Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

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Photo of Penny H Timmons, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Penny H Timmons
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90034  (Online Only)
The past few years have turned many of our lives upside down. You may be struggling to find your "new normal" or embarking on a new path in life. You may be grieving the loss of a loved one, or a way of life. The state of the world, isolation, relationship difficulties, or other challenges of day-to-day living may leave you feeling depleted, overwhelmed, anxious or depressed. Therapy can help. Whether you need help making a change, moving through grief, communicating with loved ones, or are just feeling stuck, I can help you find creative solutions to not only cope and survive, but also to thrive.
The past few years have turned many of our lives upside down. You may be struggling to find your "new normal" or embarking on a new path in life. You may be grieving the loss of a loved one, or a way of life. The state of the world, isolation, relationship difficulties, or other challenges of day-to-day living may leave you feeling depleted, overwhelmed, anxious or depressed. Therapy can help. Whether you need help making a change, moving through grief, communicating with loved ones, or are just feeling stuck, I can help you find creative solutions to not only cope and survive, but also to thrive.
(310) 905-8328 View (310) 905-8328
Photo of Jon Smith, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jon Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
Just as we learn spoken language as children, we learn an unspoken language of relationship. Just as the words we hear become the words we speak, the way we're treated becomes the basis for how we treat others, and how we expect to be treated by the people in our lives. We learn to define ourselves according to the terms by which we were defined, but most of us suspect that there's more to the story. There is.
Just as we learn spoken language as children, we learn an unspoken language of relationship. Just as the words we hear become the words we speak, the way we're treated becomes the basis for how we treat others, and how we expect to be treated by the people in our lives. We learn to define ourselves according to the terms by which we were defined, but most of us suspect that there's more to the story. There is.
(424) 353-3180 View (424) 353-3180
Photo of Keren Geier - SoKer Psychotherapy Inc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
SoKer Psychotherapy Inc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90019
SoKer Psychotherapy Inc is a group practice with license clinicians (psychologist, LMFT, LCSW) that have a wide array of specialties. We have therapists that work with children, youth, families, adults and older adults. We utilize an array of modalities including DBT, CBT, TFCBT, EMDR and Somatic Experiencing. We have therapists that specialize in disordered eating, substance use, self harm reduction, LGBTQIA, depression, anxiety, trauma, relational stressors, parenting and much more. We pride ourselves on providing culturally competent treatment that is collaborative, goal oriented and skills based.
SoKer Psychotherapy Inc is a group practice with license clinicians (psychologist, LMFT, LCSW) that have a wide array of specialties. We have therapists that work with children, youth, families, adults and older adults. We utilize an array of modalities including DBT, CBT, TFCBT, EMDR and Somatic Experiencing. We have therapists that specialize in disordered eating, substance use, self harm reduction, LGBTQIA, depression, anxiety, trauma, relational stressors, parenting and much more. We pride ourselves on providing culturally competent treatment that is collaborative, goal oriented and skills based.
(323) 827-8257 View (323) 827-8257
Photo of Holly Hall, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Holly Hall
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90039  (Online Only)
At various stages in our life we may face new situations, traumas or feelings of sadness, anxiety or stress. It is during these times it can be beneficial to take a step towards helping ourselves, and by being here you are doing just that. I have a Family Systems approach, however I will use all evidenced based practices best suited for my clients. Some common examples are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Psycho Dynamic Therapy. I very much feel therapy is about my clients journey and I like to help assist their heeling in the most prudent fashion.
At various stages in our life we may face new situations, traumas or feelings of sadness, anxiety or stress. It is during these times it can be beneficial to take a step towards helping ourselves, and by being here you are doing just that. I have a Family Systems approach, however I will use all evidenced based practices best suited for my clients. Some common examples are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Psycho Dynamic Therapy. I very much feel therapy is about my clients journey and I like to help assist their heeling in the most prudent fashion.
(323) 977-7756 View (323) 977-7756
Photo of Erin Spencer, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Erin Spencer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hi! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist located just outside of Portland, Oregon. I am licensed in Oregon, California and Washington.
Hi! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist located just outside of Portland, Oregon. I am licensed in Oregon, California and Washington.
(562) 539-4013 View (562) 539-4013
Photo of Andy Truong, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andy Truong
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90015
Seeking therapy takes courage and strength. Are you experiencing feeling stuck due to childhood trauma? I am here to provide you with unconditional support to process through your anxiety, depression, and other unresolved feelings at your pace. Sometimes we may need someone who is there for us and there are no problems in life that are too big or small. You have taken the first step to seek help, I can help you discover your inner strength to bounce back and deep inside you may be wishing for peace and equilibrium. As a therapist, I aim to help you reach those goals together to bring about inner peace.
Seeking therapy takes courage and strength. Are you experiencing feeling stuck due to childhood trauma? I am here to provide you with unconditional support to process through your anxiety, depression, and other unresolved feelings at your pace. Sometimes we may need someone who is there for us and there are no problems in life that are too big or small. You have taken the first step to seek help, I can help you discover your inner strength to bounce back and deep inside you may be wishing for peace and equilibrium. As a therapist, I aim to help you reach those goals together to bring about inner peace.
(213) 513-6449 View (213) 513-6449
Photo of Bonnie Greenberg, JD, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bonnie Greenberg
Marriage & Family Therapist, JD, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90049
Using customized eclectic approaches; mindfulness, music, solution focused, neuroscience, trauma-informed care, EMDR and group therapy, I help clients discover their innate, creative potential resulting in a more satisfied, productive and meaningful life. I encourage self-expression, communication, and problem solving. With young children, I utilize play and art therapy to help them express and understand their feelings thus reducing their internal/external conflicts. With teenagers I often teach mindfulness and coping skills. I'm dedicated to helping each client fulfill their potential and achieve peace, well being and happiness.
Using customized eclectic approaches; mindfulness, music, solution focused, neuroscience, trauma-informed care, EMDR and group therapy, I help clients discover their innate, creative potential resulting in a more satisfied, productive and meaningful life. I encourage self-expression, communication, and problem solving. With young children, I utilize play and art therapy to help them express and understand their feelings thus reducing their internal/external conflicts. With teenagers I often teach mindfulness and coping skills. I'm dedicated to helping each client fulfill their potential and achieve peace, well being and happiness.
(310) 706-2372 View (310) 706-2372
Photo of Marie Chacon - Pet Connect Emotional Support Animal (ESA) Letters
Pet Connect Emotional Support Animal (ESA) Letters
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90045  (Online Only)
Pet Connect is an Online Provider of Emotional Support Animal (ESA) letters serving California, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Utah. As Licensed Mental Health Professionals (LMHP), we can legally provide official recommendation letters, complete housing forms, and, as needed, communicate with landlords, property managers, and HOAs throughout the year as your LMHP. Our letters are legally recognized and compliant with federal and state laws and in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Pet Connect is an Online Provider of Emotional Support Animal (ESA) letters serving California, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Utah. As Licensed Mental Health Professionals (LMHP), we can legally provide official recommendation letters, complete housing forms, and, as needed, communicate with landlords, property managers, and HOAs throughout the year as your LMHP. Our letters are legally recognized and compliant with federal and state laws and in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
(800) 858-6859 View (800) 858-6859
Photo of Mary Tagle, PsyD, Psychologist
Mary Tagle
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90005  (Online Only)
Mary Tagle is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with 9 years of experience in the mental health field.
Mary Tagle is a Licensed Clinical Psychologist with 9 years of experience in the mental health field.
(562) 662-8467 View (562) 662-8467
Photo of Nia R Jackson Henderson - Nia J. Henderson, Center for Mindful Living LA, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nia J. Henderson, Center for Mindful Living LA
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
"We delight in the beauty of the butterfly, but rarely admit the changes it has gone through to achieve that beauty." (Maya Angelou) I understand that as we experience life we will inevitably encounter obstacles and stressors that challenge us to change. I also believe these moments present opportunities for transformation. I recognize that life transitions and personal experiences can sometimes be overwhelming, however they can also be valuable seasons with the potential to generate "peak and valley" experiences that can alter our life course.
"We delight in the beauty of the butterfly, but rarely admit the changes it has gone through to achieve that beauty." (Maya Angelou) I understand that as we experience life we will inevitably encounter obstacles and stressors that challenge us to change. I also believe these moments present opportunities for transformation. I recognize that life transitions and personal experiences can sometimes be overwhelming, however they can also be valuable seasons with the potential to generate "peak and valley" experiences that can alter our life course.
(310) 421-4476 View (310) 421-4476
Photo of Fidel Angel Quintanilla - Fidel Quintanilla, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Fidel Quintanilla
Marriage & Family Therapist, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90049  (Online Only)
You might be feeling overwhelmed, frustrated or stuck in a cycle of stress. My experience working with clients who work in high-stress careers gives me an understanding of work-life balance stress and having little time to work through anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma and grief/loss. Sessions with me are structured, direct, and we create goals and develop the tools to authentically and confidently confront your stress. With years of extensive training with hundreds of clients at a top treatment center in Southern California, I bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise to help you become a healthier you.
You might be feeling overwhelmed, frustrated or stuck in a cycle of stress. My experience working with clients who work in high-stress careers gives me an understanding of work-life balance stress and having little time to work through anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma and grief/loss. Sessions with me are structured, direct, and we create goals and develop the tools to authentically and confidently confront your stress. With years of extensive training with hundreds of clients at a top treatment center in Southern California, I bring a wealth of knowledge and expertise to help you become a healthier you.
(310) 987-4577 View (310) 987-4577
Photo of Cindy S Hyatt, LCSW CA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cindy S Hyatt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW CA
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90049
Therapy is a process of working together to help you identify your own strengths. I will help you experience new ways to create hope as well as solutions to the dilemmas you face. Therapy is very often chosen when people are stuck and don't know what else to do. This means that our coping style is probably no longer working. This becomes an opportunity to alter how we manage our emotions or behavior in order to be happier. As I get to know you, we will look at other more positive avenues to meet your goals, accept yourself, and learn to self-soothe.
Therapy is a process of working together to help you identify your own strengths. I will help you experience new ways to create hope as well as solutions to the dilemmas you face. Therapy is very often chosen when people are stuck and don't know what else to do. This means that our coping style is probably no longer working. This becomes an opportunity to alter how we manage our emotions or behavior in order to be happier. As I get to know you, we will look at other more positive avenues to meet your goals, accept yourself, and learn to self-soothe.
(424) 722-9184 View (424) 722-9184
Photo of Ana Mazdyasni, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ana Mazdyasni
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
You're fed up with the food roller coaster and feel trapped in a vicious cycle fighting with food and your body. Your anxiety feels debilitating and you wonder if obsessing worry will plague you for the rest of your life. You're lost and feel stuck about your next move -- what it is you actually want to do with your life, and who it is you actually want to be. Asking the right questions leads to the right answers. You've come to the right place. Together, we will unfold what's on the other side of those questions.
You're fed up with the food roller coaster and feel trapped in a vicious cycle fighting with food and your body. Your anxiety feels debilitating and you wonder if obsessing worry will plague you for the rest of your life. You're lost and feel stuck about your next move -- what it is you actually want to do with your life, and who it is you actually want to be. Asking the right questions leads to the right answers. You've come to the right place. Together, we will unfold what's on the other side of those questions.
(424) 835-6936 View (424) 835-6936
Photo of Arthur Sabian, MA, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Arthur Sabian
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90069  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed or stuck in life, struggling to start your day? Does nothing make sense? Or do you see the world through a lens in which you see no point? Then welcome to my practice, you deserve a trusting relationship based on support, authenticity, compassion, and a deep respect no matter who you are or the pain you have.
Are you feeling overwhelmed or stuck in life, struggling to start your day? Does nothing make sense? Or do you see the world through a lens in which you see no point? Then welcome to my practice, you deserve a trusting relationship based on support, authenticity, compassion, and a deep respect no matter who you are or the pain you have.
(424) 397-1155 View (424) 397-1155
Photo of Andrea Marie Sandoval - Andrea's Counseling, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Andrea's Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Is your life getting hard to manage? Do you find it harder and harder to cope feelings of sadness, guilt, or stress? Are these issues affecting you at work, in relationships, or at home? Are you wondering if things will ever get better? Can your marriage/relationship work after trust has been broken? You are not alone, these are concerns and questions that many individuals and couples ask.
Is your life getting hard to manage? Do you find it harder and harder to cope feelings of sadness, guilt, or stress? Are these issues affecting you at work, in relationships, or at home? Are you wondering if things will ever get better? Can your marriage/relationship work after trust has been broken? You are not alone, these are concerns and questions that many individuals and couples ask.
(623) 624-9494 View (623) 624-9494
Photo of Anne Galbraith, PsyD, LMFT, ATR, CDP, Marriage & Family Therapist
Anne Galbraith
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT, ATR, CDP
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90025
Hi there, I'm Anne. Do you ever feel overwhelmed by all the changes life can bring? Do you struggle with complicated feelings such as sadness, anger, fear, worry, anxiety, jealousy, and guilt? Is it challenging to be kind to yourself? Would you like to feel less stressed and find a sense of well-being? I offer a compassionate approach, and together we can identify what's not working and develop skills to cultivate personal growth and resilience. I use a client-centered approach to address the needs of your mind, body, and spirit.
Hi there, I'm Anne. Do you ever feel overwhelmed by all the changes life can bring? Do you struggle with complicated feelings such as sadness, anger, fear, worry, anxiety, jealousy, and guilt? Is it challenging to be kind to yourself? Would you like to feel less stressed and find a sense of well-being? I offer a compassionate approach, and together we can identify what's not working and develop skills to cultivate personal growth and resilience. I use a client-centered approach to address the needs of your mind, body, and spirit.
(323) 673-3172 View (323) 673-3172
Photo of Kevin Offhaus, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kevin Offhaus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024  (Online Only)
I utilize an eclectic and integrative approach based on the treatment needs of my clients, following best practices and evidenced-based treatment interventions. I feel one of the most important aspects of therapy is to help clients understand the context in which they are experiencing symptoms.
I utilize an eclectic and integrative approach based on the treatment needs of my clients, following best practices and evidenced-based treatment interventions. I feel one of the most important aspects of therapy is to help clients understand the context in which they are experiencing symptoms.
(424) 800-4152 View (424) 800-4152
Photo of Eleana Coll, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eleana Coll
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 91335
I am Eleana Coll, with LCSW 87111. I am a bilingual/bicultural Spanish-speaking Psychotherapist with many years of experience working with children, adults, adolescents, and families who have experienced trauma, abuse, crime victimization, and immigration/acculturation issues. The clientele I serve is mainly Spanish-speaking Immigrants. My therapeutic approach is to create a positive, humanistic relationship and environment to help you process and resolve those difficulties and strive for balance in your life. I use positive communication to create a safe and nurturing session environment.
I am Eleana Coll, with LCSW 87111. I am a bilingual/bicultural Spanish-speaking Psychotherapist with many years of experience working with children, adults, adolescents, and families who have experienced trauma, abuse, crime victimization, and immigration/acculturation issues. The clientele I serve is mainly Spanish-speaking Immigrants. My therapeutic approach is to create a positive, humanistic relationship and environment to help you process and resolve those difficulties and strive for balance in your life. I use positive communication to create a safe and nurturing session environment.
(818) 452-2262 View (818) 452-2262
Photo of James McLindon, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
James McLindon
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90048
When we are feeling depressed, anxious, frustrated or stagnant, that’s a signal that something is pinching us off from our natural wellbeing. What is that thing or things? Psychotherapy is one pathway to understanding. Through therapeutic conversation, we will explore different ideas and experiment with new thoughts & behaviors to unpinch ourselves and allow our natural wellbeing to flow. And, as we feel increased satisfaction about our life, we are open to increased satisfaction in our relationships, work and future.
When we are feeling depressed, anxious, frustrated or stagnant, that’s a signal that something is pinching us off from our natural wellbeing. What is that thing or things? Psychotherapy is one pathway to understanding. Through therapeutic conversation, we will explore different ideas and experiment with new thoughts & behaviors to unpinch ourselves and allow our natural wellbeing to flow. And, as we feel increased satisfaction about our life, we are open to increased satisfaction in our relationships, work and future.
(310) 742-8590 View (310) 742-8590
Photo of Erin Wigger, MA, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Erin Wigger
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90034  (Online Only)
Therapy seeks to address the patterns and unresolved material unique to each of us which hampers our ability to connect meaningfully with others and limits our capacity for joy. I work with couples and individuals looking to deepen their understanding of themselves and work collaboratively to cultivate curiosity, authenticity, honesty, self-compassion, and the ability to tolerate difficult feelings. I use a combination of gestalt therapy, psychodynamic therapy, relational therapy, EMDR, and somatic interventions when working with individuals. My couple’s work is mainly inspired by family systems theory and imago therapy.
Therapy seeks to address the patterns and unresolved material unique to each of us which hampers our ability to connect meaningfully with others and limits our capacity for joy. I work with couples and individuals looking to deepen their understanding of themselves and work collaboratively to cultivate curiosity, authenticity, honesty, self-compassion, and the ability to tolerate difficult feelings. I use a combination of gestalt therapy, psychodynamic therapy, relational therapy, EMDR, and somatic interventions when working with individuals. My couple’s work is mainly inspired by family systems theory and imago therapy.
(310) 986-3240 View (310) 986-3240
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.