Therapists in Bellevue, WA

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Photo of Dale Ray Hartman, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dale Ray Hartman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004  (Online Only)
I have enormous respect for the power each individual has in creating positive change in their life and work hard with individuals and couples to accomplish this. Positive change often means learning new skills and strategies that will help you live more successfully and develop more enriching and meaningful relationships. Positive change also means doing something different rather than doing the same thing over and over again hoping you will get better results. Positive change takes place in the present as we face our fears, take responsibility for our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, and move towards what we value.
I have enormous respect for the power each individual has in creating positive change in their life and work hard with individuals and couples to accomplish this. Positive change often means learning new skills and strategies that will help you live more successfully and develop more enriching and meaningful relationships. Positive change also means doing something different rather than doing the same thing over and over again hoping you will get better results. Positive change takes place in the present as we face our fears, take responsibility for our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, and move towards what we value.
(425) 224-5922 x1 View (425) 224-5922 x1
Photo of David Neal, PsyD, Psychologist
David Neal
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98007
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Neal is a licensed clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst who provides in-person individual and group psychotherapy for adolescents and adults in the greater Seattle area and remote psychotherapy services in Washington and Massachusetts. Having worked as a therapist in private practice, schools, medical centers, and hospital and residential-based settings, Dr. Neal has experience treating people with problems including but not limited to anxiety, depression, dissociation, PTSD, interpersonal difficulties, personality dysfunction, and psychosis. Dr. Neal also conducts psychological assessments.
Dr. Neal is a licensed clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst who provides in-person individual and group psychotherapy for adolescents and adults in the greater Seattle area and remote psychotherapy services in Washington and Massachusetts. Having worked as a therapist in private practice, schools, medical centers, and hospital and residential-based settings, Dr. Neal has experience treating people with problems including but not limited to anxiety, depression, dissociation, PTSD, interpersonal difficulties, personality dysfunction, and psychosis. Dr. Neal also conducts psychological assessments.
(425) 642-1379 View (425) 642-1379
Photo of Phyllis Ann Eicher, PhD, LMHC, EMDR, Counselor
Phyllis Ann Eicher
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
I am passionate about helping clients find the awareness, insight, and resilience to live a joyful, meaningful, and fulfilling life. I respect that you are the expert of your life experience and my role as a therapist is to provide a safe and challenging environment for clients to increase their awareness, identify patterns, beliefs, and make changes. I work with teens, adults, and couples and enjoy working with diverse cultures, the LGBTQ+ community and first responders. My approach to therapy is holistic and strengths-based and comes from a systems perspective.
I am passionate about helping clients find the awareness, insight, and resilience to live a joyful, meaningful, and fulfilling life. I respect that you are the expert of your life experience and my role as a therapist is to provide a safe and challenging environment for clients to increase their awareness, identify patterns, beliefs, and make changes. I work with teens, adults, and couples and enjoy working with diverse cultures, the LGBTQ+ community and first responders. My approach to therapy is holistic and strengths-based and comes from a systems perspective.
(425) 405-6213 View (425) 405-6213
Photo of Leah Koenig - Bellevue Family Counseling, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Bellevue Family Counseling
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Our counselors work with young children to adolescents on issues such as school performance, anxiety, relationships, and behavior. We also provide parent coaching to support parents efforts to help their children and family thrive. We believe the family is a system, so we try to also work with parents in various supportive capacities. This includes coaching to create a better family as well as helping divorcing parents co-parent more effectively.
Our counselors work with young children to adolescents on issues such as school performance, anxiety, relationships, and behavior. We also provide parent coaching to support parents efforts to help their children and family thrive. We believe the family is a system, so we try to also work with parents in various supportive capacities. This includes coaching to create a better family as well as helping divorcing parents co-parent more effectively.
(425) 230-6392 View (425) 230-6392
Photo of Stephanie Gastaldi, LMHC, Counselor
Stephanie Gastaldi
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98005
Accepting new clients. Are you struggling with trauma or difficult life experiences? Healing from painful life experiences can feel lonely. I am here to help on your journey of healing, growth, & self-discovery. Through my warm, thoughtful, and collaborative I will help you discover your own strengths and resiliency. I typically work with teens, adult, and families on issues such as depression, anxiety, coping skills, PTSD, life transitions, sexuality, and grief and loss.
Accepting new clients. Are you struggling with trauma or difficult life experiences? Healing from painful life experiences can feel lonely. I am here to help on your journey of healing, growth, & self-discovery. Through my warm, thoughtful, and collaborative I will help you discover your own strengths and resiliency. I typically work with teens, adult, and families on issues such as depression, anxiety, coping skills, PTSD, life transitions, sexuality, and grief and loss.
(425) 305-4868 View (425) 305-4868
Photo of Emily Parks, MA, LMFTA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Emily Parks
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98005  (Online Only)
Have you discovered your partner's infidelity and you're not sure what to do next? Are thoughts of divorce and overwhelming emotions from the betrayal consuming you? If you're struggling to heal from your partner's affair, sexual addiction or infidelity, you might need the support of a specialist who understands. If you're questioning your entire relationship, I can help you heal by exploring what happened & helping you receive empathic understanding for your pain. Let's work together to develop a plan to ease the trauma of the betrayal and create hope that your relationship can not only be saved but that you can thrive together.
Have you discovered your partner's infidelity and you're not sure what to do next? Are thoughts of divorce and overwhelming emotions from the betrayal consuming you? If you're struggling to heal from your partner's affair, sexual addiction or infidelity, you might need the support of a specialist who understands. If you're questioning your entire relationship, I can help you heal by exploring what happened & helping you receive empathic understanding for your pain. Let's work together to develop a plan to ease the trauma of the betrayal and create hope that your relationship can not only be saved but that you can thrive together.
(425) 490-4260 View (425) 490-4260
Photo of Mouna El-Khadiri, PsyD, LMHC, Counselor
Mouna El-Khadiri
Counselor, PsyD, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98007
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel stuck or unable to experience joy, or have a meaningful life. Maybe, you are experiencing sadness, loss or difficult life transitions. You are not alone and I am here to offer you hope that you can overcome these challenges. I am here to support you and help you feel safe and grounded as we explore your life experiences and challenges that are keeping you stuck. You will learn new healthy ways to cope with difficult emotions and life situations. When necessary, we will focus on childhood experiences and relationships that may still impact you and prevent you from having the life and connections you want.
Do you feel stuck or unable to experience joy, or have a meaningful life. Maybe, you are experiencing sadness, loss or difficult life transitions. You are not alone and I am here to offer you hope that you can overcome these challenges. I am here to support you and help you feel safe and grounded as we explore your life experiences and challenges that are keeping you stuck. You will learn new healthy ways to cope with difficult emotions and life situations. When necessary, we will focus on childhood experiences and relationships that may still impact you and prevent you from having the life and connections you want.
(206) 593-2557 x5249 View (206) 593-2557 x5249
Photo of Dr. Raisa Felts, PsyD, LMHCA, Counselor
Dr. Raisa Felts
Counselor, PsyD, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98008
I specialize working with neurodivergent children, teens, and adults. This includes the treatment of autism, ADHD, and learning disabilities. I have over 10 years of experience working with autism in both research and clinical settings. I am passionate about helping individuals work through anxiety, self-esteem, social skills, and other challenges that may affect their daily lives. Are you feeling stuck, misunderstood, and exhausted? I am here to help guide you through this journey and cultivate a genuine relationship where we can safely discuss challenges based on your needs.
I specialize working with neurodivergent children, teens, and adults. This includes the treatment of autism, ADHD, and learning disabilities. I have over 10 years of experience working with autism in both research and clinical settings. I am passionate about helping individuals work through anxiety, self-esteem, social skills, and other challenges that may affect their daily lives. Are you feeling stuck, misunderstood, and exhausted? I am here to help guide you through this journey and cultivate a genuine relationship where we can safely discuss challenges based on your needs.
(206) 208-6705 View (206) 208-6705
Photo of Patricia Magnani, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patricia Magnani
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
Not accepting new clients
My goal is to create a safe, healing environment for clients to explore and resolve issues that are causing distress or holding them back from living a more fulfilling life. My style of interaction is warm, collaborative, supportive and strength-based, and I view my role as partnering with you to help you get unstuck, improve your relationships, and create the positive changes you are seeking.
My goal is to create a safe, healing environment for clients to explore and resolve issues that are causing distress or holding them back from living a more fulfilling life. My style of interaction is warm, collaborative, supportive and strength-based, and I view my role as partnering with you to help you get unstuck, improve your relationships, and create the positive changes you are seeking.
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Photo of Roger Baerwolf, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Roger Baerwolf
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
I specialize in supporting couples and adult individuals in creating meaningful relationships and lives through lasting change. Whether you're experiencing a personal crisis or struggle, working through a conflict with a partner, wishing to feel more like a lover than a roommate, managing a rough patch with a co-parent, or seeking greater emotional connection with yourself, your children, or others, I can probably help.
I specialize in supporting couples and adult individuals in creating meaningful relationships and lives through lasting change. Whether you're experiencing a personal crisis or struggle, working through a conflict with a partner, wishing to feel more like a lover than a roommate, managing a rough patch with a co-parent, or seeking greater emotional connection with yourself, your children, or others, I can probably help.
(425) 230-3959 View (425) 230-3959
Photo of Hemlata Mistry, MEd, RN, LMHC, Counselor
Hemlata Mistry
Counselor, MEd, RN, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Knowing when you need help and reaching out for it takes great courage. Therapy is a great avenue to gain clarity and insight about your life concerns. If you are having difficulty changing emotional or behavioral patterns, struggling in your relationships, having difficulty adjusting to major life changes or are just not feeling happy with your life, therapy can help you to address these issues in a supportive and accepting environment. It can provide hope and encouragement when you don't feel like there is any.
Knowing when you need help and reaching out for it takes great courage. Therapy is a great avenue to gain clarity and insight about your life concerns. If you are having difficulty changing emotional or behavioral patterns, struggling in your relationships, having difficulty adjusting to major life changes or are just not feeling happy with your life, therapy can help you to address these issues in a supportive and accepting environment. It can provide hope and encouragement when you don't feel like there is any.
(206) 466-3534 View (206) 466-3534
Photo of Nathan Rice, MACP, LMHC, Counselor
Nathan Rice
Counselor, MACP, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
The search for a counselor can be an overwhelming process in itself and taking the step schedule that first appointment isn’t easy. I believe that we are made to be in relationship with others and when there are difficulties in those relationships, we suffer. Whether you are struggling with family, friends or coworker issues, I’d like to help you and do my best to honor the courage and vulnerability it takes to seek out help.
The search for a counselor can be an overwhelming process in itself and taking the step schedule that first appointment isn’t easy. I believe that we are made to be in relationship with others and when there are difficulties in those relationships, we suffer. Whether you are struggling with family, friends or coworker issues, I’d like to help you and do my best to honor the courage and vulnerability it takes to seek out help.
(425) 615-7797 View (425) 615-7797
Photo of Jennifer T Schwartz, PsyD, Psychologist
Jennifer T Schwartz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98007
As a Licensed Psychologist with a decade of experience, I work with adults, adolescents, and children. While I treat clients facing many challenges, some common goals I help my clients address include: improving self-esteem / building confidence, relationship enhancement, reducing anxiety and stress, coping with depression, and adjusting to life challenges or transitions. If you are facing difficulties with stress, decision-making, loneliness, relationships, or work, I may be able to help.
As a Licensed Psychologist with a decade of experience, I work with adults, adolescents, and children. While I treat clients facing many challenges, some common goals I help my clients address include: improving self-esteem / building confidence, relationship enhancement, reducing anxiety and stress, coping with depression, and adjusting to life challenges or transitions. If you are facing difficulties with stress, decision-making, loneliness, relationships, or work, I may be able to help.
(425) 517-3875 View (425) 517-3875
Photo of Sierra Beckers, LMHC, Counselor
Sierra Beckers
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
My ideal client knows they are suffering but may not know why. They know they need help but may not know what that will look like. They are an active participant in their own recovery and recognize that "active" can look different and feel different week to week. They are open to building trust, hearing feedback and ready to engage and be challenged. It is my priority to help you feel comfortable, supported, and heard. I have 10 years experience of treating a wide range of severe diagnoses, from major depression and anxiety to general stressors and day-to-day problems.
My ideal client knows they are suffering but may not know why. They know they need help but may not know what that will look like. They are an active participant in their own recovery and recognize that "active" can look different and feel different week to week. They are open to building trust, hearing feedback and ready to engage and be challenged. It is my priority to help you feel comfortable, supported, and heard. I have 10 years experience of treating a wide range of severe diagnoses, from major depression and anxiety to general stressors and day-to-day problems.
(206) 203-4211 View (206) 203-4211
Photo of Elizabeth Holland, PhD, Psychologist
Elizabeth Holland
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98007
Dr. Holland specializes in comprehensive psychological assessments for children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 4-24). Evaluations are tailored for your child and focus on both areas of strengths and difficulties. Currently, scheduling evaluations in the Seattle/Bellevue area in Fall 2024. Please go to my website for more information (fees, types of services offered, background, prospective client form): www.fidalgopsychology.com
Dr. Holland specializes in comprehensive psychological assessments for children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 4-24). Evaluations are tailored for your child and focus on both areas of strengths and difficulties. Currently, scheduling evaluations in the Seattle/Bellevue area in Fall 2024. Please go to my website for more information (fees, types of services offered, background, prospective client form): www.fidalgopsychology.com
(425) 529-5153 View (425) 529-5153
Photo of Laura Franco, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Laura Franco
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
Are you feeling stuck, unsure who to talk to,and wondering if talking to a counselor will help? Personal issues can be really tough to deal with when it feels like no one understands or you don't have enough support. I provide a safe and confidential environment for you to examine your issues and figure out ways that you would like to deal with them. I enjoy working with adults, youth, and families and helping them on their journey to greater self confidence, happier relationships, and generally improved sense of well-being.
Are you feeling stuck, unsure who to talk to,and wondering if talking to a counselor will help? Personal issues can be really tough to deal with when it feels like no one understands or you don't have enough support. I provide a safe and confidential environment for you to examine your issues and figure out ways that you would like to deal with them. I enjoy working with adults, youth, and families and helping them on their journey to greater self confidence, happier relationships, and generally improved sense of well-being.
(425) 502-1678 View (425) 502-1678
Photo of Josh Kaplan - Josh Kaplan - OCD, Anxiety & Depression Specialist, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Josh Kaplan - OCD, Anxiety & Depression Specialist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98006
Hi, and thanks for viewing my profile. My name is Josh Kaplan, I’m a compassionate and experienced therapist with a mission to help individuals overcome Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Depression. With over a decade of experience specializing in these areas, I have developed a deep understanding of these conditions and their profound impact on one's life. Whether you are dealing with the recurrent cycle of OCD, endless thoughts of anxiety, or the deep sadness of depression, I'm here to guide you through your recovery journey.
Hi, and thanks for viewing my profile. My name is Josh Kaplan, I’m a compassionate and experienced therapist with a mission to help individuals overcome Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Depression. With over a decade of experience specializing in these areas, I have developed a deep understanding of these conditions and their profound impact on one's life. Whether you are dealing with the recurrent cycle of OCD, endless thoughts of anxiety, or the deep sadness of depression, I'm here to guide you through your recovery journey.
(425) 906-3369 View (425) 906-3369
Photo of Lauren Crockett - Alignwell Modern Therapy, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Alignwell Modern Therapy
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98004
We are founded on the belief that the genuine relationship we have with our clients is our most important priority. Our compassionate and relatable therapists are here to deeply listen and work with you to create a customized plan that meets your needs, by applying our training and expertise. We provide a warm and inclusive environment for everyone. Our evidence-based approach supports those managing anxiety, depression, big life changes, past or current trauma, shame, and perfectionism for adults and teens 16 years & up. People from all communities are welcome here. You are in the right place for authentic and specialized support.
We are founded on the belief that the genuine relationship we have with our clients is our most important priority. Our compassionate and relatable therapists are here to deeply listen and work with you to create a customized plan that meets your needs, by applying our training and expertise. We provide a warm and inclusive environment for everyone. Our evidence-based approach supports those managing anxiety, depression, big life changes, past or current trauma, shame, and perfectionism for adults and teens 16 years & up. People from all communities are welcome here. You are in the right place for authentic and specialized support.
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Photo of Jesse Tyler Marshall, LMHC, Counselor
Jesse Tyler Marshall
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bellevue, WA 98005
Waitlist for new clients
I earned my MA in Mental Health Counseling from Antioch University Seattle. I believe that having a safe and calm space through which we can explore ourselves and our identity can provide an increased level of understanding as well as new ways through which we can interact with the world around us. At the core of my therapeutic approach is the belief that our thoughts and actions form to meet a need based on the context of our experiences and our body’s responses, and that by understanding the individual and systemic context in which we live we can find new ways of meeting our needs.
I earned my MA in Mental Health Counseling from Antioch University Seattle. I believe that having a safe and calm space through which we can explore ourselves and our identity can provide an increased level of understanding as well as new ways through which we can interact with the world around us. At the core of my therapeutic approach is the belief that our thoughts and actions form to meet a need based on the context of our experiences and our body’s responses, and that by understanding the individual and systemic context in which we live we can find new ways of meeting our needs.
(425) 728-6550 View (425) 728-6550
Photo of Brian Ellez, MA ABS, LMHC, EMMHS, Counselor
Brian Ellez
Counselor, MA ABS, LMHC, EMMHS
Verified Verified
Bellevue, WA 98004
As a therapist, I work to develop a relationship of collaboration and attunement to support clients in realizing the change they seek in their lives. I have extensive experience with adults and teens working through trauma, anxiety, and depression, as well as family and other relational issues, work stress and life transitions. I use a variety of practical, skills-based techniques nested in larger life-contexts of family and culture, to explore solutions and rediscover hope. I take an active approach giving feedback, suggesting actions, and assigning homework. Ultimately the client is in charge of his/her own life decisions.
As a therapist, I work to develop a relationship of collaboration and attunement to support clients in realizing the change they seek in their lives. I have extensive experience with adults and teens working through trauma, anxiety, and depression, as well as family and other relational issues, work stress and life transitions. I use a variety of practical, skills-based techniques nested in larger life-contexts of family and culture, to explore solutions and rediscover hope. I take an active approach giving feedback, suggesting actions, and assigning homework. Ultimately the client is in charge of his/her own life decisions.
(425) 230-3634 View (425) 230-3634
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bellevue, WA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in Bellevue, WA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Premera Blue Cross
56% Aetna
56% Regence

How Therapists in Bellevue, WA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bellevue?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.