Therapists in Durham, NC

Photo of Ronsenia Lindsay, LCMHC, Counselor
Ronsenia Lindsay
Counselor, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713
Senia Lindsay is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in North Carolina who has been practicing since 2016. She earned her undergraduate degree at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and her Master's Degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. Senia has experience with providing Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brief Solutions Focused Therapy, and Reality Therapy. She can work with patients ages 18 and older. Senia provides psychotherapy to address problems such as stress, grief and loss, anxiety, and depression, to name a few. She can offer psychotherapy, assess, and diagnose.
Senia Lindsay is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in North Carolina who has been practicing since 2016. She earned her undergraduate degree at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and her Master's Degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University. Senia has experience with providing Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Brief Solutions Focused Therapy, and Reality Therapy. She can work with patients ages 18 and older. Senia provides psychotherapy to address problems such as stress, grief and loss, anxiety, and depression, to name a few. She can offer psychotherapy, assess, and diagnose.
(919) 373-3391 View (919) 373-3391
Photo of Robyn Greenwood, MSW, LCSW, LCMHCQS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Robyn Greenwood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCMHCQS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
Not accepting new clients
My name is Robyn (she/her). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Outpatient Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor at Three Oaks Behavioral Health & Wellness in South Durham. I have diverse clinical experience in inpatient and outpatient settings, community mental health, with intimate partner violence, eating and substance use disorders, and adult & juvenile justice systems. I have a unique perspective on ways that our emotions, experiences, and the ways our own and others’ stories about us accumulate in our minds and bodies and can become stuck in our tissues causing us physical and emotional pain.
My name is Robyn (she/her). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Outpatient Psychotherapist and Clinical Supervisor at Three Oaks Behavioral Health & Wellness in South Durham. I have diverse clinical experience in inpatient and outpatient settings, community mental health, with intimate partner violence, eating and substance use disorders, and adult & juvenile justice systems. I have a unique perspective on ways that our emotions, experiences, and the ways our own and others’ stories about us accumulate in our minds and bodies and can become stuck in our tissues causing us physical and emotional pain.
(919) 583-6517 View (919) 583-6517
Photo of Alice Drozdiak, MSW, MSPH, LCSWA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alice Drozdiak
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MSPH, LCSWA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
Waitlist for new clients
I believe our best lives are lived in connection–internally, with one another, our histories, and the land. My approach includes helping clients discern their values and cultivate relationships. By promoting embodied safety and self-worth, I support clients as they heal and thrive.
I believe our best lives are lived in connection–internally, with one another, our histories, and the land. My approach includes helping clients discern their values and cultivate relationships. By promoting embodied safety and self-worth, I support clients as they heal and thrive.
(919) 769-3565 View (919) 769-3565
Photo of Alexa Adamo Valverde, MS, MA, LPC, LCMHCA, NCC, Counselor
Alexa Adamo Valverde
Counselor, MS, MA, LPC, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Waitlist for new clients
Are you stuck and needing to process childhood trauma? Is your child sad, anxious or angry, and you know they need help? Do you feel like no one understands the challenges of creating a family (infertility, perinatal loss, miscarriage, IVF, adoption)? I shifted careers into mental health counseling in 2016 after 20 years of community advocacy to address injustice and empower women, children, and communities. I am a healing-centered, trauma-focused therapist now because I believe you - and your family - deserve guidance and support to reimagine and re-author your life narrative.
Are you stuck and needing to process childhood trauma? Is your child sad, anxious or angry, and you know they need help? Do you feel like no one understands the challenges of creating a family (infertility, perinatal loss, miscarriage, IVF, adoption)? I shifted careers into mental health counseling in 2016 after 20 years of community advocacy to address injustice and empower women, children, and communities. I am a healing-centered, trauma-focused therapist now because I believe you - and your family - deserve guidance and support to reimagine and re-author your life narrative.
(919) 343-0718 View (919) 343-0718
Photo of John H Mahoney, LCMHCA, NCC, Counselor
John H Mahoney
Counselor, LCMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
My role as therapist is to act as your partner in treatment and help you work toward your goals. I work to support and guide you while we investigate thoughts, feelings and behaviors together that may be interfering with your success and happiness. Prior to my clinical career I spent over a decade as a behavioral neuroscientist in academic, pharmaceutical, and biotech settings. This work informs my therapeutic style. I have an eclectic theoretical orientation with a behavioral focus towards Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). I utilize a psychodynamic lens to explore the origins of symptoms.
My role as therapist is to act as your partner in treatment and help you work toward your goals. I work to support and guide you while we investigate thoughts, feelings and behaviors together that may be interfering with your success and happiness. Prior to my clinical career I spent over a decade as a behavioral neuroscientist in academic, pharmaceutical, and biotech settings. This work informs my therapeutic style. I have an eclectic theoretical orientation with a behavioral focus towards Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). I utilize a psychodynamic lens to explore the origins of symptoms.
(919) 849-3135 View (919) 849-3135
Photo of Krystal L. Meares, PhD, HSP-P, Psychologist
Krystal L. Meares
Psychologist, PhD, HSP-P
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
I am a firm believer in the transformative power of psychological assessment. Comprehensive evaluations can help identify individual strengths and challenges, determine unique vulnerabilities and protective factors, provide diagnostic clarification, determine options for further treatment and improve functioning.
I am a firm believer in the transformative power of psychological assessment. Comprehensive evaluations can help identify individual strengths and challenges, determine unique vulnerabilities and protective factors, provide diagnostic clarification, determine options for further treatment and improve functioning.
(919) 551-6315 View (919) 551-6315
Photo of Ben Eckstein, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ben Eckstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
I specialize in the treatment of OCD, OC-Spectrum, and Anxiety Disorders. I have worked in a variety of mental health settings, including inpatient psychiatry, residential, and community mental health. Prior to starting my practice, Bull City Anxiety, I worked at McLean Hospital's OCD Institute in Boston, MA.
I specialize in the treatment of OCD, OC-Spectrum, and Anxiety Disorders. I have worked in a variety of mental health settings, including inpatient psychiatry, residential, and community mental health. Prior to starting my practice, Bull City Anxiety, I worked at McLean Hospital's OCD Institute in Boston, MA.
(919) 939-2795 View (919) 939-2795
Photo of Whitney Gatling, MS, LCMHCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Whitney Gatling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Welcome! As a native of Fayetteville, NC, it is my passion to contribute to the progression of Mental Health Care in both military and civilian communities. To achieve this, I have employed evidence-based treatment methods, completed extended training, and achieved mastery of all skills. In my practice, I primarily focus on PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders. I am equipped to help you work through challenges faced by active duty/veterans/retired service members and their families.
Welcome! As a native of Fayetteville, NC, it is my passion to contribute to the progression of Mental Health Care in both military and civilian communities. To achieve this, I have employed evidence-based treatment methods, completed extended training, and achieved mastery of all skills. In my practice, I primarily focus on PTSD, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Bipolar Disorders, Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders. I am equipped to help you work through challenges faced by active duty/veterans/retired service members and their families.
(910) 595-1294 View (910) 595-1294
Photo of Michelle Roseman - Bull City Balance, PLLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bull City Balance, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I offer compassionate and candid counseling and psychotherapy to individuals, couples, and families of adults, ages 18 and up. I practice from an anti-racist, anti-diet culture, LGBTQIA+ affirming, inclusive, HAES perspective. I believe that finding balance in life is essential to living in joy. I also believe that finding balance is a skill that can be learned and practiced. I use my innate curiosity and passion to support humans in their endeavors to find wellness, meaning, connection, and balance.
I offer compassionate and candid counseling and psychotherapy to individuals, couples, and families of adults, ages 18 and up. I practice from an anti-racist, anti-diet culture, LGBTQIA+ affirming, inclusive, HAES perspective. I believe that finding balance in life is essential to living in joy. I also believe that finding balance is a skill that can be learned and practiced. I use my innate curiosity and passion to support humans in their endeavors to find wellness, meaning, connection, and balance.
(919) 907-1056 View (919) 907-1056
Photo of Elijah Burner, MS, LCMHA, NCC, Counselor
Elijah Burner
Counselor, MS, LCMHA, NCC
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27701
Therapy can be tough. Feel intimidating. Be empowering. Feel validating. It can be anything a client needs it to be, because therapy is also adaptable. I welcome all of it, and I welcome anyone who’s in need of guidance, help, and empathy. While I may have extensive training and experience in the field of mental health, I will never have expertise in a life that is entirely your own. Rather, I am here to learn, shape, and adapt therapy to the needs of every individual. I am here to help in every capacity I can offer; therefore, I invite any and all looking for help, insight, and a willingness to work toward an improved well-being.
Therapy can be tough. Feel intimidating. Be empowering. Feel validating. It can be anything a client needs it to be, because therapy is also adaptable. I welcome all of it, and I welcome anyone who’s in need of guidance, help, and empathy. While I may have extensive training and experience in the field of mental health, I will never have expertise in a life that is entirely your own. Rather, I am here to learn, shape, and adapt therapy to the needs of every individual. I am here to help in every capacity I can offer; therefore, I invite any and all looking for help, insight, and a willingness to work toward an improved well-being.
(919) 647-7351 View (919) 647-7351
Photo of Lauren A Formy-Duval, PsyD, Psychologist
Lauren A Formy-Duval
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
Not accepting new clients
My practice welcomes clients of all ages and backgrounds. I provide psychotherapy to adults and adolescents, and I also specialize in early childhood work, conducting parent therapy often combined with play therapy with children. My therapeutic approach is largely influenced by insight-oriented psychodynamic and systemic approaches. With this approach I strive to help you find underlying causes for problematic symptoms or patterns of behavior and why they may persist in your life. I believe that through this exploration and discovery you are freed to make different life choices and can lead a more balanced life.
My practice welcomes clients of all ages and backgrounds. I provide psychotherapy to adults and adolescents, and I also specialize in early childhood work, conducting parent therapy often combined with play therapy with children. My therapeutic approach is largely influenced by insight-oriented psychodynamic and systemic approaches. With this approach I strive to help you find underlying causes for problematic symptoms or patterns of behavior and why they may persist in your life. I believe that through this exploration and discovery you are freed to make different life choices and can lead a more balanced life.
(919) 475-9629 View (919) 475-9629
Photo of Courtney Hart
Courtney Hart
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
I have immediate availability, and will contact you within 24 hours. Currently accepting virtual and in-person clients. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counseling Associate at Lifeologie Counseling. Are you ready to reach your mental health goals? I can you help you on your journey to wellness. My focus is to help you increase your motivation to change, process past experiences, set boundaries, examine beliefs, and create a value driven life.
I have immediate availability, and will contact you within 24 hours. Currently accepting virtual and in-person clients. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counseling Associate at Lifeologie Counseling. Are you ready to reach your mental health goals? I can you help you on your journey to wellness. My focus is to help you increase your motivation to change, process past experiences, set boundaries, examine beliefs, and create a value driven life.
(919) 372-3871 x728 View (919) 372-3871 x728
Photo of Shander Lassiter Meadows - Women and Children Family Counseling Services, MA, LCMHCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Women and Children Family Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCMHCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27704
I specialize in helping patients with issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, trauma, and anxiety. For Children and Adolescents I use Trauma Focus Therapy. With adults I use Cognitive Processing Therapy. Also, I specialize in couples counseling, and blended family issues.
I specialize in helping patients with issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, trauma, and anxiety. For Children and Adolescents I use Trauma Focus Therapy. With adults I use Cognitive Processing Therapy. Also, I specialize in couples counseling, and blended family issues.
(252) 888-4332 View (252) 888-4332
Photo of Mathew O'Connor, LCMHC, LCAS, CSI
Mathew O'Connor
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS, CSI
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27707
Waitlist for new clients
As a psychotherapist I specialize in helping individuals who are interested in learning and growing in self-awareness and confidence. I work well with people who are exploring patterns of substance use, intimate relationships, performance anxieties, lack of confidence/satisfaction, major life transitions (job/school changes/relational/grief). I am a relationally and present moment-based therapist. This means we will work from a framework that everything (past/present/future) can be addressed by exploring the relationship you have with it in "right now". My role is to help guide you on your path of wellness.
As a psychotherapist I specialize in helping individuals who are interested in learning and growing in self-awareness and confidence. I work well with people who are exploring patterns of substance use, intimate relationships, performance anxieties, lack of confidence/satisfaction, major life transitions (job/school changes/relational/grief). I am a relationally and present moment-based therapist. This means we will work from a framework that everything (past/present/future) can be addressed by exploring the relationship you have with it in "right now". My role is to help guide you on your path of wellness.
(919) 823-2008 View (919) 823-2008
Photo of Shanika Paylor, MA, LPC
Shanika Paylor
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Congratulations on embarking upon the next step in your journey! Each of these steps — every experience of bliss, fear, frustration, or sorrow — have all lead you to this very moment. The challenges and complexities of your day-to-day life may have lead you here. The traumas, losses, and heartaches of the past have, too. And while I would rather that each of us would be spared these experiences — it is my hope that I may have a chance to partner alongside you as you grow and, ideally, heal from each of them.
Congratulations on embarking upon the next step in your journey! Each of these steps — every experience of bliss, fear, frustration, or sorrow — have all lead you to this very moment. The challenges and complexities of your day-to-day life may have lead you here. The traumas, losses, and heartaches of the past have, too. And while I would rather that each of us would be spared these experiences — it is my hope that I may have a chance to partner alongside you as you grow and, ideally, heal from each of them.
(919) 323-3841 View (919) 323-3841
Photo of Kisha D Bardonille, MSW, LCSW, CSSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kisha D Bardonille
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSSW
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713
I want to be the reason you feel welcomed, seen, valued and loved. I want to help you find the joy you have been searching for! I want to help you be intentional, mindful and overcome hurdles that have stopped you from reaching desired goals in the past. I utilize 30 years of experience in the mental health field my to help you increase self awareness and self acceptance. If you are a woman of color seeking to improve relationships, manage stress, or in a life transition, I'm your therapist.
I want to be the reason you feel welcomed, seen, valued and loved. I want to help you find the joy you have been searching for! I want to help you be intentional, mindful and overcome hurdles that have stopped you from reaching desired goals in the past. I utilize 30 years of experience in the mental health field my to help you increase self awareness and self acceptance. If you are a woman of color seeking to improve relationships, manage stress, or in a life transition, I'm your therapist.
(919) 626-8872 View (919) 626-8872
Photo of Stephen Lucente, PhD, Psychologist
Stephen Lucente
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27705  (Online Only)
Most psychological issues are related to our identity; growth, change, understanding, acceptance, etc. Whether you're young or old, unconscious attitudes, habitual behaviors, and basic character traits lead to interpersonal 'success' or 'failure'. I can help you to understand these basics. It's up to you to implement the interventions.
Most psychological issues are related to our identity; growth, change, understanding, acceptance, etc. Whether you're young or old, unconscious attitudes, habitual behaviors, and basic character traits lead to interpersonal 'success' or 'failure'. I can help you to understand these basics. It's up to you to implement the interventions.
(443) 341-4628 View (443) 341-4628
Photo of Annmarie Nugent, MS, LCMHCA, Counselor
Annmarie Nugent
Counselor, MS, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27705
This can feel like the hardest part, but healing starts from here! Therapy is not for only those who are struggling, but also for anyone wanting to change or grow! Therapy can help you get to know your own body and its rhythm, and help you feel comfortable engaging with your body again. Therapy can help you cope and heal from depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, burnout and anything else that might be thrown your way!
This can feel like the hardest part, but healing starts from here! Therapy is not for only those who are struggling, but also for anyone wanting to change or grow! Therapy can help you get to know your own body and its rhythm, and help you feel comfortable engaging with your body again. Therapy can help you cope and heal from depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, burnout and anything else that might be thrown your way!
(919) 739-4504 View (919) 739-4504
Photo of Jessica McMains, MEd, LCMHCA
Jessica McMains
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MEd, LCMHCA
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27707
I grew up in Pennsylvania and graduated from Penn State University in 2004, later earning my M.Ed. in School Counseling from UNC Chapel Hill in 2014. For the past 20 years, I’ve called the Triangle area home. My 12 years of experience in public schools across Chapel Hill-Carrboro, Chatham County, Alamance-Burlington, and Wake County have equipped me to support children, adolescents (ages 11-18), and their parents. I specialize in self-harm, perinatal mood disorders (PPD and PPA), and parent-child relationships.
I grew up in Pennsylvania and graduated from Penn State University in 2004, later earning my M.Ed. in School Counseling from UNC Chapel Hill in 2014. For the past 20 years, I’ve called the Triangle area home. My 12 years of experience in public schools across Chapel Hill-Carrboro, Chatham County, Alamance-Burlington, and Wake County have equipped me to support children, adolescents (ages 11-18), and their parents. I specialize in self-harm, perinatal mood disorders (PPD and PPA), and parent-child relationships.
(984) 305-3472 View (984) 305-3472
Photo of Alex Cooke, LCMHC, CRC
Alex Cooke
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC, CRC
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713
One of our greatest challenges in life is reaching out for support when we need help. Life may throw us for a loop or weigh us down, and therapy is a space to learn how to cope, plan, and prepare for those moments. We all are worthy of a secure, confidential space to heal. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC) and a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) with expertise in anxiety, depression, PTSD/trauma and caregiver burnout. As a therapist, I believe in utilizing a person-centered approach to develop and maintain a collaborative, safe environment to support you in becoming your most real self.
One of our greatest challenges in life is reaching out for support when we need help. Life may throw us for a loop or weigh us down, and therapy is a space to learn how to cope, plan, and prepare for those moments. We all are worthy of a secure, confidential space to heal. I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCMHC) and a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) with expertise in anxiety, depression, PTSD/trauma and caregiver burnout. As a therapist, I believe in utilizing a person-centered approach to develop and maintain a collaborative, safe environment to support you in becoming your most real self.
(984) 217-4673 View (984) 217-4673
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Durham, NC

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Durham, NC who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
70% Stress
69% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

82% BlueCross and BlueShield
75% Aetna
54% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Durham, NC see their clients

65% In Person and Online
35% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Durham?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.