Therapists in Massachusetts

View cities and counties in Massachusetts
Photo of Susan Colcher, PhD, Psychologist
Susan Colcher
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Norwell, MA 02061
I believe therapy is an active, collaborative process. I work with clients to develop tools for mastering challenges in a context of self-acceptance, and appreciation of one's own resilience and resourcefulness. My therapeutic style is eclectic, blending solution-focused, cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, positive psychology, and family systems approaches.
I believe therapy is an active, collaborative process. I work with clients to develop tools for mastering challenges in a context of self-acceptance, and appreciation of one's own resilience and resourcefulness. My therapeutic style is eclectic, blending solution-focused, cognitive-behavioral, mindfulness, positive psychology, and family systems approaches.
(781) 304-4930 View (781) 304-4930
Photo of Andrew Richlin, PsyD, Psychologist
Andrew Richlin
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Brookline, MA 02446
I treat teens, college students, and adults. Clients generally come to me with anxiety and mood challenges, often triggered by significant life stressors. These include relationship issues, parenting struggles, academic pressures, challenges around gender and sexual orientation, and work related stress. For over 20 years I have supported individuals and families through these challenging moments. Choosing a therapist for you or your child can be a challenge in itself. Here are some of useful things to know about me as you are working through this important decision.
I treat teens, college students, and adults. Clients generally come to me with anxiety and mood challenges, often triggered by significant life stressors. These include relationship issues, parenting struggles, academic pressures, challenges around gender and sexual orientation, and work related stress. For over 20 years I have supported individuals and families through these challenging moments. Choosing a therapist for you or your child can be a challenge in itself. Here are some of useful things to know about me as you are working through this important decision.
(617) 209-6629 View (617) 209-6629
Photo of JJ Jarrard - Rainbow Counseling & Consultation LLC, LMHC, Counselor
Rainbow Counseling & Consultation LLC
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Shrewsbury, MA 01545  (Online Only)
Are you looking for a therapist that understands what it is like to be queer? Or a therapist that can help you navigate the ups and downs of non traditional relationships or family styles? You deserve therapy that is affirming and judgement-free while working through difficulties with communication, intimacy, mental health, sleep, eating, addiction, career stress, faith/religion, gender dysphoria and/or transitioning. You deserve therapy in the comfort of your own home that is easily accessible through computer or phone via secure tele-health.
Are you looking for a therapist that understands what it is like to be queer? Or a therapist that can help you navigate the ups and downs of non traditional relationships or family styles? You deserve therapy that is affirming and judgement-free while working through difficulties with communication, intimacy, mental health, sleep, eating, addiction, career stress, faith/religion, gender dysphoria and/or transitioning. You deserve therapy in the comfort of your own home that is easily accessible through computer or phone via secure tele-health.
(508) 403-9111 View (508) 403-9111
Photo of Shane MacDonald -  Shane MacDonald, LICSW, New Inspiration LLC, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shane MacDonald, LICSW, New Inspiration LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Braintree, MA 02184  (Online Only)
When you improve your relationship with yourself and your relationships with others, you are “on the path” to a happier, healthier life. I’d like to help you along that path. Together, we can explore a range of approaches: whatever works. But – so you know where I’m coming from – in the end, it’s always about relationships. I’d like to meet you.
When you improve your relationship with yourself and your relationships with others, you are “on the path” to a happier, healthier life. I’d like to help you along that path. Together, we can explore a range of approaches: whatever works. But – so you know where I’m coming from – in the end, it’s always about relationships. I’d like to meet you.
(617) 675-2000 View (617) 675-2000
Photo of Elizabeth Jane Kirshenbaum, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Elizabeth Jane Kirshenbaum
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Medford, MA 02155
Elizabeth Kirshenbaum (Liz) has joined the Center for Achieving Balance in Medford, MA. She has earned a master’s in counseling from Regis College. Liz has had the opportunity to develop her counseling skills – including intake and risk assessment, cultural and theoretical case conceptualization, diagnostic assessment, and treatment planning. She applies motivational interviewing techniques that show empathy and compassion to her clients while providing them with a safe and comfortable environment.
Elizabeth Kirshenbaum (Liz) has joined the Center for Achieving Balance in Medford, MA. She has earned a master’s in counseling from Regis College. Liz has had the opportunity to develop her counseling skills – including intake and risk assessment, cultural and theoretical case conceptualization, diagnostic assessment, and treatment planning. She applies motivational interviewing techniques that show empathy and compassion to her clients while providing them with a safe and comfortable environment.
(339) 330-1075 View (339) 330-1075
Photo of Elizabeth Wilson, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Needham, MA 02492
Waitlist for new clients
For children, teens, and young adults, there are times when navigating life’s challenges can be a struggle. For caregivers, finding a therapist who is also experienced in supporting Autistic and other neurodivergent individuals can feel overwhelming. Addressing anxiety, depression, and self esteem issues, handling intense emotions, building self advocacy skills, and creating positive relationships can be difficult to make progress on without a provider who understands neurodiversity. You want a therapist who has experience with learning differences, communication styles, sensory needs, and more.
For children, teens, and young adults, there are times when navigating life’s challenges can be a struggle. For caregivers, finding a therapist who is also experienced in supporting Autistic and other neurodivergent individuals can feel overwhelming. Addressing anxiety, depression, and self esteem issues, handling intense emotions, building self advocacy skills, and creating positive relationships can be difficult to make progress on without a provider who understands neurodiversity. You want a therapist who has experience with learning differences, communication styles, sensory needs, and more.
(617) 944-5053 x2 View (617) 944-5053 x2
Photo of Nick Kelley, MEd
Nick Kelley
MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsfield, MA 01201  (Online Only)
I am a PEERS (R) Certified Adolescent and Telehealth Provider who facilitates individual and group evidence-based social and relational skills training for adolescents and adults in the autism spectrum or with related developmental and learning challenges. PEERS (R), which stands for the Program for the Evaluation and Enrichment of Relational Skills, was developed at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and is the only evidence-based skills training program of its kind. It's intended specifically for use with neurodiverse populations. I provide PEERS (R) training virtually.
I am a PEERS (R) Certified Adolescent and Telehealth Provider who facilitates individual and group evidence-based social and relational skills training for adolescents and adults in the autism spectrum or with related developmental and learning challenges. PEERS (R), which stands for the Program for the Evaluation and Enrichment of Relational Skills, was developed at the UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and is the only evidence-based skills training program of its kind. It's intended specifically for use with neurodiverse populations. I provide PEERS (R) training virtually.
(413) 300-2217 View (413) 300-2217
Photo of Javier Martinez - Javi Martinez, LMHC, MEd, Counselor
Javi Martinez
Counselor, LMHC, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060  (Online Only)
What if conflict became something that could bring you & your partner(s) closer together? It's my passion to support couples & polycules in improving communication, navigating relationship dynamics, & resolving conflicts with love. As a queer Trans Woman with lived experience, it's also my specialty to uplift LGBTQIA+ individuals on their journeys with identity, transitions, & creating meaningful, love-filed lives. Across the spectrum of human identities, I'm trusted to support & empower people in their problem-solving processes. Many of my clients simply need help finding the tools & insight to move through a difficult situation.
What if conflict became something that could bring you & your partner(s) closer together? It's my passion to support couples & polycules in improving communication, navigating relationship dynamics, & resolving conflicts with love. As a queer Trans Woman with lived experience, it's also my specialty to uplift LGBTQIA+ individuals on their journeys with identity, transitions, & creating meaningful, love-filed lives. Across the spectrum of human identities, I'm trusted to support & empower people in their problem-solving processes. Many of my clients simply need help finding the tools & insight to move through a difficult situation.
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Photo of Isabel Monteiro, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Isabel Monteiro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02135  (Online Only)
Currently NOT accepting new clients. I specialize working with adults, young adults, young professionals. I can help you work through different symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. I have helped many people with life adjustments, navigate the stress of work-life balance, interpersonal issues, family conflicts, college stress (Life in general!). To me, success looks like creating realistic goals that are achievable. My ideal client is highly motivated for change, so if any of this sounds like I am talking directly to you- bring me your story and let’s process who you are and who you want to be!
Currently NOT accepting new clients. I specialize working with adults, young adults, young professionals. I can help you work through different symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. I have helped many people with life adjustments, navigate the stress of work-life balance, interpersonal issues, family conflicts, college stress (Life in general!). To me, success looks like creating realistic goals that are achievable. My ideal client is highly motivated for change, so if any of this sounds like I am talking directly to you- bring me your story and let’s process who you are and who you want to be!
(781) 731-1592 View (781) 731-1592
Photo of Eric Stroshine, MDiv, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Eric Stroshine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MDiv, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Yarmouth Port, MA 02675
Not accepting new clients
Anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and anger, can greatly impact your relationships and personal lives. You don't have to go it alone! I focus on helping you identify your unique strengths and develop problem solving, coping and relationship skills so you can find healing and peace. I am experienced at working with children, adults, elders, and couples on transitions that impact your life’s journey using a variety of evidence-based treatments. I have many years of counseling experience with clients of all ages in inpatient hospital units, counseling centers, and faith-based and social service settings.
Anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and anger, can greatly impact your relationships and personal lives. You don't have to go it alone! I focus on helping you identify your unique strengths and develop problem solving, coping and relationship skills so you can find healing and peace. I am experienced at working with children, adults, elders, and couples on transitions that impact your life’s journey using a variety of evidence-based treatments. I have many years of counseling experience with clients of all ages in inpatient hospital units, counseling centers, and faith-based and social service settings.
(508) 504-9609 View (508) 504-9609
Photo of Matthew Warren - Harbor Christian Counseling, LMHC, LSWA, CMHIMP, MDiv, MA, Counselor
Harbor Christian Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, LSWA, CMHIMP, MDiv, MA
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02215
We are all designed uniquely and live uniquely. Every person that we encounter is shaped by the interwoven threads of mind, body, and spirit as well as relationships, work, education, culture, community, and history. As such, Harbor Christian Counseling (HCC) seeks to care for the whole person through services that take into account this full range of formative influences. Caring for the whole person also means that we partner with our clients to address unwanted or problematic behaviors while gradually moving deeper to explore root issues that might be hampering growth.
We are all designed uniquely and live uniquely. Every person that we encounter is shaped by the interwoven threads of mind, body, and spirit as well as relationships, work, education, culture, community, and history. As such, Harbor Christian Counseling (HCC) seeks to care for the whole person through services that take into account this full range of formative influences. Caring for the whole person also means that we partner with our clients to address unwanted or problematic behaviors while gradually moving deeper to explore root issues that might be hampering growth.
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Photo of Michael Oster - Advanced Counseling Therapies, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Advanced Counseling Therapies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Methuen, MA 01844
Many people who come to see me have frequently had disappointing experiences with therapists in the past "We just didn't click" or "all they did was nod their heads and didn't say much". When you run out of ways to make change and don't know how to do it, the last thing you need to feel in therapy is alone. Change takes energy, action, hard work and sometimes the support and guidance of someone to help you make it!
Many people who come to see me have frequently had disappointing experiences with therapists in the past "We just didn't click" or "all they did was nod their heads and didn't say much". When you run out of ways to make change and don't know how to do it, the last thing you need to feel in therapy is alone. Change takes energy, action, hard work and sometimes the support and guidance of someone to help you make it!
(978) 300-8846 View (978) 300-8846
Photo of Eileen Garrigan, LMHC, Counselor
Eileen Garrigan
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Worcester, MA 01605  (Online Only)
Eileen Garrigan is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. She has been practicing for the past 20 years and works with adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. Eileen is familiar with working with clients who have experienced or are experiencing trauma, relationship difficulties, anxiety, stress, grief, chronic illness, depression, and life transitions. Eileen has a post-graduate certificate in Family Systems Solution Focused Therapy.
Eileen Garrigan is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. She has been practicing for the past 20 years and works with adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. Eileen is familiar with working with clients who have experienced or are experiencing trauma, relationship difficulties, anxiety, stress, grief, chronic illness, depression, and life transitions. Eileen has a post-graduate certificate in Family Systems Solution Focused Therapy.
(774) 252-9821 View (774) 252-9821
Photo of Sandra Duggan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sandra Duggan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Newton Centre, MA 02459  (Online Only)
I have over twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
I have over twenty years of experience providing psychotherapy for couples, adolescents, adults and families. My style is interactive, warm and compassionate. I offer easily usable strategies along with deeper dives to help improve how a client is feeling. I believe in using clients' strengths to help inform the work we do together. I believe in understanding what is going well as well as understanding where people are struggling. I have a strong respect for all of my clients and believe in providing a safe, trusting environment so clients have space to discuss what feels challenging at this time.
(617) 420-7545 View (617) 420-7545
Photo of Chloe Cohen, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Chloe Cohen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
We all, at times, encounter periods of pain or discomfort related to our relationships, work, responsibilities, or sense of self. It takes courage, trust, and a certain amount of hope to reach out for help. My approach to therapy is rooted in psychodynamic theory. I take seriously the task of understanding the unique narrative of your life, carefully listening to and reflecting on your experiences to unravel how they've sculpted you into the person you are today. Together, we will work to understand your mind, enabling us to confront the challenges and conflicts you face with newfound clarity and strength.
We all, at times, encounter periods of pain or discomfort related to our relationships, work, responsibilities, or sense of self. It takes courage, trust, and a certain amount of hope to reach out for help. My approach to therapy is rooted in psychodynamic theory. I take seriously the task of understanding the unique narrative of your life, carefully listening to and reflecting on your experiences to unravel how they've sculpted you into the person you are today. Together, we will work to understand your mind, enabling us to confront the challenges and conflicts you face with newfound clarity and strength.
(508) 593-9098 View (508) 593-9098
Photo of Sarah Gabel, LMHC, Counselor
Sarah Gabel
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Andover, MA 01810  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who has worked with a variety of clients from children to adults. Over the past several years, my work has been focused on treating individuals with chronic and severe mental illness including addictions. I have worked in a variety of settings including individual outpatient clinics, therapeutic mentoring, adult day treatment and community based clinical services focused on helping people remain stable in the community. Through my experience, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse group of clients from many different cultures, ages, religions, and backgrounds.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who has worked with a variety of clients from children to adults. Over the past several years, my work has been focused on treating individuals with chronic and severe mental illness including addictions. I have worked in a variety of settings including individual outpatient clinics, therapeutic mentoring, adult day treatment and community based clinical services focused on helping people remain stable in the community. Through my experience, I have had the privilege of working with a diverse group of clients from many different cultures, ages, religions, and backgrounds.
(508) 392-5474 View (508) 392-5474
Photo of Jessica Avila, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Avila
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02199  (Online Only)
Do you feel unappreciated, unseen, and unheard? Do you often put the needs of others before your own because “That’s the way things have always been”? Are you questioning your purpose in life, feeling lost, as if life is happening “to you”? Are you struggling to make time for yourself, feel stressed, or overwhelmed? Do you find making time for yourself, relationships, work, or health challenging?Whether you are dealing with cycles of anxiety, depression, a relationship, significant life transition, or you feel overwhelmed as a single parent of a child with special needs, I'm here to help.
Do you feel unappreciated, unseen, and unheard? Do you often put the needs of others before your own because “That’s the way things have always been”? Are you questioning your purpose in life, feeling lost, as if life is happening “to you”? Are you struggling to make time for yourself, feel stressed, or overwhelmed? Do you find making time for yourself, relationships, work, or health challenging?Whether you are dealing with cycles of anxiety, depression, a relationship, significant life transition, or you feel overwhelmed as a single parent of a child with special needs, I'm here to help.
(781) 579-6659 View (781) 579-6659
Photo of Clover Anne Lewis, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clover Anne Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Northampton, MA 01060
I offer psychotherapy for children, adolescents, parents and women in the postpartum phase of their lives. Using an attachment,developmental and cognitive behavioral lens we will work together to uncover strengths in order to improve relationships and quality of life.
I offer psychotherapy for children, adolescents, parents and women in the postpartum phase of their lives. Using an attachment,developmental and cognitive behavioral lens we will work together to uncover strengths in order to improve relationships and quality of life.
(413) 344-2817 View (413) 344-2817
Photo of Dr. Joann Toporowski- Specialist In Depression And Anxiety, PsyD, MA, Psychologist
Dr. Joann Toporowski- Specialist In Depression And Anxiety
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Accepting NEW patients w/ PPO plans NOW! Looking from the outside, things look good. You're successful, driven, and high-achieving. But, you're tired of dealing with anxiety and depression. You're feeling burned out, or it's hard to do your job and make important decisions under the stress you constantly feel. You feel overwhelmed, exhausted, and stuck. You want to stop repeating the same patterns that aren't working anymore. But, you don't know what to change, how to change it, how to stop it, or don't have the time to add more to your to-do list. And on top of all that, you're surrounded by people, but still feel alone or lonely.
Accepting NEW patients w/ PPO plans NOW! Looking from the outside, things look good. You're successful, driven, and high-achieving. But, you're tired of dealing with anxiety and depression. You're feeling burned out, or it's hard to do your job and make important decisions under the stress you constantly feel. You feel overwhelmed, exhausted, and stuck. You want to stop repeating the same patterns that aren't working anymore. But, you don't know what to change, how to change it, how to stop it, or don't have the time to add more to your to-do list. And on top of all that, you're surrounded by people, but still feel alone or lonely.
(805) 259-3427 View (805) 259-3427
Photo of Colette Potts - Colette Potts, LLC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Colette Potts, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with couples using a brief, solution-focused approach. By beginning each session with a focus on hope, the trajectory of the work shifts from a problem-focus to what couples are hoping for the most. This can facilitate change without requiring clients to process past failures or re-experience problems and challenges (a big reason why people avoid therapy).
I specialize in working with couples using a brief, solution-focused approach. By beginning each session with a focus on hope, the trajectory of the work shifts from a problem-focus to what couples are hoping for the most. This can facilitate change without requiring clients to process past failures or re-experience problems and challenges (a big reason why people avoid therapy).
(508) 960-6390 View (508) 960-6390

See more therapy options for Massachusetts

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Massachusetts who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Optum

How Therapists in Massachusetts see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Massachusetts?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.