Therapists in Washington, DC

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Photo of Faith G Lewis, LCSW, Cert, Analyst, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Faith G Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, Cert, Analyst
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20011
30+ years practicing clinical psychotherapy /psychoanalysis, I especially love working with: young adults, couples, adolescents & their families .....I am French bi-lingual and work in French with some clients; I have lived, and loved living in, France and in the Third World , including W Africa and Haiti ... Two offices: DC and Falls Church, VA...... Work some evenings....
30+ years practicing clinical psychotherapy /psychoanalysis, I especially love working with: young adults, couples, adolescents & their families .....I am French bi-lingual and work in French with some clients; I have lived, and loved living in, France and in the Third World , including W Africa and Haiti ... Two offices: DC and Falls Church, VA...... Work some evenings....
(202) 499-7682 View (202) 499-7682
Amy Killy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20015
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker providing psychotherapy services to individuals and families in the Washington metropolitan area. With an interactive style, I use a positive, solution-focused approach and provide a non-judgemental atmosphere that allows for opportunities to decompress, reflect and problem solve. My 20 years of experience as a high school counselor at local independent schools has given me necessary insights into the lives of emerging adults and those who parent them.
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker providing psychotherapy services to individuals and families in the Washington metropolitan area. With an interactive style, I use a positive, solution-focused approach and provide a non-judgemental atmosphere that allows for opportunities to decompress, reflect and problem solve. My 20 years of experience as a high school counselor at local independent schools has given me necessary insights into the lives of emerging adults and those who parent them.
(240) 219-6778 View (240) 219-6778
Photo of Dr. Arubah Khan, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Arubah Khan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20003  (Online Only)
Currently accepting clients, especially couples! I believe change is possible - let me show you that it really is. Instead of leaving you with temporary band-aids, I offer you the space to make meaningful, lasting shifts in perspective, coping, and patterns.
Currently accepting clients, especially couples! I believe change is possible - let me show you that it really is. Instead of leaving you with temporary band-aids, I offer you the space to make meaningful, lasting shifts in perspective, coping, and patterns.
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Photo of Tia Harrison, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tia Harrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20017  (Online Only)
I'm accepting new clients virtually in Washington, DC, Georgia, Texas, California and Alabama. My specialities are anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, anger management issues along with trauma and abuse. I am a Licensed Clinical Therapist with over 15 years' experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and geriatric populations. I’ve practiced in various settings such as outpatient mental health clinics, in-patient psychiatric hospitals, in-home and virtually.
I'm accepting new clients virtually in Washington, DC, Georgia, Texas, California and Alabama. My specialities are anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, anger management issues along with trauma and abuse. I am a Licensed Clinical Therapist with over 15 years' experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and geriatric populations. I’ve practiced in various settings such as outpatient mental health clinics, in-patient psychiatric hospitals, in-home and virtually.
(855) 769-1831 View (855) 769-1831
Photo of Jane Lim, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jane Lim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20005
Young adulthood is tough! You may ask yourself, "Am I behind? Why does everyone else seem to have it ‘figured out’? Why don’t I know what I’m doing with my life?" There is an unspoken and unrealistic expectation to be 'perfect' and have it all 'figured out' by the time we reach our 20s and 30s. But in reality, most of us are not! Maybe your friends seem to have successful careers and thriving social lives and relationships. Maybe your family is pushing to know what your future plans are. If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or anxious, I am here to help you sort through the noise and take steps toward the life you want to build!
Young adulthood is tough! You may ask yourself, "Am I behind? Why does everyone else seem to have it ‘figured out’? Why don’t I know what I’m doing with my life?" There is an unspoken and unrealistic expectation to be 'perfect' and have it all 'figured out' by the time we reach our 20s and 30s. But in reality, most of us are not! Maybe your friends seem to have successful careers and thriving social lives and relationships. Maybe your family is pushing to know what your future plans are. If you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or anxious, I am here to help you sort through the noise and take steps toward the life you want to build!
(202) 519-6212 View (202) 519-6212
Photo of Victoria Campbell, LPCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Victoria Campbell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
Do you have so much on your mind all at once that it is difficult to understand it all and communicate your thoughts and feelings? Do you feel overwhelmed with life changes and need someone to process them with? Do you just need a non-judgmental space to explore your inner thoughts and emotions?
Do you have so much on your mind all at once that it is difficult to understand it all and communicate your thoughts and feelings? Do you feel overwhelmed with life changes and need someone to process them with? Do you just need a non-judgmental space to explore your inner thoughts and emotions?
(202) 517-0843 View (202) 517-0843
Photo of LaMesha McKenzie, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
LaMesha McKenzie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016  (Online Only)
LaMesha’s approach to therapy is “person centered” as she aims to meet the client “where they are”. She considers the therapeutic relationship essential as she evaluates each person within the context of their environment and provides practical feedback to help effectively address their personal life challenges. Her areas of expertise include, but are not limited to: stress management, anxiety/depression, personal growth, and effective communication strategies while utilizing as needed,Trauma Focused Solutions, Brief Solution Focused Therapy, CBT, and Crisis Interventions and more. LaMesha is also licensed in DC and Alabama!
LaMesha’s approach to therapy is “person centered” as she aims to meet the client “where they are”. She considers the therapeutic relationship essential as she evaluates each person within the context of their environment and provides practical feedback to help effectively address their personal life challenges. Her areas of expertise include, but are not limited to: stress management, anxiety/depression, personal growth, and effective communication strategies while utilizing as needed,Trauma Focused Solutions, Brief Solution Focused Therapy, CBT, and Crisis Interventions and more. LaMesha is also licensed in DC and Alabama!
(202) 499-4007 View (202) 499-4007
Photo of Asha English, MA, LGPC, Counselor
Asha English
Counselor, MA, LGPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016
Are you worried about your teen? Have you noticed a change in their behavior patterns? Have they lost interest in doing things they usually enjoy? Are they acting out in ways you don’t understand? Have they turned your house upside-down? If you’re finding it hard to understand your teen, I can help. I help teens to increase their self-esteem, improve their body image, and make positive changes in their relationships. I also offer support to parents to help implement lasting changes for the whole family.
Are you worried about your teen? Have you noticed a change in their behavior patterns? Have they lost interest in doing things they usually enjoy? Are they acting out in ways you don’t understand? Have they turned your house upside-down? If you’re finding it hard to understand your teen, I can help. I help teens to increase their self-esteem, improve their body image, and make positive changes in their relationships. I also offer support to parents to help implement lasting changes for the whole family.
(844) 748-5367 View (844) 748-5367
Photo of Carolyn Hoffmann, LICSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carolyn Hoffmann
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20009  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with individuals of all ages who have experienced relationship trauma. I also have a passion for working with adults & couples who feel stuck or overwhelmed by daily responsibilities & life transitions. I'm a true believer in the therapeutic power of dialogue. Life can often be complex & messy, but with a supportive environment to talk things through, it can feel much easier to tackle. I strive to provide an inclusive, empathic, & non-judgmental space to manage your emotions & stressors as we work to nurture your personal relationships.
I specialize in working with individuals of all ages who have experienced relationship trauma. I also have a passion for working with adults & couples who feel stuck or overwhelmed by daily responsibilities & life transitions. I'm a true believer in the therapeutic power of dialogue. Life can often be complex & messy, but with a supportive environment to talk things through, it can feel much easier to tackle. I strive to provide an inclusive, empathic, & non-judgmental space to manage your emotions & stressors as we work to nurture your personal relationships.
(202) 519-8318 View (202) 519-8318
Photo of Jeremy Kozne, PhD, Psychologist
Jeremy Kozne
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Washington, DC 20002
Many people get stuck and feel disappointed or unsatisfied when they evaluate their lives. I work with clients to help them identify destructive thoughts and behaviors, manage disruptive, uncomfortable emotions, establish more fulfilling relationships, and reach a place of genuine satisfaction. I teach clients skills to increase positive feelings and we will work together to uncover deep insights and break entrenched maladaptive, negative life patterns. As your therapist, I provide a warm, directive and active role to help you meet your treatment goals.
Many people get stuck and feel disappointed or unsatisfied when they evaluate their lives. I work with clients to help them identify destructive thoughts and behaviors, manage disruptive, uncomfortable emotions, establish more fulfilling relationships, and reach a place of genuine satisfaction. I teach clients skills to increase positive feelings and we will work together to uncover deep insights and break entrenched maladaptive, negative life patterns. As your therapist, I provide a warm, directive and active role to help you meet your treatment goals.
(202) 933-7917 View (202) 933-7917
Photo of Joshua Kline, PsyD, Psychological Associate
Joshua Kline
Psychological Associate, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20009
I believe in providing a safe, judgment-free, and supportive space for my clients. From a cognitive-behavioral approach, I aim to balance symptom relief in the present while managing life’s challenges and uncertainties. Along with this, I help develop insights and depth into why one’s struggles may be happening. I value a strong therapeutic relationship as a channel for understanding and a way to foster open and honest dialogue. My therapy style can be described as compassionate, direct, solution-oriented, and mind-body-focused. Together, we will create a personalized and flexible plan to create a more authentic and fulfilling life.
I believe in providing a safe, judgment-free, and supportive space for my clients. From a cognitive-behavioral approach, I aim to balance symptom relief in the present while managing life’s challenges and uncertainties. Along with this, I help develop insights and depth into why one’s struggles may be happening. I value a strong therapeutic relationship as a channel for understanding and a way to foster open and honest dialogue. My therapy style can be described as compassionate, direct, solution-oriented, and mind-body-focused. Together, we will create a personalized and flexible plan to create a more authentic and fulfilling life.
(202) 816-7916 View (202) 816-7916
Photo of Henry A. McKinnon, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, JD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Henry A. McKinnon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, JD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20037
Finding your true, authentic self can be daunting. You may feel stuck, confused, or overwhelmed by life experiences. Together we can discover the motivations, tools, and skills which will allow you to be content, more-productive, and less anxious. In a safe, confidential, and non-judgmental space, you and I can explore your patterns of thinking and feeling, and the meanings behind them. We will remove obstacles which get in your way. Client's often tell me that my warm, non-judgmental approach and careful listening help them to feel safe, freeing them to understand themselves in ways they've never considered.
Finding your true, authentic self can be daunting. You may feel stuck, confused, or overwhelmed by life experiences. Together we can discover the motivations, tools, and skills which will allow you to be content, more-productive, and less anxious. In a safe, confidential, and non-judgmental space, you and I can explore your patterns of thinking and feeling, and the meanings behind them. We will remove obstacles which get in your way. Client's often tell me that my warm, non-judgmental approach and careful listening help them to feel safe, freeing them to understand themselves in ways they've never considered.
(202) 803-8464 View (202) 803-8464
Photo of Joanne Zucchetto, LICSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joanne Zucchetto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20015
My belief that the therapeutic relationship is the key element of successful treatment informs my practice. This working relationship, based on mutual trust and shared goals, allows for self-exploration and ultimately personal growth. In working with individuals, couples, families and/or groups I think that connecting the dots between past and present allows the client to have a better grasp on what is influencing her/his feelings and life choices leading to greater empowerment and life satisfaction.
My belief that the therapeutic relationship is the key element of successful treatment informs my practice. This working relationship, based on mutual trust and shared goals, allows for self-exploration and ultimately personal growth. In working with individuals, couples, families and/or groups I think that connecting the dots between past and present allows the client to have a better grasp on what is influencing her/his feelings and life choices leading to greater empowerment and life satisfaction.
(410) 988-2167 View (410) 988-2167
Photo of Jen Van Meter, LGPC, Counselor
Jen Van Meter
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20037  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Taking the time to looking for a therapist is a tough first step to creating meaningful change in your life, but here you are! I would be honored to accompany you on your journey of healing. If you are someone who is struggling with ADHD, depression, anxiety, gender identity, self-esteem, chronic illness, life transitions, or other hard stuff in general, I am here to support you. I will stand by you as we take one step at a time towards your end goals. I have experience working with all ages, but have taken a special focus on working with adolescents and young adults.
Taking the time to looking for a therapist is a tough first step to creating meaningful change in your life, but here you are! I would be honored to accompany you on your journey of healing. If you are someone who is struggling with ADHD, depression, anxiety, gender identity, self-esteem, chronic illness, life transitions, or other hard stuff in general, I am here to support you. I will stand by you as we take one step at a time towards your end goals. I have experience working with all ages, but have taken a special focus on working with adolescents and young adults.
(202) 915-3112 View (202) 915-3112
Photo of Halli Faulkner, JD, MAEd, YACEP, E-RYT
Halli Faulkner
JD, MAEd, YACEP, E-RYT
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20024  (Online Only)
I practice yoga therapy because it's focused, personalized, and individualized care. Yoga therapy is special because in addition to the intimate, insightful, in-depth conversations that are typical of traditional individual psychotherapy, the two of us can also move together, breath together, and create personalized meditations, all of which can accelerate and deepen your healing. The same sorts of problems that draw people to more traditional psychotherapy also bring people to yoga therapy - depression, anxiety, stress, relationship difficulties, disordered eating, and traumatic experiences, to name a few.
I practice yoga therapy because it's focused, personalized, and individualized care. Yoga therapy is special because in addition to the intimate, insightful, in-depth conversations that are typical of traditional individual psychotherapy, the two of us can also move together, breath together, and create personalized meditations, all of which can accelerate and deepen your healing. The same sorts of problems that draw people to more traditional psychotherapy also bring people to yoga therapy - depression, anxiety, stress, relationship difficulties, disordered eating, and traumatic experiences, to name a few.
(202) 875-6040 View (202) 875-6040
Photo of Eric Anthony Slaughter, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Eric Anthony Slaughter
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20005
I focus on empowering you and your family to heal, cope, recover, and grow. My vision is that relationships form the basis for a balanced life. The concept of family therapy is almost simple. The idea is to consider the entire family/community context of how we develop, manage choices, and build relationships. For example, when working with children, I also include parents and siblings along the way. I will often even consider history as far back as the womb, e.g. was your mom anxious or stressed during her pregnancy with you? It is an adventure that you will author. Currently I apply the newest theories in neurobiology!
I focus on empowering you and your family to heal, cope, recover, and grow. My vision is that relationships form the basis for a balanced life. The concept of family therapy is almost simple. The idea is to consider the entire family/community context of how we develop, manage choices, and build relationships. For example, when working with children, I also include parents and siblings along the way. I will often even consider history as far back as the womb, e.g. was your mom anxious or stressed during her pregnancy with you? It is an adventure that you will author. Currently I apply the newest theories in neurobiology!
(202) 836-6882 View (202) 836-6882
Photo of Kris O'Shee - Kris O'Shee, LPC, MFA, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kris O'Shee, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MFA, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20016
I think of therapy as a way of freeing ourselves from the obstacles which prevent us from moving forward in our lives. Frequently these obstacles present themselves to us in the challenges of the outer world--in problems at work, in difficult relationships, in adapting to life changes, or in the sudden impact of a traumatic event. And sometimes what stands in the way of our freedom and happiness lies within us, as negative thought patterns, conflicting or confusing emotions, and unexpressed feelings--all of which can result in depression, anxiety, chronic illness, low self esteem--burdens we often carry alone.
I think of therapy as a way of freeing ourselves from the obstacles which prevent us from moving forward in our lives. Frequently these obstacles present themselves to us in the challenges of the outer world--in problems at work, in difficult relationships, in adapting to life changes, or in the sudden impact of a traumatic event. And sometimes what stands in the way of our freedom and happiness lies within us, as negative thought patterns, conflicting or confusing emotions, and unexpressed feelings--all of which can result in depression, anxiety, chronic illness, low self esteem--burdens we often carry alone.
(202) 213-5505 View (202) 213-5505
Photo of Colleen A Calcagni, MEd, NCC, LPC
Colleen A Calcagni
MEd, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036  (Online Only)
I am a compassionate, board-certified licensed professional counselor. I learned about one of my favorite quotes at summer camp as a child. "For if one falls down, his companion can lift him up; but pity the one who falls without another to help him up." As a counselor, this quote still resonates with me. My approach is to help you "up" with your challenges through compassion and collaboration. Together, we can develop an individualized, personalized, and comprehensive plan to move forward through difficulties in your life.
I am a compassionate, board-certified licensed professional counselor. I learned about one of my favorite quotes at summer camp as a child. "For if one falls down, his companion can lift him up; but pity the one who falls without another to help him up." As a counselor, this quote still resonates with me. My approach is to help you "up" with your challenges through compassion and collaboration. Together, we can develop an individualized, personalized, and comprehensive plan to move forward through difficulties in your life.
(202) 335-6636 View (202) 335-6636
Photo of Kay Lewis, MFT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kay Lewis
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20036
Are you struggling with communication or intimacy in your relationships? Are you feeling stuck or overwhelmed? Do you need support with issues causing conflict, confusion, and stagnation of growth? If the answer is yes to any of those questions and you'd like some support, let's chat.
Are you struggling with communication or intimacy in your relationships? Are you feeling stuck or overwhelmed? Do you need support with issues causing conflict, confusion, and stagnation of growth? If the answer is yes to any of those questions and you'd like some support, let's chat.
(202) 596-8555 View (202) 596-8555
Photo of Elizabeth Malcolm, PsyD, Psychologist
Elizabeth Malcolm
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Washington, DC 20006  (Online Only)
I am a psychologist who provides virtual therapy for teens and adults. I strive to build a warm and collaborative relationship through which positive change can occur. In therapy, I help clients learn effective strategies to manage difficult feelings, as well as develop greater insight into how they have been shaped by past experiences. My approach is integrative, and I incorporate psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and other techniques to meet each client's needs. I also have expertise in psychological evaluation, and I do testing for learning disorders, ADHD, autism, and emotional concerns.
I am a psychologist who provides virtual therapy for teens and adults. I strive to build a warm and collaborative relationship through which positive change can occur. In therapy, I help clients learn effective strategies to manage difficult feelings, as well as develop greater insight into how they have been shaped by past experiences. My approach is integrative, and I incorporate psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and other techniques to meet each client's needs. I also have expertise in psychological evaluation, and I do testing for learning disorders, ADHD, autism, and emotional concerns.
(844) 885-5915 View (844) 885-5915
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Washington, DC

3,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in Washington, DC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
65% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% CareFirst
56% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Washington, DC see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Washington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.