportunities, as well as burdens and stressors. Some people face barriers that interfere with achieving goals and pursuing the lives they want. Some have lost their internal compass and struggle to move forward in the face of loss or struggles with mental illness. My goal as a clinician is to help my clients live fuller, healthier, and more meaningful lives through helping them cope with their challenges and find ways to access their internal strengths.
(646) 257-5271 View (646) 257-5271
Photo of Eri Kubota, PhD, Psychologist
Eri Kubota
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10007  (Online Only)
My practice is emotion-focused and experiential type of psychotherapy. I also incorporate mindfulness meditation. It may help particularly with anxious and/or depressed people. I will be happy to work with those who do NOT feel the need of therapy per se, but feel like they are at an important time in their life. I welcome those who want to change themselves or their life even though they may feel somewhat happy where they are now. I truly feel gratitude toward the courage people take to start something NEW.
My practice is emotion-focused and experiential type of psychotherapy. I also incorporate mindfulness meditation. It may help particularly with anxious and/or depressed people. I will be happy to work with those who do NOT feel the need of therapy per se, but feel like they are at an important time in their life. I welcome those who want to change themselves or their life even though they may feel somewhat happy where they are now. I truly feel gratitude toward the courage people take to start something NEW.
(646) 212-0186 View (646) 212-0186
Photo of Sally Miller, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sally Miller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Are you missing appreciation? Does he stonewall? Does she not stop criticizing? Anxious and having trust issues? Do you feel a lack of sexual desire? Fighting over sexual frequency? I can help you stop the negative cycle. Feel love again. Feel intimate again. Trained explicitly as a marriage and family therapist, I am a highly trained and experienced couples therapist. I believe in a collaborative approach and skilled at creating tools to foster healthy connections between couples and families. Together, we repair your relationship by introducing new methods of communication to increase empathy and flexibility.
Are you missing appreciation? Does he stonewall? Does she not stop criticizing? Anxious and having trust issues? Do you feel a lack of sexual desire? Fighting over sexual frequency? I can help you stop the negative cycle. Feel love again. Feel intimate again. Trained explicitly as a marriage and family therapist, I am a highly trained and experienced couples therapist. I believe in a collaborative approach and skilled at creating tools to foster healthy connections between couples and families. Together, we repair your relationship by introducing new methods of communication to increase empathy and flexibility.
(929) 590-9716 View (929) 590-9716
Photo of Katherine Bourgeois, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katherine Bourgeois
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10017  (Online Only)
I am a firm believer that caring for our mental health positively impacts our overall health. I see therapy as a joint venture where our thoughts and life experiences can be processed in a safe, non-judgmental environment to create solutions. Everyone deserves a space to grow, learn (sometimes unlearn), and evolve no matter where they are in life. Being in therapy myself has inspired me to help others on a similar journey.
I am a firm believer that caring for our mental health positively impacts our overall health. I see therapy as a joint venture where our thoughts and life experiences can be processed in a safe, non-judgmental environment to create solutions. Everyone deserves a space to grow, learn (sometimes unlearn), and evolve no matter where they are in life. Being in therapy myself has inspired me to help others on a similar journey.
(646) 553-1839 View (646) 553-1839
Bodhi Medical Care, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
We offer services across the lifespan, including children (6-12 yrs), adolescence (13-19 yrs), and adults (20-65 yrs). We help stabilize emotions and improve mood, while reducing anxiety so you can engage situations more fully. Learn to shift unhealthy thinking patterns, reduce stress, navigate transitions, improve coping skills or address relationship and family issues. We also work with clients who have ADHD or autism. We help empower you to live life more fully.
We offer services across the lifespan, including children (6-12 yrs), adolescence (13-19 yrs), and adults (20-65 yrs). We help stabilize emotions and improve mood, while reducing anxiety so you can engage situations more fully. Learn to shift unhealthy thinking patterns, reduce stress, navigate transitions, improve coping skills or address relationship and family issues. We also work with clients who have ADHD or autism. We help empower you to live life more fully.
(347) 836-6609 View (347) 836-6609
Photo of Dr. Sarah Ossey, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Sarah Ossey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10023
Throughout my career I have been committed to helping my clients live an authentic and fulfilling life. My clients include individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, grief and loss, feelings of helplessness, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and challenges arising from life transitions. With empathy, sensitivity, and respect, I work with my clients to help them move forward and discover joy in their lives.
Throughout my career I have been committed to helping my clients live an authentic and fulfilling life. My clients include individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, grief and loss, feelings of helplessness, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, and challenges arising from life transitions. With empathy, sensitivity, and respect, I work with my clients to help them move forward and discover joy in their lives.
(646) 916-4636 View (646) 916-4636
Photo of Mary Anne Yanulis, PhD, Psychologist
Mary Anne Yanulis
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
As a clinical psychologist with over 25 years of experience, I am continually awed and humbled by the ways individuals use psychotherapy to grow and change. I try to create a warm and safe environment for exploring all kinds of problems in living. I am an active therapist who will help you clarify and examine the difficulties you face, develop more constructive ways to cope with your feelings, improve your communication skills, and change patterns of behavior that interfere with your life goals.
As a clinical psychologist with over 25 years of experience, I am continually awed and humbled by the ways individuals use psychotherapy to grow and change. I try to create a warm and safe environment for exploring all kinds of problems in living. I am an active therapist who will help you clarify and examine the difficulties you face, develop more constructive ways to cope with your feelings, improve your communication skills, and change patterns of behavior that interfere with your life goals.
(347) 801-0794 View (347) 801-0794
Photo of Stephanie Newman, PhD, Psychologist
Stephanie Newman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10028  (Online Only)
Have you ever wondered why other people seem to get ahead in relationships and on the job, while you feel stuck or left behind? Do you worry that you make choices that are not always in your best interest? If so, you might benefit from a brief or longer term therapy which focuses on understanding the ways in which people trip themselves up, and which offers concrete strategies for making better choices and achieving personal goals.
Have you ever wondered why other people seem to get ahead in relationships and on the job, while you feel stuck or left behind? Do you worry that you make choices that are not always in your best interest? If so, you might benefit from a brief or longer term therapy which focuses on understanding the ways in which people trip themselves up, and which offers concrete strategies for making better choices and achieving personal goals.
(646) 863-4379 View (646) 863-4379
Photo of Meg Fleming, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meg Fleming
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10009  (Online Only)
Who we are, who we want to be, and how we show up can be different! I understand firsthand how the intersectionality of the multiple identities we all carry, along with life experiences can have a profound impact on our wellness and equilibrium. The great news is, I believe we all possess the skills necessary to develop into the best version of ourselves while acknowledging all of our individual parts that make us unique. Most importantly, it is never too late to start on the journey of self-discovery and transformation and as your therapist, I'm here to facilitate hope and support that journey.
Who we are, who we want to be, and how we show up can be different! I understand firsthand how the intersectionality of the multiple identities we all carry, along with life experiences can have a profound impact on our wellness and equilibrium. The great news is, I believe we all possess the skills necessary to develop into the best version of ourselves while acknowledging all of our individual parts that make us unique. Most importantly, it is never too late to start on the journey of self-discovery and transformation and as your therapist, I'm here to facilitate hope and support that journey.
(646) 916-5492 View (646) 916-5492
Photo of Sara Kazemi, MA, MHC-LP
Sara Kazemi
MA, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10016
Do you get the feeling that something is missing in your life? Maybe you are stuck in patterns that aren’t serving you, lacking a sense of true connection in your relationships, or feeling lost when it comes to your purpose or career. Perhaps you don’t have a space to safely explore the complexities of your racial, cultural, or sexual identity. Together we can identify barriers to growth, uncover your inner strengths, and break cycles to help you reach your goals and lead a fulfilling life. Having worked extensively with college/graduate students, I am attuned to the unique pressures of academia and other high-pressure environments.
Do you get the feeling that something is missing in your life? Maybe you are stuck in patterns that aren’t serving you, lacking a sense of true connection in your relationships, or feeling lost when it comes to your purpose or career. Perhaps you don’t have a space to safely explore the complexities of your racial, cultural, or sexual identity. Together we can identify barriers to growth, uncover your inner strengths, and break cycles to help you reach your goals and lead a fulfilling life. Having worked extensively with college/graduate students, I am attuned to the unique pressures of academia and other high-pressure environments.
(646) 846-8531 View (646) 846-8531
Photo of Lorraine B Cates, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lorraine B Cates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10128  (Online Only)
I have over 20 years of psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic experience in helping individuals and couples improve self-esteem, relationship, and work-related issues that lead to personal change. If you are battling anxiety, depression, or simply overwhelmed, helping you spell out what you feel can make a huge difference. Sometimes the words to describe your feelings are not there. Just finding a way to express what you feel and want can be restorative. I can help you find the words to articulate your needs, clarify your dilemmas, and, in so doing, clear the roadblocks that get in the way of reaching your full potential.
I have over 20 years of psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic experience in helping individuals and couples improve self-esteem, relationship, and work-related issues that lead to personal change. If you are battling anxiety, depression, or simply overwhelmed, helping you spell out what you feel can make a huge difference. Sometimes the words to describe your feelings are not there. Just finding a way to express what you feel and want can be restorative. I can help you find the words to articulate your needs, clarify your dilemmas, and, in so doing, clear the roadblocks that get in the way of reaching your full potential.
(646) 783-1427 View (646) 783-1427
Photo of Christine Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
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Photo of John Orr, LMHC, Counselor
John Orr
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10034  (Online Only)
I help people reconnect with their inherent worth and well-being, something that challenging life experiences (especially trauma) have an unfortunate way of obscuring. Doing so allows you to flow more freely in the world, get more from life, and embrace adventure. In other words: it's about finding the pathway to live the deepest and richest life possible. To do this, I blend evidence-based psychotherapy approaches like CBT, IFS & EMDR with contemplative practices from the wisdom traditions, including mindfulness, nonduality, and stoicism.
I help people reconnect with their inherent worth and well-being, something that challenging life experiences (especially trauma) have an unfortunate way of obscuring. Doing so allows you to flow more freely in the world, get more from life, and embrace adventure. In other words: it's about finding the pathway to live the deepest and richest life possible. To do this, I blend evidence-based psychotherapy approaches like CBT, IFS & EMDR with contemplative practices from the wisdom traditions, including mindfulness, nonduality, and stoicism.
(646) 956-4551 View (646) 956-4551
Photo of Maria Pedraza, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Maria Pedraza
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10010
I'm passionate about helping individuals navigate life's challenges and find fulfillment. With a specialization in LGBTQ issues, anxiety, depression, and innovative therapies like Geek therapy, I provide a safe and supportive space for clients of all ages to explore their emotions, build resilience, and achieve personal growth.
I'm passionate about helping individuals navigate life's challenges and find fulfillment. With a specialization in LGBTQ issues, anxiety, depression, and innovative therapies like Geek therapy, I provide a safe and supportive space for clients of all ages to explore their emotions, build resilience, and achieve personal growth.
(332) 699-6869 View (332) 699-6869
Photo of Kathrine Salkinder, LMHC, MA, APP, GP, YT, Counselor
Kathrine Salkinder
Counselor, LMHC, MA, APP, GP, YT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
"Poverty is not just being without food it is the absence of love." Perhaps you have been in therapy before and it did not work very well. The Heartbeat Method© of Body Centered Psychotherapy offers an innovative alternative approach to recovery which integrates traditional and spiritual approaches to healing. It helps you to rediscover aliveness, zest for life, strength through finding peace, heal your body, find love through healing your sexuality, improve your relationships and sex life. My approach will assist you in experiencing freedom from anxiety, depression, addictions, low self-esteem, chronic body pain or tension, heal your childhood
"Poverty is not just being without food it is the absence of love." Perhaps you have been in therapy before and it did not work very well. The Heartbeat Method© of Body Centered Psychotherapy offers an innovative alternative approach to recovery which integrates traditional and spiritual approaches to healing. It helps you to rediscover aliveness, zest for life, strength through finding peace, heal your body, find love through healing your sexuality, improve your relationships and sex life. My approach will assist you in experiencing freedom from anxiety, depression, addictions, low self-esteem, chronic body pain or tension, heal your childhood
(855) 841-8521 View (855) 841-8521
Photo of Di Ai, LMSW
Di Ai
Licensed Master Social Worker, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10001
As an immigrant from China who once navigated the challenging waters of being an international student, my journey has been deeply informed by empathy, compassion, and a relentless curiosity about healing and resilience. My experiences have taught me the nuances of adapting to new environments, the pressures of academic life, and the journey towards healing from personal traumas. Fluent in Mandarin and English, I bring a unique perspective that combines personal insight with professional expertise in trauma care. I understand the complexities of adjusting as an immigrant and the struggles that come with it.
As an immigrant from China who once navigated the challenging waters of being an international student, my journey has been deeply informed by empathy, compassion, and a relentless curiosity about healing and resilience. My experiences have taught me the nuances of adapting to new environments, the pressures of academic life, and the journey towards healing from personal traumas. Fluent in Mandarin and English, I bring a unique perspective that combines personal insight with professional expertise in trauma care. I understand the complexities of adjusting as an immigrant and the struggles that come with it.
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Photo of Elizabeth Crossfield, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Elizabeth Crossfield
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10022
Do you miss feeling appreciated? Does he refuse to answer questions? Does she ever stop criticizing? Are you apprehensive and struggling to trust? Do you feel a lack of sexual desire? Fighting over sexual frequency? I can assist you break the negative loop. Feel love again. Feel intimate again. I am a highly qualified and experienced couples therapist with advanced training in marital and family counseling. I am easy to talk to and skilled at creating tools that encourage healthy relationships among couples and families. We rebuild your relationship by providing new communication approaches that promote empathy and flexibility.
Do you miss feeling appreciated? Does he refuse to answer questions? Does she ever stop criticizing? Are you apprehensive and struggling to trust? Do you feel a lack of sexual desire? Fighting over sexual frequency? I can assist you break the negative loop. Feel love again. Feel intimate again. I am a highly qualified and experienced couples therapist with advanced training in marital and family counseling. I am easy to talk to and skilled at creating tools that encourage healthy relationships among couples and families. We rebuild your relationship by providing new communication approaches that promote empathy and flexibility.
(332) 248-1284 View (332) 248-1284
Photo of Erin A Jeanette, PhD, MM, Psychologist
Erin A Jeanette
Psychologist, PhD, MM
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10024  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I work with adults aged 18 and over who come to address all kinds of concerns. As disruptive and difficult as symptoms and troubling experiences can be, I believe that they serve as signposts that show us where our energy may be unproductively trapped. I use a process of skilled listening and dialogue to help people read such signposts. Many find that when they can translate their signs into a language comprehensible to themselves, the energy trapped in symptoms stops causing suffering and becomes available to fuel a passionate life.
I work with adults aged 18 and over who come to address all kinds of concerns. As disruptive and difficult as symptoms and troubling experiences can be, I believe that they serve as signposts that show us where our energy may be unproductively trapped. I use a process of skilled listening and dialogue to help people read such signposts. Many find that when they can translate their signs into a language comprehensible to themselves, the energy trapped in symptoms stops causing suffering and becomes available to fuel a passionate life.
(646) 798-5619 View (646) 798-5619
Photo of Janet McAfee, LCSW, MSW, CHT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janet McAfee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, CHT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10025  (Online Only)
Perhaps you sometimes suffer from anxiety, but don't know why. Perhaps you feel a little sad or unhappy, and think "maybe I have depession." Or there may be a nagging inner voice telling you negative things about yourself. Maybe you've become a little short-tempered with those around you, which is affecting your personal or professional life. Together, we will gently explore what may be causing these uncomfortable feelings and negative behaviors. With this knowledge you will begin to return to your true, authentic self. I have helped many others with similar issues, and I look forward to helping you too.
Perhaps you sometimes suffer from anxiety, but don't know why. Perhaps you feel a little sad or unhappy, and think "maybe I have depession." Or there may be a nagging inner voice telling you negative things about yourself. Maybe you've become a little short-tempered with those around you, which is affecting your personal or professional life. Together, we will gently explore what may be causing these uncomfortable feelings and negative behaviors. With this knowledge you will begin to return to your true, authentic self. I have helped many others with similar issues, and I look forward to helping you too.
(914) 758-1502 View (914) 758-1502
Photo of Alyssa Meyers, PhD, LP, NCPsyA, Licensed Psychoanalyst
Alyssa Meyers
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PhD, LP, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10012
I bring compassionate listening, curiosity, and a deep respect for you and your experiences to help you achieve a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Whether you are feeling stuck, exhausted, overwhelmed, and unmotivated or you find yourself bound up in recurrent thoughts and fears, I will use a variety of approaches, including contemporary psychoanalysis, to understand what is causing you difficulty and pain. From there, we will work together to help you enjoy the present and imagine a different future.
I bring compassionate listening, curiosity, and a deep respect for you and your experiences to help you achieve a more meaningful and fulfilling life. Whether you are feeling stuck, exhausted, overwhelmed, and unmotivated or you find yourself bound up in recurrent thoughts and fears, I will use a variety of approaches, including contemporary psychoanalysis, to understand what is causing you difficulty and pain. From there, we will work together to help you enjoy the present and imagine a different future.
(929) 822-5787 View (929) 822-5787
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in New York, NY

3,000+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in New York, NY who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
67% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
62% Cigna and Evernorth
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in New York, NY see their clients

57% In Person and Online
43% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in New York?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.