Therapists in Chesapeake, VA

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Photo of Holly Mathews, PhD, LCP, Psychologist
Holly Mathews
Psychologist, PhD, LCP
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Are you having difficulty managing the needs of your child(ren) and don't know who to turn to? Has your child started displaying behaviors or mood changes that are disruptive to family and/or school? If behavioral or emotional concerns are at the top of your list, they are also at the top of mine, and I'd love to help!
Are you having difficulty managing the needs of your child(ren) and don't know who to turn to? Has your child started displaying behaviors or mood changes that are disruptive to family and/or school? If behavioral or emotional concerns are at the top of your list, they are also at the top of mine, and I'd love to help!
(757) 780-5770 View (757) 780-5770
Photo of Keisha Ross, LMSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Keisha Ross
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23322  (Online Only)
I desire to assist others with trauma related issues as well as day to day issues that arise in a compassionate, person centered approach to help client's achieve their goals.
I desire to assist others with trauma related issues as well as day to day issues that arise in a compassionate, person centered approach to help client's achieve their goals.
(757) 866-5071 View (757) 866-5071
Photo of Tredella Hall, LPC, NCC, LSATP, CCATP, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tredella Hall
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, LSATP, CCATP, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Provider, my goal is to assist you in enhancing your overall ability to cope with stressors, increase self-awareness, and enhance resiliency. By utilizing an integrated approach we will work together as I aide you in establishing and maintaining relationships, utilizing refusal and coping skills in an effort to elicit behavioral change. "The secret to change is to focus all of your energy, not on fighting the old, but on building the new". -Dan Millman
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Substance Abuse Treatment Provider, my goal is to assist you in enhancing your overall ability to cope with stressors, increase self-awareness, and enhance resiliency. By utilizing an integrated approach we will work together as I aide you in establishing and maintaining relationships, utilizing refusal and coping skills in an effort to elicit behavioral change. "The secret to change is to focus all of your energy, not on fighting the old, but on building the new". -Dan Millman
(757) 693-4191 View (757) 693-4191
Photo of Jenna Pipolo, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenna Pipolo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Courage doesn't happen when you have all the answers. It happens when you are ready to face the questions you have been avoiding your whole life. " "“ Shannon L. Adler Life can be unpredictable, for better or for worse, and sometimes all we need is a little extra support to get by. During these challenging times, I offer compassion and empathy to help you navigate and process life's difficulties. Together, we'll work towards creating and achieving your own personal goals.
Courage doesn't happen when you have all the answers. It happens when you are ready to face the questions you have been avoiding your whole life. " "“ Shannon L. Adler Life can be unpredictable, for better or for worse, and sometimes all we need is a little extra support to get by. During these challenging times, I offer compassion and empathy to help you navigate and process life's difficulties. Together, we'll work towards creating and achieving your own personal goals.
(757) 703-4704 View (757) 703-4704
Photo of Dr. Robin Shaw, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Robin Shaw
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23322  (Online Only)
Greetings. Are you feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges? Feeling like there must be more? Be encouraged because change is possible. All of us have the potential to live healthy and whole lives, despite the challenges we face. Sometimes we just need a little help getting there. It is my mission, as the owner of Three Dimension Wellness, LLC, to help you embrace your authentic self, and to encourage and equip you to live well.
Greetings. Are you feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges? Feeling like there must be more? Be encouraged because change is possible. All of us have the potential to live healthy and whole lives, despite the challenges we face. Sometimes we just need a little help getting there. It is my mission, as the owner of Three Dimension Wellness, LLC, to help you embrace your authentic self, and to encourage and equip you to live well.
(757) 780-8474 View (757) 780-8474
Photo of Vaughn Miller, PsyD, LCP, Psychologist
Vaughn Miller
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
I serve adults (18+) in Virginia, Maryland, D.C., and PSYPACT authorized states. I believe that the aim of therapy is to assist clients in better understanding their underlying concerns, like difficulties in relating to others, struggles during life transitions, and experiences of internal and external conflict. Therapy also provides a neutral space for people to explore new and healthy boundaries while working to identify and heal painful emotional experiences, thought patterns, and behaviors.
I serve adults (18+) in Virginia, Maryland, D.C., and PSYPACT authorized states. I believe that the aim of therapy is to assist clients in better understanding their underlying concerns, like difficulties in relating to others, struggles during life transitions, and experiences of internal and external conflict. Therapy also provides a neutral space for people to explore new and healthy boundaries while working to identify and heal painful emotional experiences, thought patterns, and behaviors.
(757) 410-0700 View (757) 410-0700
Photo of LaShawn Gooden, PsyD, Psychologist
LaShawn Gooden
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Does life feel challenging right now? Do you feel stressed, overwhelmed or anxious? Are you trying to find the path forward but having difficulty? If any of these sentiments resonate with you, I'm here for you. I have experience working with several concerns, but the most common include: anxiety, depression, confidence/self-esteem, relational problems, life transitions, and identity exploration. I want to support you on your wellness journey. I am able to provide interjurisdictional telehealth in 31 states: AL, AZ, AR, CO, DE, DC, GA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, ME, MD, MN, MO, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NC, OH, OK, PA, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, and WI.
Does life feel challenging right now? Do you feel stressed, overwhelmed or anxious? Are you trying to find the path forward but having difficulty? If any of these sentiments resonate with you, I'm here for you. I have experience working with several concerns, but the most common include: anxiety, depression, confidence/self-esteem, relational problems, life transitions, and identity exploration. I want to support you on your wellness journey. I am able to provide interjurisdictional telehealth in 31 states: AL, AZ, AR, CO, DE, DC, GA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, ME, MD, MN, MO, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NC, OH, OK, PA, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, and WI.
(757) 505-7702 View (757) 505-7702
Photo of Alison Outten, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alison Outten
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23324
Hi, I'm Alison Outten, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 7 years of clinical experience working with individuals in areas including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, and life coaching. I use a holistic approach that consists of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Person-Centered, Supportive, Strength-Based, and Holistic therapies during treatment with clients. I believe in working in partnership with clients to utilize their strengths to help them sort out their challenges and achieve their goals.
Hi, I'm Alison Outten, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 7 years of clinical experience working with individuals in areas including but not limited to depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, and life coaching. I use a holistic approach that consists of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Person-Centered, Supportive, Strength-Based, and Holistic therapies during treatment with clients. I believe in working in partnership with clients to utilize their strengths to help them sort out their challenges and achieve their goals.
(571) 568-7381 View (571) 568-7381
Photo of Malka Rudin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Malka Rudin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
I work with adults who are looking to engage in talk therapy via telehealth. Some of my clients may be struggling with day to day challenges, some may be trying to cope with overwhelming emotions, and others may be trying to come to terms with their past. My clients are looking for validation and support of their experiences, while simultaneously seeking guidance and direction to shift to a better place.
I work with adults who are looking to engage in talk therapy via telehealth. Some of my clients may be struggling with day to day challenges, some may be trying to cope with overwhelming emotions, and others may be trying to come to terms with their past. My clients are looking for validation and support of their experiences, while simultaneously seeking guidance and direction to shift to a better place.
(757) 829-7154 View (757) 829-7154
Photo of Cindy Dehne, MEd, RIC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Cindy Dehne
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, RIC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
I am client-centered and committed to helping clients achieve their goals. Together, we will explore your issues and find creative solutions to help you live your life to its fullest. I enjoy working with adults and the military and veteran community.
I am client-centered and committed to helping clients achieve their goals. Together, we will explore your issues and find creative solutions to help you live your life to its fullest. I enjoy working with adults and the military and veteran community.
(434) 226-5893 View (434) 226-5893
Photo of Eunice H McNair, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eunice H McNair
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Tomorrow is a new day and no one knows exactly what will happen next. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I would like to assist you in navigating the mysteries of life. My primary focus is assisting individuals, couples, and families through challenges that they may face from day to day. Whatever your culture, ethnicity, or social economic background, LIFE happens to us all. Together we can cultivate a supportive environment with sensitivity and compassion to conquer life's uncertainties. It is my belief that the mind is a gift from God, and is the gateway to the soul.
Tomorrow is a new day and no one knows exactly what will happen next. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I would like to assist you in navigating the mysteries of life. My primary focus is assisting individuals, couples, and families through challenges that they may face from day to day. Whatever your culture, ethnicity, or social economic background, LIFE happens to us all. Together we can cultivate a supportive environment with sensitivity and compassion to conquer life's uncertainties. It is my belief that the mind is a gift from God, and is the gateway to the soul.
(757) 932-2892 View (757) 932-2892
John Michael Sullivan
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321  (Online Only)
I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with a variety of clients and bring decades of experience to your therapy. I have taught at colleges and am a published author. My private practice focuses on individual therapy with adults, with a special emphasis on PTSD and other anxiety disorders. I believe every client and his or her situation is unique. I do not believe a one-size fit all approach to therapy. I may use EMDR, cognitive-behavioral, solution-oriented and even plain old common sense and humor in our work together. I consider therapy a joint effort, a partnership, a "We're in this together" experience.
I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with a variety of clients and bring decades of experience to your therapy. I have taught at colleges and am a published author. My private practice focuses on individual therapy with adults, with a special emphasis on PTSD and other anxiety disorders. I believe every client and his or her situation is unique. I do not believe a one-size fit all approach to therapy. I may use EMDR, cognitive-behavioral, solution-oriented and even plain old common sense and humor in our work together. I consider therapy a joint effort, a partnership, a "We're in this together" experience.
(757) 785-9554 View (757) 785-9554
Photo of Robin Shelton, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robin Shelton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
You deserve to be happy. Starting therapy when you need to means that you know, deep down; that you can be. I've provided Individual, Family, Marital and Group psychotherapy to civilian and active duty service members and their dependents; in hospice, in substance abuse treatment settings; in domestic violence and family therapy settings both inpatient and outpatient. No matter the presenting problems, the need to regain a sense of balance, to find your real self, to see a future you want is a big part of healing. Working with the right therapist can help you claim ownership over your own life and recover your power.
You deserve to be happy. Starting therapy when you need to means that you know, deep down; that you can be. I've provided Individual, Family, Marital and Group psychotherapy to civilian and active duty service members and their dependents; in hospice, in substance abuse treatment settings; in domestic violence and family therapy settings both inpatient and outpatient. No matter the presenting problems, the need to regain a sense of balance, to find your real self, to see a future you want is a big part of healing. Working with the right therapist can help you claim ownership over your own life and recover your power.
(757) 979-6623 View (757) 979-6623
Photo of Neda Lopez, LCSW, CSAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Neda Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Not accepting new clients
Every person has worth, purpose and the skills they need to overcome the barriers in their life. I believe individuals have great capacity for resiliency, strength, hope and courage. Are you having difficulty seeing these characteristics in yourself? Does life have you feeling upside down? With 20 years of experience, I assist children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to heal from symptoms of mental illness, trauma, addiction, relationship discord, parenting, anxiety, low self-esteem, life transitions, and grief and loss. Today is the right time for a better you.
Every person has worth, purpose and the skills they need to overcome the barriers in their life. I believe individuals have great capacity for resiliency, strength, hope and courage. Are you having difficulty seeing these characteristics in yourself? Does life have you feeling upside down? With 20 years of experience, I assist children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families to heal from symptoms of mental illness, trauma, addiction, relationship discord, parenting, anxiety, low self-esteem, life transitions, and grief and loss. Today is the right time for a better you.
(757) 992-9682 View (757) 992-9682
Photo of Kiara Walton, LRC
Kiara Walton
Resident in Counseling, LRC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Kiara Walton is a Virginia native who has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Virginia State University in Sociology, with a minor in Psychology. Two master’s degrees, both from Liberty University. She has a master’s in human service counseling, focusing on Marriage and Family dynamics, as well as a master’s degree in both School and Professional counseling. She is also an Advanced Certified Drug and Alcohol Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2017. Kiara believes in a treatment philosophy that aids her as she works alongside clients as they address addiction, trauma, grief, and other healing blockages.
Kiara Walton is a Virginia native who has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Virginia State University in Sociology, with a minor in Psychology. Two master’s degrees, both from Liberty University. She has a master’s in human service counseling, focusing on Marriage and Family dynamics, as well as a master’s degree in both School and Professional counseling. She is also an Advanced Certified Drug and Alcohol Counselor in Virginia who has been practicing since 2017. Kiara believes in a treatment philosophy that aids her as she works alongside clients as they address addiction, trauma, grief, and other healing blockages.
(757) 792-8298 View (757) 792-8298
Photo of Donna M. Paris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Donna M. Paris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Donna M. Paris is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 1996. Donna is highly motivated and driven to help others. She is competent in the use of various treatment modalities, such as solution-focused interventions, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, and hypnosis. Donna offers empathy, compassion, and the ability and desire to connect with clients to help them heal. Outside of work, Donna enjoys reading, taking long walks, and spending time with friends and family.
Donna M. Paris is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Virginia who has been practicing since 1996. Donna is highly motivated and driven to help others. She is competent in the use of various treatment modalities, such as solution-focused interventions, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, and hypnosis. Donna offers empathy, compassion, and the ability and desire to connect with clients to help them heal. Outside of work, Donna enjoys reading, taking long walks, and spending time with friends and family.
(757) 982-2685 View (757) 982-2685
Photo of Danielle Bryant, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Danielle Bryant
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Whether your goal is to increase your levels of joy, peace, and order, reduce and better manage stress, or generally improve your outlook on life, if you desire to be more involved in the outcomes of your life, I'm here to help. Taking the first step of being a willing participant and being open to establishing new "life rules" can improve your ability to cope, increase your chances at achieving your goals, and improve outcomes that are important to you.
Whether your goal is to increase your levels of joy, peace, and order, reduce and better manage stress, or generally improve your outlook on life, if you desire to be more involved in the outcomes of your life, I'm here to help. Taking the first step of being a willing participant and being open to establishing new "life rules" can improve your ability to cope, increase your chances at achieving your goals, and improve outcomes that are important to you.
(757) 781-0877 View (757) 781-0877
Photo of Kari Young, MSEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kari Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Waitlist for new clients
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I desire for all of my clients to find healing, freedom and hope: healing from their current or past trauma, freedom from the pain of their experiences, and hope for their future. With my clients, I take a collaborative approach and utilize evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).  It is a privilege to use my education and experience to work with individuals (adults, adolescents, children) and couples.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I desire for all of my clients to find healing, freedom and hope: healing from their current or past trauma, freedom from the pain of their experiences, and hope for their future. With my clients, I take a collaborative approach and utilize evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).  It is a privilege to use my education and experience to work with individuals (adults, adolescents, children) and couples.
(757) 798-8909 View (757) 798-8909
Photo of Chenzirah Fannings, LRC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Chenzirah Fannings
Pre-Licensed Professional, LRC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23320
Chenzirah Fannings is a Master level Resident in Counseling and obtained a Masters of Arts in Mental Health Counseling from South University. She believes in creating a nurturing and trustworthy environment which enhances her ability to truly see and hear her clients. She strives to meet her client’s where they are and help support them in their therapeutic journey. Chenzirah’s priority is to create a safe , respectful atmosphere, conducive to fostering healing and self-expression. She has worked with individuals with diagnosis such as Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem Concerns, Workplace Stress, Adjustment Disorder, Anger Issues.
Chenzirah Fannings is a Master level Resident in Counseling and obtained a Masters of Arts in Mental Health Counseling from South University. She believes in creating a nurturing and trustworthy environment which enhances her ability to truly see and hear her clients. She strives to meet her client’s where they are and help support them in their therapeutic journey. Chenzirah’s priority is to create a safe , respectful atmosphere, conducive to fostering healing and self-expression. She has worked with individuals with diagnosis such as Anxiety, Depression, Self-Esteem Concerns, Workplace Stress, Adjustment Disorder, Anger Issues.
(757) 703-4443 View (757) 703-4443
Photo of Dr. Lora Hamilton Horowitz, PhD, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Lora Hamilton Horowitz
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23320  (Online Only)
I am available to take new clients and to provide clinical supervision to residents. In life, we all encounter moments where we could use some support to navigate through tough circumstances, emotions, and thoughts. My goal is to help you identify and use your strengths to support you through these seasons in your life. I firmly believe in the power of a trauma-informed approach, coupled with the right treatment modality, to empower clients to master the skills necessary to overcome challenges. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 15 years of experience and hold a PhD in Counseling and Psychological Studies.
I am available to take new clients and to provide clinical supervision to residents. In life, we all encounter moments where we could use some support to navigate through tough circumstances, emotions, and thoughts. My goal is to help you identify and use your strengths to support you through these seasons in your life. I firmly believe in the power of a trauma-informed approach, coupled with the right treatment modality, to empower clients to master the skills necessary to overcome challenges. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 15 years of experience and hold a PhD in Counseling and Psychological Studies.
(757) 330-8208 View (757) 330-8208
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chesapeake, VA

600+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Chesapeake, VA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
73% Stress
70% Trauma and PTSD
66% Relationship Issues
66% Self Esteem
62% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Aetna
80% Elevance
76% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Chesapeake, VA see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
13% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chesapeake?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.