Therapists in San Mateo, CA

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Photo of Garine Kevranian, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Garine Kevranian
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94402  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome. Are you needing support? Maybe you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or as if something needs to change. Maybe you are looking to know yourself deeper. I come from a place of radical compassion and attunement and believe everyone has innate wisdom, strengths, and coping skills that I hope to help illuminate in collaboration with each person.
Welcome. Are you needing support? Maybe you feel overwhelmed, stuck, or as if something needs to change. Maybe you are looking to know yourself deeper. I come from a place of radical compassion and attunement and believe everyone has innate wisdom, strengths, and coping skills that I hope to help illuminate in collaboration with each person.
(650) 719-5335 View (650) 719-5335
Photo of Sonia Paz, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sonia Paz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94401
Congratulations on taking the first step towards a happier, fuller and more fulfilling life that you deserve. I have been working with individuals, couples and families since 2008. As a Marriage and Family Therapist I am committed to help you resolve your life, career, family and relationship challenges.
Congratulations on taking the first step towards a happier, fuller and more fulfilling life that you deserve. I have been working with individuals, couples and families since 2008. As a Marriage and Family Therapist I am committed to help you resolve your life, career, family and relationship challenges.
(650) 547-8908 View (650) 547-8908
Photo of Laurel Elliott, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Laurel Elliott
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94401  (Online Only)
Hi, I’m Laurel. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and trained Drama Therapist based in California. I received my Master’s in Counseling Psychology and Drama Therapy. I help BIPOC/PGM, adults, teenagers and preteens (10-12) with stress management/coping skills, identity struggles, peer relationships and life transitions.
Hi, I’m Laurel. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and trained Drama Therapist based in California. I received my Master’s in Counseling Psychology and Drama Therapy. I help BIPOC/PGM, adults, teenagers and preteens (10-12) with stress management/coping skills, identity struggles, peer relationships and life transitions.
(858) 331-8512 View (858) 331-8512
Photo of Karol J Markowitz, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Karol J Markowitz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94402
Waitlist for new clients
The individuals who typically seek my help are adults and parents with children 0-5 who are struggling with depression, PTSD, painful early childhood memories, trauma and neglect, anxiety, abusive relationships and other complex life transitions. In addition, I support parents/caregivers who are struggling with children's challenging behavior and trying to understand the meaning of it. I have extensive experience working with children and supporting their development and emotional regulation.
The individuals who typically seek my help are adults and parents with children 0-5 who are struggling with depression, PTSD, painful early childhood memories, trauma and neglect, anxiety, abusive relationships and other complex life transitions. In addition, I support parents/caregivers who are struggling with children's challenging behavior and trying to understand the meaning of it. I have extensive experience working with children and supporting their development and emotional regulation.
(650) 525-2231 View (650) 525-2231
Photo of Shannon Cotter, AMFT, APCC, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Shannon Cotter
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94402  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and Associate Professional Clinical Counselor offering Individual Therapy, Couples Therapy, and Family Therapy in the virtual setting. I work with clientele experiencing anxiety, life transitions, career changes, new health diagnoses, and those working on identity development. I enjoy getting to know each client and working collaboratively to support them as they move through their process. I am supervised by Paul Lucich, LMFT 00198 who has been in practice for over a decade and is trained in DBT and CBT practices.
Hello! I am an Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and Associate Professional Clinical Counselor offering Individual Therapy, Couples Therapy, and Family Therapy in the virtual setting. I work with clientele experiencing anxiety, life transitions, career changes, new health diagnoses, and those working on identity development. I enjoy getting to know each client and working collaboratively to support them as they move through their process. I am supervised by Paul Lucich, LMFT 00198 who has been in practice for over a decade and is trained in DBT and CBT practices.
(650) 729-9923 View (650) 729-9923
Photo of Sahibou Oumarou - 'Mind Your Stories & Live Well', PhD,  MA
'Mind Your Stories & Live Well'
PhD, MA
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94403
I am a Transpersonal Psychologist, Clinical Hypnotherapist, and Life Coach. My approach to healing is diverse and integrative. I use a combination of my skills to help clients progress in their lives, addressing their core needs to feel well, love and be loved, achieve success, and find fulfillment. I am equipped with a broad range of skills to meet these essential needs.
I am a Transpersonal Psychologist, Clinical Hypnotherapist, and Life Coach. My approach to healing is diverse and integrative. I use a combination of my skills to help clients progress in their lives, addressing their core needs to feel well, love and be loved, achieve success, and find fulfillment. I am equipped with a broad range of skills to meet these essential needs.
(650) 618-2204 View (650) 618-2204
Photo of Roger Grossman - Partners For Life Therapy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Partners For Life Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94401  (Online Only)
Marriage is an intimate partnership that requires sharing yourself with someone else. A partnership between two people who have made a commitment to each other. This commitment has to be considered more important than any individual desire. The relationship has to come first. Couples therapy is a positive experience. It brings couples closer and makes life less stressful. Therapy adds a new dimension to your mutual communication. It may be hard to hear from your partner at first, but you may find that your mountainous challenges are really molehills.
Marriage is an intimate partnership that requires sharing yourself with someone else. A partnership between two people who have made a commitment to each other. This commitment has to be considered more important than any individual desire. The relationship has to come first. Couples therapy is a positive experience. It brings couples closer and makes life less stressful. Therapy adds a new dimension to your mutual communication. It may be hard to hear from your partner at first, but you may find that your mountainous challenges are really molehills.
(341) 999-2223 View (341) 999-2223
Photo of Elizabeth Burkett, AMFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Elizabeth Burkett
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94402
I am passionate about providing therapy to individuals from childhood to adulthood experiencing a variety of challenges including anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and grief, as well as people wanting to explore relationship dynamics and identity. My approach is warm, collaborative, and culturally attuned, drawing from a range of therapeutic models to target each client’s specific needs.
I am passionate about providing therapy to individuals from childhood to adulthood experiencing a variety of challenges including anxiety, depression, life transitions, trauma, and grief, as well as people wanting to explore relationship dynamics and identity. My approach is warm, collaborative, and culturally attuned, drawing from a range of therapeutic models to target each client’s specific needs.
(415) 903-6511 View (415) 903-6511
Photo of Eddie(Edna) Arbetman, MS, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eddie(Edna) Arbetman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94401
I have had my MFT license for over twenty five years. I consider myself fortunate to be able to help my clients develop curiosity, and increase understanding of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and to enable them to move towards the kind of changes thay want in their lives. While i specialize in children and families i have worked with people on a variety of psychological concerns including family stress, relationship issues, trauma, parenting, adoption and anxiety and depression.
I have had my MFT license for over twenty five years. I consider myself fortunate to be able to help my clients develop curiosity, and increase understanding of their feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and to enable them to move towards the kind of changes thay want in their lives. While i specialize in children and families i have worked with people on a variety of psychological concerns including family stress, relationship issues, trauma, parenting, adoption and anxiety and depression.
(415) 689-9463 View (415) 689-9463
Photo of Maria Levy Downs - Maria Levy Downs Psychotherapy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maria Levy Downs Psychotherapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94401
I believe for therapy to be effective, there must be established trust, a willingness to be vulnerable and a commitment to be authentic. I work with those seeking for a more balanced sense of themselves. My style is direct, transparent, insight-oriented and Psychodynamic. I use cognitive behavioral techniques and evidence based practices to help clients achieve their goals of working through depression, managing anxiety, replenishing caregiver-burnt out and coping with life stress. I am a family educator and also believe a sense of humor (when appropriate), is necessary for this line of work. Certified SoulCollage® facilitator.
I believe for therapy to be effective, there must be established trust, a willingness to be vulnerable and a commitment to be authentic. I work with those seeking for a more balanced sense of themselves. My style is direct, transparent, insight-oriented and Psychodynamic. I use cognitive behavioral techniques and evidence based practices to help clients achieve their goals of working through depression, managing anxiety, replenishing caregiver-burnt out and coping with life stress. I am a family educator and also believe a sense of humor (when appropriate), is necessary for this line of work. Certified SoulCollage® facilitator.
(650) 435-4348 View (650) 435-4348
Photo of Nicole Barr, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nicole Barr
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94404
If you are here, you are motivated to make some changes: I provide, practical, evidence based approaches to improving relationships (premarital, transitions such as parenting, co-parenting) or coping with life stressors, particularly when medical issues (cancer, grief, fertility issues) or one partner's mental health issues are involved. As an LMFT who is also a nurse practitioner, I bring a unique perspective to my counseling practice. My clients ideally experience peace of mind, greater closeness in your relationships, and discover new ways of coping and finding joy even in difficult circumstances.
If you are here, you are motivated to make some changes: I provide, practical, evidence based approaches to improving relationships (premarital, transitions such as parenting, co-parenting) or coping with life stressors, particularly when medical issues (cancer, grief, fertility issues) or one partner's mental health issues are involved. As an LMFT who is also a nurse practitioner, I bring a unique perspective to my counseling practice. My clients ideally experience peace of mind, greater closeness in your relationships, and discover new ways of coping and finding joy even in difficult circumstances.
(415) 843-7846 View (415) 843-7846
Photo of Marybeth Viglione, PhD, Psychologist
Marybeth Viglione
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94402
Do you find yourself repeating unhealthy patterns? Or overwhelmed or immobilized by fears, despair, or changes beyond your control? excessively worried, irritable or on edge? spiraling downwards? feeling helpless and alone? You may have symptoms of anxiety, depression, or stress. They can impact your overall quality of life and your day-to-day functioning. They can also lead to misunderstandings in your relationships with loved ones at home, friends, or co-workers on the job. Fortunately, through psychotherapy, you can regain a sense of personal direction over your life, find new solutions, and feel good about your decisions.
Do you find yourself repeating unhealthy patterns? Or overwhelmed or immobilized by fears, despair, or changes beyond your control? excessively worried, irritable or on edge? spiraling downwards? feeling helpless and alone? You may have symptoms of anxiety, depression, or stress. They can impact your overall quality of life and your day-to-day functioning. They can also lead to misunderstandings in your relationships with loved ones at home, friends, or co-workers on the job. Fortunately, through psychotherapy, you can regain a sense of personal direction over your life, find new solutions, and feel good about your decisions.
(650) 385-8161 View (650) 385-8161
Photo of Aimee G Jordan, PsyD, Psychologist
Aimee G Jordan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94402
Do you want to learn to live in the present with a sense of peace? I want to support you in developing more balance and insight in your life. My holistic approach to therapy will strive to bring you closer to the person you want to be. My mission is to support the well-being of the whole person, thoughts, feelings, behavior, body and spirit. My practice is created out of the desire to provide the highest quality behavioral health care, which promotes wellness and prevention along with treatment.
Do you want to learn to live in the present with a sense of peace? I want to support you in developing more balance and insight in your life. My holistic approach to therapy will strive to bring you closer to the person you want to be. My mission is to support the well-being of the whole person, thoughts, feelings, behavior, body and spirit. My practice is created out of the desire to provide the highest quality behavioral health care, which promotes wellness and prevention along with treatment.
(650) 529-4977 View (650) 529-4977
Photo of Tracy De Soto - Tracy De Soto MFT, MFT, LPC, CCTP-II, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tracy De Soto MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LPC, CCTP-II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94401  (Online Only)
Are you neurospicy?! Welcome! Being a woman with autism can make you feel invisible and marginalized. From a young age, many of us navigate a world that expects us to fit into narrow social norms, constantly masking our true selves to blend in. The struggle to decode social cues, manage sensory overload, and process overwhelming emotions can feel isolating and exhausting. In childhood, we are often labeled shy or aloof when in reality, we were grappling with sensory sensitivities or struggling to express ourselves verbally. As we grow into adolescence and adulthood, the pressure to conform to societal expectations intensifies.
Are you neurospicy?! Welcome! Being a woman with autism can make you feel invisible and marginalized. From a young age, many of us navigate a world that expects us to fit into narrow social norms, constantly masking our true selves to blend in. The struggle to decode social cues, manage sensory overload, and process overwhelming emotions can feel isolating and exhausting. In childhood, we are often labeled shy or aloof when in reality, we were grappling with sensory sensitivities or struggling to express ourselves verbally. As we grow into adolescence and adulthood, the pressure to conform to societal expectations intensifies.
(415) 301-6877 View (415) 301-6877
Photo of Kim Bausback, PhD, Psychologist
Kim Bausback
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94403
I work with children, teens, and adults conducting compassionate, client-centered psychotherapy and psychoeducational evaluations. I specialize in working with individuals going through life changes and adjustments, anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disorders, and autism spectrum disorder.
I work with children, teens, and adults conducting compassionate, client-centered psychotherapy and psychoeducational evaluations. I specialize in working with individuals going through life changes and adjustments, anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disorders, and autism spectrum disorder.
(650) 459-5983 View (650) 459-5983
Photo of Panayiotis Frangos, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Panayiotis Frangos
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94402
I am licensed from the Board of Behavioral Sciences as a Marriage Family Therapist.  I graduated from Notre Dame de Namur with a Master's in Science Clinical Psychology MFT.  I was born in Greece and moved to the United States as a child, and have been a California Bay Area native ever since.  Growing up in a Greek household, I am able to speak Greek fluently and I am proficient in Spanish.  In my spare time, I am also learning Mandarin Chinese as languages are a passion of mine.
I am licensed from the Board of Behavioral Sciences as a Marriage Family Therapist.  I graduated from Notre Dame de Namur with a Master's in Science Clinical Psychology MFT.  I was born in Greece and moved to the United States as a child, and have been a California Bay Area native ever since.  Growing up in a Greek household, I am able to speak Greek fluently and I am proficient in Spanish.  In my spare time, I am also learning Mandarin Chinese as languages are a passion of mine.
(650) 525-2494 View (650) 525-2494
Photo of Pamela M Levy, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Pamela M Levy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94402  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that each client deserves to be respected and valued. I create a warm and caring environment where clients feel empowered to uncover old patterns, make changes when needed, and learn new coping skills to successfully meet the challenges of life's transitions. My aim is to increase self awareness and insight while offering support. I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families, and I see adolescents and adults. I offer online services using a HIPPA compliant video platform. For more information, visit my website www.pamelalevymft.com.
I believe that each client deserves to be respected and valued. I create a warm and caring environment where clients feel empowered to uncover old patterns, make changes when needed, and learn new coping skills to successfully meet the challenges of life's transitions. My aim is to increase self awareness and insight while offering support. I enjoy working with individuals, couples and families, and I see adolescents and adults. I offer online services using a HIPPA compliant video platform. For more information, visit my website www.pamelalevymft.com.
(650) 924-9732 View (650) 924-9732
Photo of Michelle Bialon-Choy, LCSW, PPSC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Bialon-Choy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94403  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Life throws a lot at us and finding a therapist that you really connect with can make all the difference. We all have the ability to heal and grow but sometimes we need skillful help to make it happen. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker/Therapist with more than 15 years of experience. My approach is warm, direct, compassionate and down-to-earth. Building genuine relationships with my clients enables us to work collaboratively and focus on deeply personalized treatment. I received my Masters in Social Work from UCLA in 2003 and specialize in couples counseling, parenting, teen issues, anxiety, depression and relationship skills.
Life throws a lot at us and finding a therapist that you really connect with can make all the difference. We all have the ability to heal and grow but sometimes we need skillful help to make it happen. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker/Therapist with more than 15 years of experience. My approach is warm, direct, compassionate and down-to-earth. Building genuine relationships with my clients enables us to work collaboratively and focus on deeply personalized treatment. I received my Masters in Social Work from UCLA in 2003 and specialize in couples counseling, parenting, teen issues, anxiety, depression and relationship skills.
(650) 505-5729 View (650) 505-5729
Photo of Steven Barney, MS, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Steven Barney
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
San Mateo, CA 94404
I am passionate about collaborating with you in moving your life towards a more whole, productive and vibrant self. I will assist you, being directive when appropriate, but with grace and patient sensitivity. I love to help individuals, couples, families and organizations develop their communication skills; and thereby, improve their relationships and overall family and organizational lives. I have an easy relaxed style, caring heart that also allows me to speak straight when there is need.
I am passionate about collaborating with you in moving your life towards a more whole, productive and vibrant self. I will assist you, being directive when appropriate, but with grace and patient sensitivity. I love to help individuals, couples, families and organizations develop their communication skills; and thereby, improve their relationships and overall family and organizational lives. I have an easy relaxed style, caring heart that also allows me to speak straight when there is need.
(650) 241-4256 View (650) 241-4256
Photo of Lynda Lynette Johnson-Basuino, MA, BCPC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lynda Lynette Johnson-Basuino
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, BCPC
Verified Verified
San Mateo, CA 94401
"Sometimes a little insight makes all the difference." I'm an experienced counselor who overcomes the obstacles of every day living despite vision loss. My specialty is helping people navigate through life altering crises such as the trauma of chronic health issues, divorce, job loss, behavior concerns in children, adolescence and teens. In my practice, I see people who are experiencing depression, anxiety, anger, PTSD, and the emotional responses to vision loss and blindness. I've been counseling for 25 years and I'm in the examination process of licensure. This is my passion. I look forward to working with you.
"Sometimes a little insight makes all the difference." I'm an experienced counselor who overcomes the obstacles of every day living despite vision loss. My specialty is helping people navigate through life altering crises such as the trauma of chronic health issues, divorce, job loss, behavior concerns in children, adolescence and teens. In my practice, I see people who are experiencing depression, anxiety, anger, PTSD, and the emotional responses to vision loss and blindness. I've been counseling for 25 years and I'm in the examination process of licensure. This is my passion. I look forward to working with you.
(650) 504-1650 View (650) 504-1650
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Mateo, CA

500+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in San Mateo, CA who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
66% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Aetna
52% Cigna and Evernorth
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in San Mateo, CA see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Mateo?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.