Therapists in Mendota Heights, MN

Photo of Ellie Family Services - Ellie Family Services, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ellie Family Services
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
Ellie’s therapists goal is to help people have access to a coach, teacher, therapist, confidant, counselor, and most of all person to share anything from your daily blunders to deepest secrets! If it's happening in your life, we provide judgement free counseling to help handle it head on, as a team! There is a positive vibe, an intuitive conscious and we place a special focus on engaging the whole family. We like to have fun, share new skills for stress management, and solve problems, while making sure individuals and families feel supported and safe while making change!
Ellie’s therapists goal is to help people have access to a coach, teacher, therapist, confidant, counselor, and most of all person to share anything from your daily blunders to deepest secrets! If it's happening in your life, we provide judgement free counseling to help handle it head on, as a team! There is a positive vibe, an intuitive conscious and we place a special focus on engaging the whole family. We like to have fun, share new skills for stress management, and solve problems, while making sure individuals and families feel supported and safe while making change!
(651) 583-7190 View (651) 583-7190
Photo of Michael Grewatz, LGSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Michael Grewatz
Pre-Licensed Professional, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
My ideal client are those who are in need of a supportive ear to help them overcome structural and interpersonal barriers to fulfillment, success, and meaning in their lives. My values center around decolonization, anti-racism, and social justice. As a queer and non-binary individual, I understand the need for validating, judgement-free, and shame-free spaces in which we can feel liberated to be our full authentic selves, an environment I strive to build in therapy. You are the expert in your life, so you get to decide what your goals will be and how you reach them, and I’m here to help guide you on your journey towards healing.
My ideal client are those who are in need of a supportive ear to help them overcome structural and interpersonal barriers to fulfillment, success, and meaning in their lives. My values center around decolonization, anti-racism, and social justice. As a queer and non-binary individual, I understand the need for validating, judgement-free, and shame-free spaces in which we can feel liberated to be our full authentic selves, an environment I strive to build in therapy. You are the expert in your life, so you get to decide what your goals will be and how you reach them, and I’m here to help guide you on your journey towards healing.
(612) 482-1686 View (612) 482-1686
Photo of Chrysa Reichel, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chrysa Reichel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
A little about me – With over eight years of experience in the social services field, I specialize in Adult Mental Health. My expertise includes working with individuals who have experienced trauma, have various mental health diagnoses, are in recovery from substance or alcohol use, and have developmental disabilities. I am deeply committed to the social services field and dedicated to improving the lives of others, always respecting their individual pace and unique needs..
A little about me – With over eight years of experience in the social services field, I specialize in Adult Mental Health. My expertise includes working with individuals who have experienced trauma, have various mental health diagnoses, are in recovery from substance or alcohol use, and have developmental disabilities. I am deeply committed to the social services field and dedicated to improving the lives of others, always respecting their individual pace and unique needs..
(952) 900-7461 View (952) 900-7461
Photo of Annie Stone, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Annie Stone
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
Talk therapy is great! I am drawn towards listening and supporting people who find themselves in unexpected transitions. However, the longer I do this job the more I know that we need support in many different areas of our lives to make lasting impacts and changes in routine and mood. I think it is important for clients to have support systems, healthier self-care activities, advocating skills, and seek out and maintain social outlets to thrive.
Talk therapy is great! I am drawn towards listening and supporting people who find themselves in unexpected transitions. However, the longer I do this job the more I know that we need support in many different areas of our lives to make lasting impacts and changes in routine and mood. I think it is important for clients to have support systems, healthier self-care activities, advocating skills, and seek out and maintain social outlets to thrive.
(952) 243-3245 View (952) 243-3245
Photo of Eric J Christopher, MSMFT, CHT, CRT
Eric J Christopher
MSMFT, CHT, CRT
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
Spiritual Hypnotherapy is a results-oriented therapy that helps you to connect to your inner wisdom beyond the fears and limiting beliefs of your ego. Connecting to this transcendent part of you can help you safely, quickly and effectively uncover and release traumas, fears, anxieties, feelings of inadequacy, or any limiting emotion or belief that has become entrenched in your subconscious mind. Our suffering comes from a past which no longer exists except as trapped energy in your body and subconscious mind. Connecting to your higher consciousness beyond the ego can bring release, relief, clarity, insights and wisdom.
Spiritual Hypnotherapy is a results-oriented therapy that helps you to connect to your inner wisdom beyond the fears and limiting beliefs of your ego. Connecting to this transcendent part of you can help you safely, quickly and effectively uncover and release traumas, fears, anxieties, feelings of inadequacy, or any limiting emotion or belief that has become entrenched in your subconscious mind. Our suffering comes from a past which no longer exists except as trapped energy in your body and subconscious mind. Connecting to your higher consciousness beyond the ego can bring release, relief, clarity, insights and wisdom.
(651) 401-4772 View (651) 401-4772
Photo of Donald Boyer, Pre-Licensed Professional
Donald Boyer
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
I specialize in working with individuals facing a wide range of mental health disorders, including trauma, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, OCD, personality disorders, PTSD, childhood disorders, severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI), poverty-related stress, LGBTQ+ issues, and life-altering events such as grief/loss. My experience also includes helping clients manage self-harm behaviors, suicidal thoughts, chronic stress, and low self-esteem. We will develop effective coping and adaptive skills to handle life's difficulties, resolve conflicts and heal from traumatic experiences, and overcome feelings of being stuck.
I specialize in working with individuals facing a wide range of mental health disorders, including trauma, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, OCD, personality disorders, PTSD, childhood disorders, severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI), poverty-related stress, LGBTQ+ issues, and life-altering events such as grief/loss. My experience also includes helping clients manage self-harm behaviors, suicidal thoughts, chronic stress, and low self-esteem. We will develop effective coping and adaptive skills to handle life's difficulties, resolve conflicts and heal from traumatic experiences, and overcome feelings of being stuck.
(651) 313-8080 View (651) 313-8080
Photo of Teresa Puff, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Teresa Puff
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
In my work, I aim to work with the client, respecting their needs and goals for their mental health and well-being in an empowering environment to make change and healing possible. Practice philosophy: Patient Centered Care.
In my work, I aim to work with the client, respecting their needs and goals for their mental health and well-being in an empowering environment to make change and healing possible. Practice philosophy: Patient Centered Care.
(952) 529-4500 View (952) 529-4500
Photo of Mollie Yocum, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mollie Yocum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
Are you struggling with navigating a relationship in your life? Relational therapy, typically called couples but can include a variety of relationship types, focuses in on communication, trust, repair, and joy. Typical sessions include allowing space for identifying specific sources of discomfort and practice for how to make and sustain relational shifts. Specialized training in child psychology allows for particular support around navigating parenting challenges and understanding how to support your unique child.
Are you struggling with navigating a relationship in your life? Relational therapy, typically called couples but can include a variety of relationship types, focuses in on communication, trust, repair, and joy. Typical sessions include allowing space for identifying specific sources of discomfort and practice for how to make and sustain relational shifts. Specialized training in child psychology allows for particular support around navigating parenting challenges and understanding how to support your unique child.
(650) 547-0943 View (650) 547-0943
Photo of Lorena Villaseñor, MA, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lorena Villaseñor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55120  (Online Only)
Helping you heal and reach your full potential is both a blessing and a privilege. Offering you a healing process filled with compassion, authenticity, warmth, and a non judgmental attitude is my priority. My offering: A healing process that helps you to discover and understand how unresolved painful experiences from the past keep impacting your present thoughts, needs, feelings and behaviors. Developing skills to become aware of these, will allow you to have a more loving relationship with ALL the parts of yourself. As a result, more meaningful relationships and deeper connections with others will follow.
Helping you heal and reach your full potential is both a blessing and a privilege. Offering you a healing process filled with compassion, authenticity, warmth, and a non judgmental attitude is my priority. My offering: A healing process that helps you to discover and understand how unresolved painful experiences from the past keep impacting your present thoughts, needs, feelings and behaviors. Developing skills to become aware of these, will allow you to have a more loving relationship with ALL the parts of yourself. As a result, more meaningful relationships and deeper connections with others will follow.
(612) 662-0896 View (612) 662-0896
Photo of Susan Bollinger-Brown, MSSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Bollinger-Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
Not accepting new clients
Free Bird's mission is to ensure that someone is there to support you through your unique life challenges and triumphs. Adjusting to life transitions and life changes, often cause past adverse and traumatic experiences to resurface. Free Bird's therapist is a clinical social worker trained to provide psychotherapy to a wide variety of individuals, couples/partners, groups, families, and concerned others. Free Bird psychotherapists have a keen awareness of trauma and adverse experiences.
Free Bird's mission is to ensure that someone is there to support you through your unique life challenges and triumphs. Adjusting to life transitions and life changes, often cause past adverse and traumatic experiences to resurface. Free Bird's therapist is a clinical social worker trained to provide psychotherapy to a wide variety of individuals, couples/partners, groups, families, and concerned others. Free Bird psychotherapists have a keen awareness of trauma and adverse experiences.
(651) 448-4033 View (651) 448-4033
Photo of Gary Paul Muchow - BHSI, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
BHSI
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
We are a behavioral health practice of prescribers, psychologists, marriage-family therapists, and clinical social workers committed to providing high quality and comprehensive care for adults, adolescents and children. Whether you arrange individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy, medication consultation, or psychological testing, our fully licensed and credentialed clinicians can coordinate all of these services. For your convenience, we offer flexible appointment scheduling, including evening hours and telehealth appointments.
We are a behavioral health practice of prescribers, psychologists, marriage-family therapists, and clinical social workers committed to providing high quality and comprehensive care for adults, adolescents and children. Whether you arrange individual therapy, family therapy, couples therapy, medication consultation, or psychological testing, our fully licensed and credentialed clinicians can coordinate all of these services. For your convenience, we offer flexible appointment scheduling, including evening hours and telehealth appointments.
(651) 321-1718 View (651) 321-1718
Photo of Wendy Abbott, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Abbott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
Beginning counseling for the first time can be frightening. The journey to emotional health takes courage. Sometimes you don't realize your own strength until you come face to face with your greatest challenges. Owning our own story and loving ourselves through that process is one of the bravest things that you will ever do. Your courageous journey in counseling is a way to reach personal goals, reduce suffering, and get more joy out of life. We have an unlimited capacity to heal ourselves, despite the pain we've suffered.
Beginning counseling for the first time can be frightening. The journey to emotional health takes courage. Sometimes you don't realize your own strength until you come face to face with your greatest challenges. Owning our own story and loving ourselves through that process is one of the bravest things that you will ever do. Your courageous journey in counseling is a way to reach personal goals, reduce suffering, and get more joy out of life. We have an unlimited capacity to heal ourselves, despite the pain we've suffered.
(651) 238-9447 View (651) 238-9447
Photo of Scharlemann Klapste, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Scharlemann Klapste
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
Do you feel like it's hard to keep up? Our world is changing fast and dynamically. Does it feel hard to locate yourself in all of it? Do you feel like you ask yourself the same questions over and over: Is this the right relationship? Why does this always happen to me? Why am I anxious or feel depressed ? How am I going to handle this change? I can help you!
Do you feel like it's hard to keep up? Our world is changing fast and dynamically. Does it feel hard to locate yourself in all of it? Do you feel like you ask yourself the same questions over and over: Is this the right relationship? Why does this always happen to me? Why am I anxious or feel depressed ? How am I going to handle this change? I can help you!
(952) 314-5525 View (952) 314-5525
Photo of Tamara Lynn Kaiser, PhD, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tamara Lynn Kaiser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55118  (Online Only)
I have been in practice providing individual and couple therapy for over 44 years. My areas of expertise include marriage and relationship counseling, divorce and blended families, and work with individuals who have issues related to depression and anxiety, family of origin, chemical dependency and co-dependency. My clientele includes both heterosexual and gay and lesbian individuals and couples. In addition, I work with clients for whom religion or spirituality are important dimensions of their lives, both as a source of strength and as a source of challenge or conflict.
I have been in practice providing individual and couple therapy for over 44 years. My areas of expertise include marriage and relationship counseling, divorce and blended families, and work with individuals who have issues related to depression and anxiety, family of origin, chemical dependency and co-dependency. My clientele includes both heterosexual and gay and lesbian individuals and couples. In addition, I work with clients for whom religion or spirituality are important dimensions of their lives, both as a source of strength and as a source of challenge or conflict.
(612) 217-4976 View (612) 217-4976
Photo of Anesh Patel, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Anesh Patel
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
Not accepting new clients
Do you spend too much time comparing yourself to others? Are you frustrated in trying to communicate with those you love? Does your career feel like a dead end? There is HOPE and a way forward. I see people change their lives on a daily basis. I will be with you on this journey, understanding you, helping you to identify patterns that are getting in your way and encouraging you on your path towards an internal revolution and becoming the best version of you.
Do you spend too much time comparing yourself to others? Are you frustrated in trying to communicate with those you love? Does your career feel like a dead end? There is HOPE and a way forward. I see people change their lives on a daily basis. I will be with you on this journey, understanding you, helping you to identify patterns that are getting in your way and encouraging you on your path towards an internal revolution and becoming the best version of you.
(612) 260-9672 View (612) 260-9672
Photo of Alex J. Marie, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Alex J. Marie
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55118  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Now, more than ever it is natural to feel stressed, overwhelmed, confused or anxious at times. It may be that you are considering therapy to address a specific problem you are facing; or you want to better understand why you respond the way you do to events in your life. Perhaps you want to talk about difficult or painful experiences you have had. Whatever brings you to this important work, I am committed to listening closely and working collaboratively to help you find what matters most to you.
Now, more than ever it is natural to feel stressed, overwhelmed, confused or anxious at times. It may be that you are considering therapy to address a specific problem you are facing; or you want to better understand why you respond the way you do to events in your life. Perhaps you want to talk about difficult or painful experiences you have had. Whatever brings you to this important work, I am committed to listening closely and working collaboratively to help you find what matters most to you.
(952) 314-5520 View (952) 314-5520
Photo of Megan Sigmon-Olsen, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Sigmon-Olsen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
10 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
I have the awesome privilege of getting to work with teens, families, adults and therapists all day long. I often meet teens who are uncomfortable with the idea of going to therapy. If your teen works with me, I will work closely with them to ensure that therapy with me isn't uncomfortable. I read teens well & will work hard to help your teen have a positive therapy experience. Teens are accepted in my practice for who they are in the world & they have told me that this acceptance is helpful to them during a time of intense growth & change.
I have the awesome privilege of getting to work with teens, families, adults and therapists all day long. I often meet teens who are uncomfortable with the idea of going to therapy. If your teen works with me, I will work closely with them to ensure that therapy with me isn't uncomfortable. I read teens well & will work hard to help your teen have a positive therapy experience. Teens are accepted in my practice for who they are in the world & they have told me that this acceptance is helpful to them during a time of intense growth & change.
(763) 244-1949 View (763) 244-1949
Photo of Peg Truax, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Peg Truax
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Mendota Heights, MN 55120
People find themselves struggling with something that is making life more difficult than it needs to be. Maybe friends and family aren't there for you anymore, or they just can't understand what is happening with you. You need to talk to someone who can help you sort it out-someone who can listen and reflect with you, but won't tell you what to do. Someone who can help you find the answers that come from within. You want a good counselor. So, now that you know that, how do you choose one?
People find themselves struggling with something that is making life more difficult than it needs to be. Maybe friends and family aren't there for you anymore, or they just can't understand what is happening with you. You need to talk to someone who can help you sort it out-someone who can listen and reflect with you, but won't tell you what to do. Someone who can help you find the answers that come from within. You want a good counselor. So, now that you know that, how do you choose one?
(651) 538-6592 View (651) 538-6592
Photo of Kelly Evans - Down to Earth Therapy, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Down to Earth Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
(651) 376-2749 View (651) 376-2749
Photo of Dr. Kristy Brecke - Dr Brecke Counseling Group, DMFT, LPCC, Counselor
Dr Brecke Counseling Group
Counselor, DMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Mendota Heights, MN 55118
Welcome to Dr Brecke Counseling Group! Please check out the most detailed info on our website at www.breckecounseling.com. We are all fully licensed clinicians with a variety of specialties to meet most mental health needs. We treat adolescents, adults, couples and families. The clinic is offering tele-therapy and in-office visits with afternoon and evenings available. We are a unique as we are owner operated and offer a personal, attentive experience from the first click on our "apppointment request" botton. The phone is not answered due to high number of unsolicited sales calls. Please click on our website link to get started.
Welcome to Dr Brecke Counseling Group! Please check out the most detailed info on our website at www.breckecounseling.com. We are all fully licensed clinicians with a variety of specialties to meet most mental health needs. We treat adolescents, adults, couples and families. The clinic is offering tele-therapy and in-office visits with afternoon and evenings available. We are a unique as we are owner operated and offer a personal, attentive experience from the first click on our "apppointment request" botton. The phone is not answered due to high number of unsolicited sales calls. Please click on our website link to get started.
(651) 409-9887 View (651) 409-9887
1

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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Mendota Heights, MN

30+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Mendota Heights, MN who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
92% Depression
85% Trauma and PTSD
72% Relationship Issues
69% Grief
59% Self Esteem
59% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% UCare
81% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Aetna

How Therapists in Mendota Heights, MN see their clients

90% In Person and Online
10% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
16% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Mendota Heights?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.