Therapists in Seattle, WA

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Photo of Pete Lobert, MA, LMHC, PCC-S, Counselor
Pete Lobert
Counselor, MA, LMHC, PCC-S
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
At The Care Center I specialize in relationship counseling and complex trauma, PTSD, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. I help marriages or couples dealing with infidelity, blended family issues, conflict, communication issues, and couples in crisis. I'm also passionate about helping others heal from past traumas. My philosophy is to find the roots of the problems and resolve them rather than simply helping learn awkward coping skills. At The Care Center you won't learn weird communication skills or deep breathing techniques. We work on healing wounds and rebuilding trust. When you do these things you won't need more "skills."
At The Care Center I specialize in relationship counseling and complex trauma, PTSD, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. I help marriages or couples dealing with infidelity, blended family issues, conflict, communication issues, and couples in crisis. I'm also passionate about helping others heal from past traumas. My philosophy is to find the roots of the problems and resolve them rather than simply helping learn awkward coping skills. At The Care Center you won't learn weird communication skills or deep breathing techniques. We work on healing wounds and rebuilding trust. When you do these things you won't need more "skills."
(206) 752-2665 View (206) 752-2665
Photo of Andrew Ohlstrom, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Andrew Ohlstrom
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104
Are past experiences getting in the way of your current relationship? Perhaps you feel lost in who you are. Or maybe you are struggling to feel settled within your career. I help support clients in understanding and resolving issues within the context of work, personal life and relationships. We will regain your strength and create a sense of autonomy over your decisions and choices. I also support individuals and couples in setting boundaries, communicating effectively, and building a sense of self as we work through your main struggles.
Are past experiences getting in the way of your current relationship? Perhaps you feel lost in who you are. Or maybe you are struggling to feel settled within your career. I help support clients in understanding and resolving issues within the context of work, personal life and relationships. We will regain your strength and create a sense of autonomy over your decisions and choices. I also support individuals and couples in setting boundaries, communicating effectively, and building a sense of self as we work through your main struggles.
(206) 350-9238 View (206) 350-9238
Photo of Sarah M. Parks - Accepting Always PLLC, MA, LMHC, SUDPT, Counselor
Accepting Always PLLC
Counselor, MA, LMHC, SUDPT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98112  (Online Only)
We are not individuals who are broken that need to be fixed, we are humans having a human experience and we are constantly in a state of change and transitions that have sometimes served us and sometimes not. People who seem to work well with me are ones that are motivated to make changes and comfortable with awareness of self. I work from a developmental trauma, attachment theory and shame basis of therapy including meeting and nurturing your inner child. It is easiest to reach me by email or visit my website linked on this page.
We are not individuals who are broken that need to be fixed, we are humans having a human experience and we are constantly in a state of change and transitions that have sometimes served us and sometimes not. People who seem to work well with me are ones that are motivated to make changes and comfortable with awareness of self. I work from a developmental trauma, attachment theory and shame basis of therapy including meeting and nurturing your inner child. It is easiest to reach me by email or visit my website linked on this page.
(360) 317-0924 View (360) 317-0924
Photo of Chandra Perez, PsyD, Psychologist
Chandra Perez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical psychologist and have been providing therapy services for adolescents and adults for fifteen years. I earned my doctoral degree from Argosy University-Phoenix in 2010 and provided services in outpatient mental health clinics, crisis programs, a residential treatment program, and a private practice clinic. I am skilled in treating anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, behavior disorders, relationship problems, family issues, stress management, and problems in living.
I am a clinical psychologist and have been providing therapy services for adolescents and adults for fifteen years. I earned my doctoral degree from Argosy University-Phoenix in 2010 and provided services in outpatient mental health clinics, crisis programs, a residential treatment program, and a private practice clinic. I am skilled in treating anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, behavior disorders, relationship problems, family issues, stress management, and problems in living.
(425) 225-3757 View (425) 225-3757
Photo of Jeff Grant - The Portage Bay Clinic, PhD, Psychologist
The Portage Bay Clinic
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98105
At the PBC, we help people who struggle with problems that they feel are impossible to change, understand, or even think about. Our clients come to us because they are depressed, anxious, in bad relationships, and can't see a path forward. We work well with people who are sensitive and creative, and need someone to help them understand what they've been through and how it impacts them in the here-and-now. Doing this kind of work with someone you trust offers the best hope for lasting change. We don't work well with people who want to be "fixed" without coming to know themselves better in the process.
At the PBC, we help people who struggle with problems that they feel are impossible to change, understand, or even think about. Our clients come to us because they are depressed, anxious, in bad relationships, and can't see a path forward. We work well with people who are sensitive and creative, and need someone to help them understand what they've been through and how it impacts them in the here-and-now. Doing this kind of work with someone you trust offers the best hope for lasting change. We don't work well with people who want to be "fixed" without coming to know themselves better in the process.
(206) 737-0974 View (206) 737-0974
Photo of Nathan Brown, PhD, Psychologist
Nathan Brown
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98112
I work with adults striving to respond with integrity and effectiveness to many life issues--particularly related to work, career, relationship, and mid-life challenges. My clients include adults dealing with depression, anxiety, performance impairment, stress-related conditions, as well as those choosing to "raise their game." Regardless of their reason for seeking therapy, many of my clients bring important resources rooted in their personal journey of faith or search for meaning. If spiritual aspects of your life are important, I invite you to share that in our work together.
I work with adults striving to respond with integrity and effectiveness to many life issues--particularly related to work, career, relationship, and mid-life challenges. My clients include adults dealing with depression, anxiety, performance impairment, stress-related conditions, as well as those choosing to "raise their game." Regardless of their reason for seeking therapy, many of my clients bring important resources rooted in their personal journey of faith or search for meaning. If spiritual aspects of your life are important, I invite you to share that in our work together.
(206) 966-4629 x1 View (206) 966-4629 x1
Photo of Veronica Anderson - Golden West Counseling, PLLC, MA, LMHC, LMFT, Counselor
Golden West Counseling, PLLC
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104
Do you spend too much time feeling overwhelmed and struggling to control your stress and tension? Maybe you find yourself tired but yet can’t seem to calm down enough to relax at the end of the day. Or maybe the constant self-doubt and future thinking have you paralyzed. Managing the effects of constant worry impacts various aspects of your life including work performance, academic achievement, social relationships, and overall quality of life. Navigating these challenges requires a comprehensive approach to address both the mental and physical aspects of your concerns.
Do you spend too much time feeling overwhelmed and struggling to control your stress and tension? Maybe you find yourself tired but yet can’t seem to calm down enough to relax at the end of the day. Or maybe the constant self-doubt and future thinking have you paralyzed. Managing the effects of constant worry impacts various aspects of your life including work performance, academic achievement, social relationships, and overall quality of life. Navigating these challenges requires a comprehensive approach to address both the mental and physical aspects of your concerns.
(206) 257-3810 View (206) 257-3810
Photo of Jaime Elizabeth Kowieski, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Jaime Elizabeth Kowieski
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98112
When parts of our life, personality, relationships, or behaviors seem stuck, “out of control”, or in-congruent with who we feel we are, it is often a result of unexpressed feelings. We will take focused time together to understand the meaning that has been made out of the pain you've experienced.
When parts of our life, personality, relationships, or behaviors seem stuck, “out of control”, or in-congruent with who we feel we are, it is often a result of unexpressed feelings. We will take focused time together to understand the meaning that has been made out of the pain you've experienced.
(224) 334-3320 View (224) 334-3320
Photo of Amy McMahan, MS, LMFT, MedFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amy McMahan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT, MedFT
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98126
I can help you find purpose and clarity in your personal life and in your relationships. You deserve to make fulfilling changes in your life and to feel better connected to the ones you love. Whether you are attempting to gain insight individually, want to feel better connected as a couple, or wish to improve your family and interpersonal relationships, I would be honored to support you in your goals.
I can help you find purpose and clarity in your personal life and in your relationships. You deserve to make fulfilling changes in your life and to feel better connected to the ones you love. Whether you are attempting to gain insight individually, want to feel better connected as a couple, or wish to improve your family and interpersonal relationships, I would be honored to support you in your goals.
(206) 203-8639 View (206) 203-8639
Photo of Katie Schmitten, CSWA, LSWAIC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Katie Schmitten
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSWA, LSWAIC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98108
Hello my name is Katie and it is nice to meet you. I am currently taking new patients, teens 14 and older, and adults in Oregon and Washington. I have served in the field for 12 years and welcome populations of all demographics, ethnicities and cultures. I have extensive experience in school based settings assisting with issues such as complex trauma, self harm, addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, life transitions, divorce, adoption, children in the foster system, parent coaching, and other issues. I look forward to meeting you and helping you achieve healing and permanent change.
Hello my name is Katie and it is nice to meet you. I am currently taking new patients, teens 14 and older, and adults in Oregon and Washington. I have served in the field for 12 years and welcome populations of all demographics, ethnicities and cultures. I have extensive experience in school based settings assisting with issues such as complex trauma, self harm, addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, loss, life transitions, divorce, adoption, children in the foster system, parent coaching, and other issues. I look forward to meeting you and helping you achieve healing and permanent change.
(206) 593-3834 View (206) 593-3834
Photo of Michael H Ryan - Mike and Kim Couples Counseling, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mike and Kim Couples Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98109  (Online Only)
Has your relationship become toxic? Should you separate or get married? We will help you get those answers and more by giving you REAL practical tools through a powerfully unique CO-LED counseling approach that you won’t find offered in most practices. We are both married and licensed clinicians that conduct counseling sessions together with the couple; then Mike meets with the male and Kim meets with the female, for one on one individual session. We focus on relationships in crisis situations that NEED real change and real solutions FAST. This is the support you have been looking for. Call for a free consultation today!
Has your relationship become toxic? Should you separate or get married? We will help you get those answers and more by giving you REAL practical tools through a powerfully unique CO-LED counseling approach that you won’t find offered in most practices. We are both married and licensed clinicians that conduct counseling sessions together with the couple; then Mike meets with the male and Kim meets with the female, for one on one individual session. We focus on relationships in crisis situations that NEED real change and real solutions FAST. This is the support you have been looking for. Call for a free consultation today!
(206) 489-3727 View (206) 489-3727
Photo of Autumn Halliwell, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Autumn Halliwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98104  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Autumn Halliwell, LICSW. I seek to provide you-centered therapy in a friendly but gently challenging therapeutic space. I use an eclectic approach to therapy and growth that will help you take charge of your personal story, break barriers, and gain insight into the challenges you might face. Some clients who see me feel like their journey is at a pause and need a new direction in which to grow. Some are facing significant, overwhelming change and need some guidance. No matter where you are in life, let's work together to find some peace and write the next chapter of your story.
Hello! I'm Autumn Halliwell, LICSW. I seek to provide you-centered therapy in a friendly but gently challenging therapeutic space. I use an eclectic approach to therapy and growth that will help you take charge of your personal story, break barriers, and gain insight into the challenges you might face. Some clients who see me feel like their journey is at a pause and need a new direction in which to grow. Some are facing significant, overwhelming change and need some guidance. No matter where you are in life, let's work together to find some peace and write the next chapter of your story.
(253) 243-8590 View (253) 243-8590
Photo of Sheree Price - Agate Therapy Group, Counselor
Agate Therapy Group
Counselor
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98119
It can be a daunting task to start looking for a therapist. Our team specializes in sitting with minors ages 6-17, adults, couples, and families who want to work on a multitude of issues, from stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and relational issues. Whether you have been wanting to process big life events for ages or you’ve found yourself in an uncharacteristically difficult time, we’re here to listen without judgment or criticism. You have our attention.
It can be a daunting task to start looking for a therapist. Our team specializes in sitting with minors ages 6-17, adults, couples, and families who want to work on a multitude of issues, from stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, and relational issues. Whether you have been wanting to process big life events for ages or you’ve found yourself in an uncharacteristically difficult time, we’re here to listen without judgment or criticism. You have our attention.
(206) 594-3021 View (206) 594-3021
Photo of Christy Sweaney Herrick, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Christy Sweaney Herrick
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98103
People often come to therapy struggling with a particular feeling, relationship, or question that they can't seem to escape no matter what they do. Why? Research shows us that our struggles are typically about far more than they appear on the surface. Often the problems of our present are deeply rooted in our pasts and the lessons we learned from our families, cultures, and formative experiences. Yet, many are unaware of the learned assumptions that govern their lives, even when they get in their way.
People often come to therapy struggling with a particular feeling, relationship, or question that they can't seem to escape no matter what they do. Why? Research shows us that our struggles are typically about far more than they appear on the surface. Often the problems of our present are deeply rooted in our pasts and the lessons we learned from our families, cultures, and formative experiences. Yet, many are unaware of the learned assumptions that govern their lives, even when they get in their way.
(206) 203-6113 View (206) 203-6113
Photo of Elissa Knight, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elissa Knight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98117  (Online Only)
Changes and transitions in our lives can provide opportunities for growth and insight. My approach is tailored to each client's need- whether you have a specific goal or are simply in need of a supportive space. Everyone has inherent strength that can be drawn upon. Our work together will center around diminishing the struggles that you feel and increasing your enjoyment of life.
Changes and transitions in our lives can provide opportunities for growth and insight. My approach is tailored to each client's need- whether you have a specific goal or are simply in need of a supportive space. Everyone has inherent strength that can be drawn upon. Our work together will center around diminishing the struggles that you feel and increasing your enjoyment of life.
(425) 629-9387 View (425) 629-9387
Photo of Sara Furcini, MA, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sara Furcini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Seattle, WA 98107  (Online Only)
Pain is inevitable, but suffering is optional. If you're in a cycle of depression, stress, or anxiety, it's time to prioritize and care for yourself. When suffering goes unchecked it has a way of affecting your personality, your performance, and your relationships. You lose perspective, patience, and the ability to cope effectively. In time, negative thinking becomes a way of life.
Pain is inevitable, but suffering is optional. If you're in a cycle of depression, stress, or anxiety, it's time to prioritize and care for yourself. When suffering goes unchecked it has a way of affecting your personality, your performance, and your relationships. You lose perspective, patience, and the ability to cope effectively. In time, negative thinking becomes a way of life.
(206) 558-0117 View (206) 558-0117
Photo of Sophia Mehl, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Sophia Mehl
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98115
I work with adult individuals and couples of all ages and genders dealing with a range of issues. I especially love working with anxiety, existential concerns, grief, identity challenges, and struggles with family and relationships. I enjoy helping clients navigate life transitions and make meaning out of painful or challenging experiences. I view therapy as a collaborative process and I take a relational, client-centered approach.
I work with adult individuals and couples of all ages and genders dealing with a range of issues. I especially love working with anxiety, existential concerns, grief, identity challenges, and struggles with family and relationships. I enjoy helping clients navigate life transitions and make meaning out of painful or challenging experiences. I view therapy as a collaborative process and I take a relational, client-centered approach.
(206) 984-5829 View (206) 984-5829
Photo of Michelle Jaquish, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Jaquish
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98108
Not accepting new clients
Activism is a huge part of what I bring in my therapy work with clients. In trauma and healing work, I bring my direct experiences of anti-oppression, feminist, and social justice frameworks to clients. I understand that I am not excused from doing work to dismantle systems of oppression, due to the privileges from my intersectional identities as a college-educated, cisgendered, Filipina woman of color. Trauma and healing work require an alignment and connection to one’s body, mind, spiritual values and practices, and I see this as an extension of my involvement in activism, anti-oppression, and social justice work.
Activism is a huge part of what I bring in my therapy work with clients. In trauma and healing work, I bring my direct experiences of anti-oppression, feminist, and social justice frameworks to clients. I understand that I am not excused from doing work to dismantle systems of oppression, due to the privileges from my intersectional identities as a college-educated, cisgendered, Filipina woman of color. Trauma and healing work require an alignment and connection to one’s body, mind, spiritual values and practices, and I see this as an extension of my involvement in activism, anti-oppression, and social justice work.
(206) 558-9437 View (206) 558-9437
Photo of Patti Nequette, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Patti Nequette
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98126  (Online Only)
My therapy practice is committed to helping people live happier, healthier, more joy filled lives. Every single moment of our lives can unfold in infinitely creative ways, yet sometimes our problems seem overwhelming, or we find ourselves repeating negative patterns and we can't see the solution. Are you suffering from anxiety or depression? Are you longing for emotional connection with those nearest to you? Does your life lack a sense of direction, meaning or purpose? Are you suffering a loss, going through a job or life transition?
My therapy practice is committed to helping people live happier, healthier, more joy filled lives. Every single moment of our lives can unfold in infinitely creative ways, yet sometimes our problems seem overwhelming, or we find ourselves repeating negative patterns and we can't see the solution. Are you suffering from anxiety or depression? Are you longing for emotional connection with those nearest to you? Does your life lack a sense of direction, meaning or purpose? Are you suffering a loss, going through a job or life transition?
(206) 535-1617 View (206) 535-1617
Photo of B. Bartja Wachtel, MSW, LICSW, QCSW, MHP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
B. Bartja Wachtel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, QCSW, MHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Seattle, WA 98109  (Online Only)
Available: WED 01PM PT/10AM HST, THU 04PM PT/01PM HST. Please, first check the in-network insurance list below. Therapy works best when you're ready to consensually make therapy the priority. Suffering is a part of life and we work together to cultivate a relationship that helps you be with yourself with compassion. My experience is with people living with anxiety, depression, chronic illness (ALS, early on-set Dementias, MS, Parkinson's, TBI, Stroke, Cancer), end of life, caregiver burnout, finding meaning, depression/anxiety, non-dominant gender, romantic and sexual orientations, trauma, toxic masculinity and Sex-Positivity.
Available: WED 01PM PT/10AM HST, THU 04PM PT/01PM HST. Please, first check the in-network insurance list below. Therapy works best when you're ready to consensually make therapy the priority. Suffering is a part of life and we work together to cultivate a relationship that helps you be with yourself with compassion. My experience is with people living with anxiety, depression, chronic illness (ALS, early on-set Dementias, MS, Parkinson's, TBI, Stroke, Cancer), end of life, caregiver burnout, finding meaning, depression/anxiety, non-dominant gender, romantic and sexual orientations, trauma, toxic masculinity and Sex-Positivity.
(206) 538-2935 View (206) 538-2935
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Seattle, WA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Seattle, WA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
71% Stress
68% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

69% Premera Blue Cross
59% Aetna
51% Regence

How Therapists in Seattle, WA see their clients

51% Online Only
49% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

75% Female
21% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Seattle?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.