Therapists in Saint Catharines, ON

Photo of Amanda Peters, BSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Amanda Peters
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
In - person child, family and maternal therapist. Every aspect of family life has complexities and challenges. Whether you are trying to start or grow your family, you are expecting a baby, you are new parents, or in the thick of parenting- I’m here to journey alongside you through these seasons! My passion has always been in supporting children and their families, and has deepened and expanded to parent coaching and maternal mental health since becoming a mom to three sweet kiddos!
In - person child, family and maternal therapist. Every aspect of family life has complexities and challenges. Whether you are trying to start or grow your family, you are expecting a baby, you are new parents, or in the thick of parenting- I’m here to journey alongside you through these seasons! My passion has always been in supporting children and their families, and has deepened and expanded to parent coaching and maternal mental health since becoming a mom to three sweet kiddos!
(289) 278-8854 View (289) 278-8854
Photo of Maryann Tries, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Maryann Tries
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Sometimes events and relational experiences from earlier parts of our life can impact our present in ways that may be outside our conscious awareness. Our work together is to help you make meaning out of these experiences and explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that may still be impacting on an unconscious level and keeping you from reaching your goals.
Sometimes events and relational experiences from earlier parts of our life can impact our present in ways that may be outside our conscious awareness. Our work together is to help you make meaning out of these experiences and explore thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that may still be impacting on an unconscious level and keeping you from reaching your goals.
(289) 301-8231 View (289) 301-8231
Photo of Julia Biamonte - Julia Biamonte Therapy for Individuals and Couples, MSc , RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Julia Biamonte Therapy for Individuals and Couples
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc , RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R  (Online Only)
My goal is to create a safe space for you to explore your current challenges, while empowering you to heal and understand your true self. I work with individuals, and couples, and offer a free consultation to see if I am the right therapist to support you on this journey. To me, expressing and uncovering needs and creating boundaries are an imperative practice in therapy. I believe life experiences have great impact in shaping our views of the world and will collaborate with you to find your own unique path of growth and change. I hold an anti-oppressive stance, so that you can feel validated and safely explore your experiences.
My goal is to create a safe space for you to explore your current challenges, while empowering you to heal and understand your true self. I work with individuals, and couples, and offer a free consultation to see if I am the right therapist to support you on this journey. To me, expressing and uncovering needs and creating boundaries are an imperative practice in therapy. I believe life experiences have great impact in shaping our views of the world and will collaborate with you to find your own unique path of growth and change. I hold an anti-oppressive stance, so that you can feel validated and safely explore your experiences.
(365) 803-5187 View (365) 803-5187
Photo of Theresa McAdam - Magnolia Counselling Centre Niagara , MSW , RSW, EMDR, Registered Social Worker
Magnolia Counselling Centre Niagara
Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2R  (Online Only)
Theresa McAdam is Registered Social Worker within Ontario with almost 20 years of experience working with individuals dealing with trauma and mental health. Theresa specializes in the areas of trauma; domestic violence (for men & women); family abuse; anger; depression; anxiety; grief; health challenges; and life transitions. Theresa works with couples and with people experiencing divorce and separation. Theresa also works with first responders and return to work programs. Theresa works alongside her clients to provide education, therapeutic support, and empowerment as they work through their emotional challenges.
Theresa McAdam is Registered Social Worker within Ontario with almost 20 years of experience working with individuals dealing with trauma and mental health. Theresa specializes in the areas of trauma; domestic violence (for men & women); family abuse; anger; depression; anxiety; grief; health challenges; and life transitions. Theresa works with couples and with people experiencing divorce and separation. Theresa also works with first responders and return to work programs. Theresa works alongside her clients to provide education, therapeutic support, and empowerment as they work through their emotional challenges.
(289) 272-9478 View (289) 272-9478
Photo of Colleen Johnson, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Colleen Johnson
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
I am now accepting clients in person and online. Flexible appointments with evenings and weekends available.. I am a registered psychotherapist dedicated to meeting you where you are in life. I have been using evidence-based interventions for over 20 years. Seeking support through counselling is a courageous step. I want to take the step with you at a pace you feel comfortable with.
I am now accepting clients in person and online. Flexible appointments with evenings and weekends available.. I am a registered psychotherapist dedicated to meeting you where you are in life. I have been using evidence-based interventions for over 20 years. Seeking support through counselling is a courageous step. I want to take the step with you at a pace you feel comfortable with.
(365) 803-5008 View (365) 803-5008
Photo of Kimberley L Shilson, MA, CPsych, Psychologist
Kimberley L Shilson
Psychologist, MA, CPsych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2M
I would be honoured to walk beside you for a portion of your journey. Many of us have had earlier experiences that impact our ability to work, love, play, or achieve our full potential. By exploring the connections between body, mind and emotions, you can overcome barriers and move forward. You are courageous in taking this first step ... whether you are seeking a psychological assessment for school or work-related challenges, trauma treatment, struggling with mood or anxiety-related concerns, or dealing with LGBTQ-specific questions.
I would be honoured to walk beside you for a portion of your journey. Many of us have had earlier experiences that impact our ability to work, love, play, or achieve our full potential. By exploring the connections between body, mind and emotions, you can overcome barriers and move forward. You are courageous in taking this first step ... whether you are seeking a psychological assessment for school or work-related challenges, trauma treatment, struggling with mood or anxiety-related concerns, or dealing with LGBTQ-specific questions.
(647) 556-2443 View (647) 556-2443
Photo of Kelli Nicholson, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Kelli Nicholson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Lifeline for the Frontline is a service that offers information, resources and therapy specific to the needs of first responders and their families. Before becoming a therapist I was a police officer in the Niagara Region for 10 years and a child protection worker for 5 years. I know first hand how crucial it is for frontline professions to recognize and address how operational responsibilities impact their mental health and overall well being. I offer both individual and group therapy to first responders and adult family member's as well as re-integration therapy.
Lifeline for the Frontline is a service that offers information, resources and therapy specific to the needs of first responders and their families. Before becoming a therapist I was a police officer in the Niagara Region for 10 years and a child protection worker for 5 years. I know first hand how crucial it is for frontline professions to recognize and address how operational responsibilities impact their mental health and overall well being. I offer both individual and group therapy to first responders and adult family member's as well as re-integration therapy.
(289) 512-2753 View (289) 512-2753
Photo of Lily Repa, PsyD, Psychologist
Lily Repa
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
I offer integrative, evidenced-based interventions primarily informed by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for the treatment of a variety of mental health and wellness concerns. I work with patients with mood disorders, insomnia, issues of emotion regulation, life stressors and transitions, and relationship conflict. I also have particular experience and passion for treating anxiety, OCD, and related disorders.
I offer integrative, evidenced-based interventions primarily informed by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for the treatment of a variety of mental health and wellness concerns. I work with patients with mood disorders, insomnia, issues of emotion regulation, life stressors and transitions, and relationship conflict. I also have particular experience and passion for treating anxiety, OCD, and related disorders.
(289) 207-0472 View (289) 207-0472
Photo of Lisa Cecckin - LC Counselling, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
LC Counselling
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2M
Waitlist for new clients
Lisa Cecckin is a Registered Social Worker, and obtained her Masters Degree in Social Work from McMaster University. She has been practicing social work for over 20 years in the fields of mental health, addiction, youth, emerging adults, and families. Her work experiences have provided her with diverse opportunities for both individual and family work. Lisa is passionate about helping individuals build resiliency so they can overcome their obstacles.
Lisa Cecckin is a Registered Social Worker, and obtained her Masters Degree in Social Work from McMaster University. She has been practicing social work for over 20 years in the fields of mental health, addiction, youth, emerging adults, and families. Her work experiences have provided her with diverse opportunities for both individual and family work. Lisa is passionate about helping individuals build resiliency so they can overcome their obstacles.
(365) 305-0473 View (365) 305-0473
Photo of Brianna van Hooydonk, RP, CCC, CTP, Registered Psychotherapist
Brianna van Hooydonk
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CCC, CTP
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
I am a Registered Psychotherapist and Certified Canadian Counsellor. My goal as a therapist is to work with clients to help overcome challenges and obstacles and make positive changes, recognizing their strengths and gaining a feeling of control over their lives. I work with children and adults struggling with trauma, eating disorders, and mood disorders.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist and Certified Canadian Counsellor. My goal as a therapist is to work with clients to help overcome challenges and obstacles and make positive changes, recognizing their strengths and gaining a feeling of control over their lives. I work with children and adults struggling with trauma, eating disorders, and mood disorders.
(289) 217-4892 View (289) 217-4892
Photo of Suzanne Marie Zook-Johnston, RP, DMFT
Suzanne Marie Zook-Johnston
RP, DMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Catharines, ON L2W
Do you suffer from anxiety and/or depression? Are you currently struggling with life's challenges? What about your relationships, are you experiencing difficulties? I believe we all have moments when we need someone to talk to and someone who can understand. Because I am a mature therapist, I am able to blend my life experience with my education and help those who are struggling emotionally, relationally and/or mentally with life's challenges. Furthermore, I believe articulating clear counselling goals and formulating solid treatment plans can help achieve your desired outcomes.
Do you suffer from anxiety and/or depression? Are you currently struggling with life's challenges? What about your relationships, are you experiencing difficulties? I believe we all have moments when we need someone to talk to and someone who can understand. Because I am a mature therapist, I am able to blend my life experience with my education and help those who are struggling emotionally, relationally and/or mentally with life's challenges. Furthermore, I believe articulating clear counselling goals and formulating solid treatment plans can help achieve your desired outcomes.
(289) 769-9031 View (289) 769-9031
Photo of Sabrina Moosa, MACP, Registered Psychotherapist
Sabrina Moosa
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2W  (Online Only)
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with experience supporting people with a wide range of concerns from depression, anxiety, phobias, and relationship issues. If you are feeling stuck, have negative thoughts, anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, grief, trauma, interpersonal challenges or re-defining yourself in an unsatisfactory relationship I work through a holistic and culturally sensitive therapy approach to aid in reaching your desired goals.
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with experience supporting people with a wide range of concerns from depression, anxiety, phobias, and relationship issues. If you are feeling stuck, have negative thoughts, anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, grief, trauma, interpersonal challenges or re-defining yourself in an unsatisfactory relationship I work through a holistic and culturally sensitive therapy approach to aid in reaching your desired goals.
(289) 217-9712 View (289) 217-9712
Photo of Tracy Hofland - Tracy Hofland Counselling, BA, CYC, Counsellor
Tracy Hofland Counselling
Counsellor, BA, CYC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2M
Tracy has almost 2 decades of experience counselling and supporting children, teens and their parents and families. Having worked in the schools and private practice with a unique understanding about how to best support children’s needs at home and school while providing effective strategies for parents and children and teachers. Tracy has a unique way of connecting with children and putting both the child and parents at ease with her integrity and openness. She is deeply rooted in her Christian faith and brings a biblical approach to her work if that is what you desire. But Tracy is also comfortable and effective
Tracy has almost 2 decades of experience counselling and supporting children, teens and their parents and families. Having worked in the schools and private practice with a unique understanding about how to best support children’s needs at home and school while providing effective strategies for parents and children and teachers. Tracy has a unique way of connecting with children and putting both the child and parents at ease with her integrity and openness. She is deeply rooted in her Christian faith and brings a biblical approach to her work if that is what you desire. But Tracy is also comfortable and effective
(289) 206-5342 View (289) 206-5342
Photo of Stephanie Colic, MACP, BA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Stephanie Colic
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, BA, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Are you living in survival mode? Do you struggle with emotions and saying what you feel? Do you want to start "doing the work" on yourself but you're not sure where to start? You are not alone, and the first step can be the hardest. Through the years, I have been privileged with providing therapy to children, youth and adults as they have overcome depression, anxiety, symptoms of trauma, addictions and family violence.
Are you living in survival mode? Do you struggle with emotions and saying what you feel? Do you want to start "doing the work" on yourself but you're not sure where to start? You are not alone, and the first step can be the hardest. Through the years, I have been privileged with providing therapy to children, youth and adults as they have overcome depression, anxiety, symptoms of trauma, addictions and family violence.
(289) 312-3917 View (289) 312-3917
Photo of Vanessa Nixon @ Peaceful Minds, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Vanessa Nixon @ Peaceful Minds
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Most of the people you know would say you seem just fine. But really, you feel like you're just going through the motions on autopilot. You put on a smile when you actually feel sad, numb, hopeless, angry, overwhelmed or all of the above. Feelings of fear, shame and guilt guide your choices. You've lost interest in things you used to enjoy and find yourself preferring to stay home and isolate because it just feels easier. Maybe you've started having anxiety and/or panic attacks. Now you can't sleep well and have started to engage in self destructive thoughts and behaviours. You just don’t feel like yourself.
Most of the people you know would say you seem just fine. But really, you feel like you're just going through the motions on autopilot. You put on a smile when you actually feel sad, numb, hopeless, angry, overwhelmed or all of the above. Feelings of fear, shame and guilt guide your choices. You've lost interest in things you used to enjoy and find yourself preferring to stay home and isolate because it just feels easier. Maybe you've started having anxiety and/or panic attacks. Now you can't sleep well and have started to engage in self destructive thoughts and behaviours. You just don’t feel like yourself.
(905) 933-7408 View (905) 933-7408
Photo of Lina Somma, BA, MA, RP-Q, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Lina Somma
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MA, RP-Q
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
Are you struggling with anxiety and depression? It can be easy to become overwhelmed, overstimulated and experience decision burnout with everyday stressors. I use an integrative and collaborative approach to address challenges and help make change in your life. I am experienced in treating depression, anxiety, stress, self esteem, relationship and lack of coping skills. I specialize in domestic violence, chronic pain, substance use and mood disorders. Together we can begin to identify the challenges, create a plan and make change in your life.
Are you struggling with anxiety and depression? It can be easy to become overwhelmed, overstimulated and experience decision burnout with everyday stressors. I use an integrative and collaborative approach to address challenges and help make change in your life. I am experienced in treating depression, anxiety, stress, self esteem, relationship and lack of coping skills. I specialize in domestic violence, chronic pain, substance use and mood disorders. Together we can begin to identify the challenges, create a plan and make change in your life.
(289) 677-1591 View (289) 677-1591
Photo of Elizabeth Stoakley, MA, Registered Psychotherapist
Elizabeth Stoakley
Registered Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2M
Welcome! I believe that people can change their lives for the better, and my objective as a therapist is to help you meet your personal goals. I have experience helping people with many different challenges including stress, anxiety, panic attacks, depression, insomnia, grief/loss, coping with chronic conditions, and recovery from accidents or injuries,.
Welcome! I believe that people can change their lives for the better, and my objective as a therapist is to help you meet your personal goals. I have experience helping people with many different challenges including stress, anxiety, panic attacks, depression, insomnia, grief/loss, coping with chronic conditions, and recovery from accidents or injuries,.
(365) 544-4018 View (365) 544-4018
Photo of Kevin MacDonald, PhD, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Kevin MacDonald
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2R
I trust in your ability to find your unique way forward. You might feel stuck, uncertain, or overwhelmed, but that is a normal step in the process. I'll do my best to help by giving you a supportive space, genuine feedback, and informed ideas that can help you make sense of your challenges and recognize your strengths. In therapy, I prioritize personal reflection and experimentation with new strategies. You have your own expertise, I'll bring mine, and when we work together with open minds, positive change is possible.
I trust in your ability to find your unique way forward. You might feel stuck, uncertain, or overwhelmed, but that is a normal step in the process. I'll do my best to help by giving you a supportive space, genuine feedback, and informed ideas that can help you make sense of your challenges and recognize your strengths. In therapy, I prioritize personal reflection and experimentation with new strategies. You have your own expertise, I'll bring mine, and when we work together with open minds, positive change is possible.
(365) 602-1112 View (365) 602-1112
Photo of Stacey Stemplowski - Grounding Balance Wellness & Psychotherapy, Registered Psychotherapist
Grounding Balance Wellness & Psychotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2N
We are accepting new Clients! Supporting individuals, family, parents, mentors in their journey. This experience is about you. We can provide tools, suggestions, feedback and guidance in working towards your goals and making healthy changes.
We are accepting new Clients! Supporting individuals, family, parents, mentors in their journey. This experience is about you. We can provide tools, suggestions, feedback and guidance in working towards your goals and making healthy changes.
(905) 685-5458 View (905) 685-5458
Photo of Rashmi Kumar - Empowered Healing Psychotherapy & Hypnotherapy, BA, MA, CH, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Empowered Healing Psychotherapy & Hypnotherapy
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), BA, MA, CH
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Catharines, ON L2N  (Online Only)
I am passionate about supporting young adults and adults on their journey towards mental and emotional well-being. I offer an integrative approach to therapy, understanding that no single approach fits all. I support clients through a wide variety of challenges, including anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and healing from narcissistic abuse. My practice is founded on the belief that each person possesses the innate ability to heal and grow. I approach therapy with a deep commitment to meeting clients where they are at, acknowledging and honoring their unique cultural backgrounds and individual experiences.
I am passionate about supporting young adults and adults on their journey towards mental and emotional well-being. I offer an integrative approach to therapy, understanding that no single approach fits all. I support clients through a wide variety of challenges, including anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and healing from narcissistic abuse. My practice is founded on the belief that each person possesses the innate ability to heal and grow. I approach therapy with a deep commitment to meeting clients where they are at, acknowledging and honoring their unique cultural backgrounds and individual experiences.
(289) 277-5754 View (289) 277-5754
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See more therapy options for Saint Catharines

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Saint Catharines, ON

200+

Average cost per session

$146

Counsellors in Saint Catharines, ON who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Stress
80% Self Esteem
79% Relationship Issues
76% Coping Skills
73% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Green Shield Canada
56% SunLife
53% Manulife

How Counsellors in Saint Catharines, ON see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
13% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Catharines?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.