Therapists in Flagstaff, AZ

Photo of Kris Dohse, MA, LAC, Counselor
Kris Dohse
Counselor, MA, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
As a therapist I engage clients in cultivating their self compassionate voice and finding their strengths. I use tools such as EMDR, mindfulness, parts work and somatic awareness to support clients in building resilience and coping mechanisms. I use a culturally humble, trauma informed, harm-reduction, somatic minded approach. I offer support in person or outside with walk and talk sessions or remote sessions with a secure telehealth platform.
As a therapist I engage clients in cultivating their self compassionate voice and finding their strengths. I use tools such as EMDR, mindfulness, parts work and somatic awareness to support clients in building resilience and coping mechanisms. I use a culturally humble, trauma informed, harm-reduction, somatic minded approach. I offer support in person or outside with walk and talk sessions or remote sessions with a secure telehealth platform.
(928) 420-8392 View (928) 420-8392
Photo of Rachael Farrier Cultivate Counseling, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachael Farrier Cultivate Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
As a therapist, I specialize in working with survivors of domestic, intimate partner, and sexual violence, as well as those experiencing challenges with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and racial identity. My extensive experience in the criminal justice system and crisis intervention has deepened my awareness and application of behavioral health resources and trauma informed care. The incredible courage behind asking for help is what drives my passion within this type of work.
As a therapist, I specialize in working with survivors of domestic, intimate partner, and sexual violence, as well as those experiencing challenges with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and racial identity. My extensive experience in the criminal justice system and crisis intervention has deepened my awareness and application of behavioral health resources and trauma informed care. The incredible courage behind asking for help is what drives my passion within this type of work.
(928) 770-6799 View (928) 770-6799
Photo of Tempest J Black Cultivate Counseling, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tempest J Black Cultivate Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001  (Online Only)
It is an honor to participate in people’s growth and change. My approach to therapy is holistic and person-centered. I strive to make therapy a place of safety, vulnerability, and connection. You are the expert of your life experience, and as your therapist I am glad to walk alongside you as you learn more about yourself. Systemic oppression affects how we navigate the world and shapes our perspectives. At times, life circumstance, trauma, and mental health struggles can leave us feeling hopeless. I see therapy as a way to restore hope and be the author of our own stories.
It is an honor to participate in people’s growth and change. My approach to therapy is holistic and person-centered. I strive to make therapy a place of safety, vulnerability, and connection. You are the expert of your life experience, and as your therapist I am glad to walk alongside you as you learn more about yourself. Systemic oppression affects how we navigate the world and shapes our perspectives. At times, life circumstance, trauma, and mental health struggles can leave us feeling hopeless. I see therapy as a way to restore hope and be the author of our own stories.
(928) 599-7958 View (928) 599-7958
Photo of Davina Morris
Davina Morris
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001  (Online Only)
Yá'át'ééh Hi Shí éí (I am) Davina Morris. My clans are Todích'íí'nii (Bitter Water), born for Mexican American, my maternal grandparents are (Tsi'naajinii). I’ve worked primarily with adolescents providing individual therapy, family therapy, and psychoeducational groups. Adolescents are the population that resonates with me the most because they have unheard voices. I’ve found that listening to our youth is not only a teaching from my Diné culture, but I believe that we all have our own cultures that have similar insights. I know we can return to a culturally holistic approach to listening to teens and listening to one another.
Yá'át'ééh Hi Shí éí (I am) Davina Morris. My clans are Todích'íí'nii (Bitter Water), born for Mexican American, my maternal grandparents are (Tsi'naajinii). I’ve worked primarily with adolescents providing individual therapy, family therapy, and psychoeducational groups. Adolescents are the population that resonates with me the most because they have unheard voices. I’ve found that listening to our youth is not only a teaching from my Diné culture, but I believe that we all have our own cultures that have similar insights. I know we can return to a culturally holistic approach to listening to teens and listening to one another.
(520) 727-3313 View (520) 727-3313
Photo of Angie Sine, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angie Sine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001  (Online Only)
I am a dedicated and compassionate psychotherapist offering Telehealth services to individuals in Arizona. With a focus on serving populations aged 13 and above, I am particularly passionate about working with the LGBTQ+ community including non-binary individuals and polyamory. I am also passionate about working with individuals with substance use disorders. My goal is the ability to create a safe, affirming, and non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their thoughts and emotions.
I am a dedicated and compassionate psychotherapist offering Telehealth services to individuals in Arizona. With a focus on serving populations aged 13 and above, I am particularly passionate about working with the LGBTQ+ community including non-binary individuals and polyamory. I am also passionate about working with individuals with substance use disorders. My goal is the ability to create a safe, affirming, and non-judgmental space for my clients to explore their thoughts and emotions.
(928) 218-2947 View (928) 218-2947
Photo of Dr. Lauren Mott, PhD, LPC-S, NCC, CSAT, CMAT, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Lauren Mott
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, NCC, CSAT, CMAT
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about a lot of things, foremost of which is helping individuals struggling with sex addiction, maladaptive sexual behaviors, intimacy disorders, and problematic gambling. I am also EMDR trained and utilize this technique for trauma healing. I focus on recovery from trauma, whether related to addiction or family-of-origin issues. I believe trauma affects everyone in different ways and requires its own unique recovery process consisting of blending addictions and trauma models together. Every individual has the capacity to heal and move forward on their journey towards health and happiness.
I am passionate about a lot of things, foremost of which is helping individuals struggling with sex addiction, maladaptive sexual behaviors, intimacy disorders, and problematic gambling. I am also EMDR trained and utilize this technique for trauma healing. I focus on recovery from trauma, whether related to addiction or family-of-origin issues. I believe trauma affects everyone in different ways and requires its own unique recovery process consisting of blending addictions and trauma models together. Every individual has the capacity to heal and move forward on their journey towards health and happiness.
(928) 440-9704 View (928) 440-9704
Photo of Sarah Edmonds, PhD, Psychologist
Sarah Edmonds
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
You've been going through the motions in life but underneath it all, you aren't happy. You have been mostly keeping it all together, but lately the stress of relationships, job problems, or parenting have been getting to you, and you've been finding yourself feeling more depressed and anxious. May be you've been realizing your childhood was a traumatic one and you don't want to be defined by that. Maybe you've tried self-help techniques or even therapy but it hasn't really made a difference. You just want to feel happy again! I'm here to help.
You've been going through the motions in life but underneath it all, you aren't happy. You have been mostly keeping it all together, but lately the stress of relationships, job problems, or parenting have been getting to you, and you've been finding yourself feeling more depressed and anxious. May be you've been realizing your childhood was a traumatic one and you don't want to be defined by that. Maybe you've tried self-help techniques or even therapy but it hasn't really made a difference. You just want to feel happy again! I'm here to help.
(928) 224-1996 View (928) 224-1996
Photo of Gabrielle Clements, Pre-Licensed Professional
Gabrielle Clements
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
I’m passionate about guiding individuals through identity exploration, particularly within the LGBTQIA+ community. I focus on empowering others by fostering self-compassion and addressing women's issues and ADHD. My goal is to support you in discovering your unique self, boosting your confidence, and navigating life’s challenges with understanding and care. If you’re ready to explore and grow, I’m here to help you on that journey.
I’m passionate about guiding individuals through identity exploration, particularly within the LGBTQIA+ community. I focus on empowering others by fostering self-compassion and addressing women's issues and ADHD. My goal is to support you in discovering your unique self, boosting your confidence, and navigating life’s challenges with understanding and care. If you’re ready to explore and grow, I’m here to help you on that journey.
(928) 414-8822 View (928) 414-8822
Photo of David Smart - Abundant Hope Integrated Solutions, LAC, MBA, Counselor
David Smart - Abundant Hope Integrated Solutions
Counselor, LAC, MBA
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Associate Counselor. I provide clients a safe, warm, open, and nonjudgmental space to tell their story. I listen intently and ask questions so that we can both understand what's going on. Whether the issue is anxiety, depression, loss, phase of life transition, trauma, or challenging relationships, we will navigate it together. My sincere hope is that clients will be empowered to get what they need - such as finding contentment, healing, strength, understanding, or positive growth.
Hello! I am a Licensed Associate Counselor. I provide clients a safe, warm, open, and nonjudgmental space to tell their story. I listen intently and ask questions so that we can both understand what's going on. Whether the issue is anxiety, depression, loss, phase of life transition, trauma, or challenging relationships, we will navigate it together. My sincere hope is that clients will be empowered to get what they need - such as finding contentment, healing, strength, understanding, or positive growth.
(928) 832-4901 View (928) 832-4901
Photo of Courtney Carver, CTP, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Carver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CTP, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
At Rooted Resilience Counseling, I embrace the belief that each of us possesses the strength to transform our lives, even when faced with overwhelming challenges. I support individuals facing anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, and life transitions. Additionally, I work with clients who have experienced childhood trauma, pregnancy loss, infertility, and grief. My integrative approach draws from evidence-based practices to meet each individual's unique needs. I prioritize creating a safe and collaborative environment, where clients feel empowered to explore their thoughts and feelings.
At Rooted Resilience Counseling, I embrace the belief that each of us possesses the strength to transform our lives, even when faced with overwhelming challenges. I support individuals facing anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, and life transitions. Additionally, I work with clients who have experienced childhood trauma, pregnancy loss, infertility, and grief. My integrative approach draws from evidence-based practices to meet each individual's unique needs. I prioritize creating a safe and collaborative environment, where clients feel empowered to explore their thoughts and feelings.
(928) 297-3991 View (928) 297-3991
Photo of John Cohen, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
John Cohen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
My main specialty is adoption and attachment. I was adopted and have reunited with my birth parents and have worked with hundreds of adoptees as well as adoptive parents seeking to understand their child/young adult. I work best with those who are seeking insights into themselves. I can help guide you if you are looking to do some self exploration and find out why you keep repeating the same patterns. I have worked extensively with teens, young adults, and with parents. I have treated many families who are struggling with navigating issues related to family dynamics.
My main specialty is adoption and attachment. I was adopted and have reunited with my birth parents and have worked with hundreds of adoptees as well as adoptive parents seeking to understand their child/young adult. I work best with those who are seeking insights into themselves. I can help guide you if you are looking to do some self exploration and find out why you keep repeating the same patterns. I have worked extensively with teens, young adults, and with parents. I have treated many families who are struggling with navigating issues related to family dynamics.
(928) 863-7282 View (928) 863-7282
Photo of David G Dubner-Phd, Psychologist
David G Dubner-Phd
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001  (Online Only)
Whether you are looking for relief from distressing emotions or painful memories, help with a challenging transition, relationship, or situation, or clarity about the present or the past, you have come to the right place. Over the years, I've found that most problems have solutions. Working together, I will provide the guidance, support, acceptance, and a variety of evidence-based and solution-focused techniques that will accelerate your ability to reach your goals, whatever they may be. As a WHOLISTIC HEALTH PSYCHOLOGIST, I will help you optimize all the interconnected facets of your life for greater balance, health, & happiness.
Whether you are looking for relief from distressing emotions or painful memories, help with a challenging transition, relationship, or situation, or clarity about the present or the past, you have come to the right place. Over the years, I've found that most problems have solutions. Working together, I will provide the guidance, support, acceptance, and a variety of evidence-based and solution-focused techniques that will accelerate your ability to reach your goals, whatever they may be. As a WHOLISTIC HEALTH PSYCHOLOGIST, I will help you optimize all the interconnected facets of your life for greater balance, health, & happiness.
(928) 770-6534 View (928) 770-6534
Photo of Ann Capulin-Thayer, MA, LPC, Counselor
Ann Capulin-Thayer
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Does stress, worry or anxiety get to you? Do you need someone to talk with, but friends and family don’t seem to understand? Do you wish you could find somebody who will really listen? Maybe you haven’t been able to feel happiness in way too long, or your fears and worries are taking over your day-to-day life. Maybe your thoughts bother you or seem to control you, or you turn to alcohol or drugs to just get through the day. If some of this sounds familiar you should know that you are not alone, and that you can talk with somebody about these problems. When you are ready, we can work together to try to beat them.
Does stress, worry or anxiety get to you? Do you need someone to talk with, but friends and family don’t seem to understand? Do you wish you could find somebody who will really listen? Maybe you haven’t been able to feel happiness in way too long, or your fears and worries are taking over your day-to-day life. Maybe your thoughts bother you or seem to control you, or you turn to alcohol or drugs to just get through the day. If some of this sounds familiar you should know that you are not alone, and that you can talk with somebody about these problems. When you are ready, we can work together to try to beat them.
(623) 526-1287 View (623) 526-1287
Photo of Tessa Vilte, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tessa Vilte
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
I enjoy working with a variety of clients and have experience in many areas but I have special interest in working with adolescents (10 and up) and adults in individual therapy. I have additional experience working in adoption and foster care, blended and interracial families as well as first responders. I offer faith integration for those that seek it and view faith as a strong resource for clients healing journeys, while understanding the complicated relationship people can have with faith and faith transitions. I enjoy helping my clients build fulfilling lives and relationships.
I enjoy working with a variety of clients and have experience in many areas but I have special interest in working with adolescents (10 and up) and adults in individual therapy. I have additional experience working in adoption and foster care, blended and interracial families as well as first responders. I offer faith integration for those that seek it and view faith as a strong resource for clients healing journeys, while understanding the complicated relationship people can have with faith and faith transitions. I enjoy helping my clients build fulfilling lives and relationships.
(928) 955-8487 View (928) 955-8487
Photo of Elizabeth Budge, Pre-Licensed Professional
Elizabeth Budge
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
My primary professional focus is assisting individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship problems, marriage troubles, parenting issues, and those seeking guidance in exploring their values, navigating life transitions, and developing more effective mindsets.
My primary professional focus is assisting individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship problems, marriage troubles, parenting issues, and those seeking guidance in exploring their values, navigating life transitions, and developing more effective mindsets.
(928) 263-6737 View (928) 263-6737
Photo of Kayla Miro, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kayla Miro
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
My ideal client is someone who feels emotionally dysregulated, has lost their sense of identity, and no longer finds joy in activities they once enjoyed. They may feel lost or be experiencing a significant life transition. These individuals are seeking to reconnect with themselves, discover their purpose, and live a meaningful life. They are eager to experience healthy emotions and foster positive connections and relationships. They are open to new possibilities and are willing to explore what a different, fulfilling life could look like. These clients are committed to healing from their trauma and continuing on a growth journey.
My ideal client is someone who feels emotionally dysregulated, has lost their sense of identity, and no longer finds joy in activities they once enjoyed. They may feel lost or be experiencing a significant life transition. These individuals are seeking to reconnect with themselves, discover their purpose, and live a meaningful life. They are eager to experience healthy emotions and foster positive connections and relationships. They are open to new possibilities and are willing to explore what a different, fulfilling life could look like. These clients are committed to healing from their trauma and continuing on a growth journey.
(928) 396-2372 View (928) 396-2372
Photo of Mollie Anne Bartholomew, LAC, Counselor
Mollie Anne Bartholomew
Counselor, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
I love working with pre-teen/teens/young adults ages 12-25. I offer creative solutions for connection-including walk and talk sessions, music integration, and art therapy. I have found sometimes getting out of the office space produces new insight and new perspective, so outdoor therapy options are also available. I have a warm inviting office space to meet, offering collaborative approaches to work on therapeutic goals. I have been told I am authentic, open, and help clients feel right at home. I feel especially passionate about helping adolescent girls manage anxiety and feel more confident in their strengths and value.
I love working with pre-teen/teens/young adults ages 12-25. I offer creative solutions for connection-including walk and talk sessions, music integration, and art therapy. I have found sometimes getting out of the office space produces new insight and new perspective, so outdoor therapy options are also available. I have a warm inviting office space to meet, offering collaborative approaches to work on therapeutic goals. I have been told I am authentic, open, and help clients feel right at home. I feel especially passionate about helping adolescent girls manage anxiety and feel more confident in their strengths and value.
(928) 565-6927 View (928) 565-6927
Photo of Angela Rees, LPC, SEP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angela Rees
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, SEP
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
Thank you for reaching out and taking the first step on the path of your healing journey. I believe connection and the quality of it paves the path to healing. I have over ten years experience as a trauma therapist. During our time together, we will explore the affects of trauma, identify trauma responses, build resiliency, and establish a heathier sense of self.
Thank you for reaching out and taking the first step on the path of your healing journey. I believe connection and the quality of it paves the path to healing. I have over ten years experience as a trauma therapist. During our time together, we will explore the affects of trauma, identify trauma responses, build resiliency, and establish a heathier sense of self.
(480) 906-3721 View (480) 906-3721
Photo of Lisa Marie Shows - Bright Potential Counseling , MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bright Potential Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
We are a group practice providing in person and online sessions and now accepting new clients. Providers include Sirene Lipschutz, LMSW; Jess Hedgepeth, LAC; Alicia Garner, LAC; and Lisa Shows, LPC. Let us help you change patterns of toxic relationships, effects of trauma, and negative beliefs about yourself. Are you ready to release what is not serving you, trust your worth and attract abundance, and up level into financial stability? We are passionate about supporting women to tap into their wisdom, confidence, and power.
We are a group practice providing in person and online sessions and now accepting new clients. Providers include Sirene Lipschutz, LMSW; Jess Hedgepeth, LAC; Alicia Garner, LAC; and Lisa Shows, LPC. Let us help you change patterns of toxic relationships, effects of trauma, and negative beliefs about yourself. Are you ready to release what is not serving you, trust your worth and attract abundance, and up level into financial stability? We are passionate about supporting women to tap into their wisdom, confidence, and power.
(928) 212-2598 View (928) 212-2598
Photo of Kate Needle, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kate Needle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
I am passionate about holistic wellness and seek to integrate a trauma-informed approach that recognizes the dynamic interplay of the mind, body, and spirit. I am particularly interested in the exploration of childhood experiences, relationships and their influence on the development and functioning of the ego, subconscious mind, core beliefs, and subsequent behavior. I believe there is no “one fits all” method to treatment and consider a client-centered approach as the foundation that guides the therapeutic process.
I am passionate about holistic wellness and seek to integrate a trauma-informed approach that recognizes the dynamic interplay of the mind, body, and spirit. I am particularly interested in the exploration of childhood experiences, relationships and their influence on the development and functioning of the ego, subconscious mind, core beliefs, and subsequent behavior. I believe there is no “one fits all” method to treatment and consider a client-centered approach as the foundation that guides the therapeutic process.
(928) 504-2572 View (928) 504-2572
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Flagstaff, AZ

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Flagstaff, AZ who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
68% Stress
62% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% BlueCross and BlueShield
73% Aetna
66% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Flagstaff, AZ see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
19% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Flagstaff?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.