Therapists in Massachusetts

View cities and counties in Massachusetts
Photo of Jocelynn MacGregor - Renewal Counseling and Wellness, LICSW , Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Renewal Counseling and Wellness
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Whitman, MA 02382
Oftentimes, life circumstances and human biology becomes a barrier to an individual’s ability to transform their lives. Some barriers are bigger than others, and can be challenging to conquer alone. The therapeutic process is sacred. It recognizes that growth isn’t always accessible when an individual acknowledges a need for change. People do well when they have the means to do so, and for some, change requires a safe and nurturing space in which a person can be truly heard, where barriers can be identified, and creative and collaborative problem solving can occur.
Oftentimes, life circumstances and human biology becomes a barrier to an individual’s ability to transform their lives. Some barriers are bigger than others, and can be challenging to conquer alone. The therapeutic process is sacred. It recognizes that growth isn’t always accessible when an individual acknowledges a need for change. People do well when they have the means to do so, and for some, change requires a safe and nurturing space in which a person can be truly heard, where barriers can be identified, and creative and collaborative problem solving can occur.
(781) 208-5905 View (781) 208-5905
Photo of Julia Kaufman, PhD, Psychologist
Julia Kaufman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Belmont, MA 02478
I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in working with adults facing various life transitions, relationship difficulties, and identity-related concerns. I earned my PhD in Clinical Psychology from Miami University in Ohio and completed my predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowship in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. In addition to my private practice, I serve as a full-time Staff Psychologist at McLean Hospital. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma-related symptoms, or other challenges, I am here to provide support and guidance.
I am a clinical psychologist who specializes in working with adults facing various life transitions, relationship difficulties, and identity-related concerns. I earned my PhD in Clinical Psychology from Miami University in Ohio and completed my predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowship in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. In addition to my private practice, I serve as a full-time Staff Psychologist at McLean Hospital. Whether you are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma-related symptoms, or other challenges, I am here to provide support and guidance.
(617) 870-6555 View (617) 870-6555
Photo of Erin Buretz, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Buretz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02120  (Online Only)
You (or a loved one) may be facing a variety of life’s challenges, including relationship difficulties, stress in transitions, family conflict and/or stress at school or work. You might be looking to work with a genuine, nonjudgmental professional who can help you find ways to lead a more fulfilling and satisfying life. Together, we can work towards clarifying personal values and goals as well as developing tailored strategies to help you get where you want to be.
You (or a loved one) may be facing a variety of life’s challenges, including relationship difficulties, stress in transitions, family conflict and/or stress at school or work. You might be looking to work with a genuine, nonjudgmental professional who can help you find ways to lead a more fulfilling and satisfying life. Together, we can work towards clarifying personal values and goals as well as developing tailored strategies to help you get where you want to be.
(857) 327-5204 View (857) 327-5204
Photo of Kiri Jarvis, LMHC, Counselor
Kiri Jarvis
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Franklin, MA 02038
Kiri is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy, which often includes the following: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. Kiri aims to support and guide her clients as they move towards their individualized wellness goals. She believes in meeting her clients where they are at, and creating a comforting therapeutic environment where they feel safe and accepted.
Kiri is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who utilizes an eclectic approach to therapy, which often includes the following: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, and Solution-Focused Therapy. Kiri aims to support and guide her clients as they move towards their individualized wellness goals. She believes in meeting her clients where they are at, and creating a comforting therapeutic environment where they feel safe and accepted.
(508) 978-6139 View (508) 978-6139
Photo of Ursula Spont, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Ursula Spont
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bellingham, MA 02019  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you feeling overwhelmed or frustrated? Or do you want to have a more positive relationship with your partner? If your answer to either of these questions is "yes", you may want to consider counseling! I believe that every person can achieve a better life for themselves. I'm not a "keep you in your place" kind of therapist, it's important to me that you feel respected and unjudged. Additonally, I find it vital to take into account the importance of systemic and sociopolitcal challenges that just cannot be ignored when we're talking about barriers to functioning well.
Are you feeling overwhelmed or frustrated? Or do you want to have a more positive relationship with your partner? If your answer to either of these questions is "yes", you may want to consider counseling! I believe that every person can achieve a better life for themselves. I'm not a "keep you in your place" kind of therapist, it's important to me that you feel respected and unjudged. Additonally, I find it vital to take into account the importance of systemic and sociopolitcal challenges that just cannot be ignored when we're talking about barriers to functioning well.
(774) 326-1207 View (774) 326-1207
Photo of Lena Wright, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lena Wright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Lexington, MA 02420
I have experience working with Individuals, Couples, and Families of First responders and marginalized communities struggling with the challenges of complex trauma impacting mental health, including Anxiety, Depressive disorders, PTSD, and substance use disorders.
I have experience working with Individuals, Couples, and Families of First responders and marginalized communities struggling with the challenges of complex trauma impacting mental health, including Anxiety, Depressive disorders, PTSD, and substance use disorders.
(339) 330-3752 View (339) 330-3752
Brighter Day Counseling Services
LADC1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02116
I am a Licensed Addictions Counselor 1. I have been working with dual diagnosis clients from diverse races, ages, and sexual orientations for twenty-eight years, all with various issues that need addressing. My clients are comfortable working with me, I create a safe and therapeutic environment that allows clients to recover and gain control of their lives. I utilize an eclectic approach to treatment. I do not believe in one size fits all treatment because people come into treatment with different issues that need to be addressed differently. I will determine your issues and the proper way to address them.
I am a Licensed Addictions Counselor 1. I have been working with dual diagnosis clients from diverse races, ages, and sexual orientations for twenty-eight years, all with various issues that need addressing. My clients are comfortable working with me, I create a safe and therapeutic environment that allows clients to recover and gain control of their lives. I utilize an eclectic approach to treatment. I do not believe in one size fits all treatment because people come into treatment with different issues that need to be addressed differently. I will determine your issues and the proper way to address them.
(857) 367-4204 View (857) 367-4204
Photo of Brandy Alweiss, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brandy Alweiss
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Leominster, MA 01453
I am a Licensed Certified Social Worker who has had the joy and honor of helping others for the last ten years. My lived experiences as a woman of color, a former foster child, and a member of the LGBTQIA+ community allows me to connect with others on topics of gender, sexuality, race, intersectionality and more as it relates to everyday life and its challenges. My focus is on helping persons experiencing depression, anxiety, and adjustment to life stressors while working on improving communication skills, building boundaries, and strengthening relationships.
I am a Licensed Certified Social Worker who has had the joy and honor of helping others for the last ten years. My lived experiences as a woman of color, a former foster child, and a member of the LGBTQIA+ community allows me to connect with others on topics of gender, sexuality, race, intersectionality and more as it relates to everyday life and its challenges. My focus is on helping persons experiencing depression, anxiety, and adjustment to life stressors while working on improving communication skills, building boundaries, and strengthening relationships.
(978) 718-5473 View (978) 718-5473
Photo of Leigh Rosenfeld, LMHC, Counselor
Leigh Rosenfeld
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Not accepting new clients
Now more than ever, many of us are doing our best to survive and get through each day. The thought of doing more than just surviving can be paralyzing. Perhaps you've been coping with anxiety or depression, daily stressors related to parenting and relationships, work related stress or trauma. Perhaps you are on a personal quest to identify what makes you feel alive in this world. Therapy can be a great place to explore such challenges. I take an eclectic approach to therapy and we will work together to find the path that best meets your needs.
Now more than ever, many of us are doing our best to survive and get through each day. The thought of doing more than just surviving can be paralyzing. Perhaps you've been coping with anxiety or depression, daily stressors related to parenting and relationships, work related stress or trauma. Perhaps you are on a personal quest to identify what makes you feel alive in this world. Therapy can be a great place to explore such challenges. I take an eclectic approach to therapy and we will work together to find the path that best meets your needs.
(413) 591-4900 View (413) 591-4900
Photo of Malka Alpert Young - JFS Elder Care Solutions Allies in Aging, LICSW, CCM, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
JFS Elder Care Solutions Allies in Aging
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCM
Verified Verified
Framingham, MA 01702
Are you caring for an aging parent? Do you or your loved one have a new diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease or other dementia? Are you feeling overwhelmed, and you don't know where to turn? You aren't sure what you need to do or how to plan for an unexpected future? We have been helping older adults and their families for over 30 years. You can either come to our office at JFS of Metrowest or I (or a member of the Allies in Aging care management team) will come to your home. Malka Young will walk you through your options during an initial free phone consultation.
Are you caring for an aging parent? Do you or your loved one have a new diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease or other dementia? Are you feeling overwhelmed, and you don't know where to turn? You aren't sure what you need to do or how to plan for an unexpected future? We have been helping older adults and their families for over 30 years. You can either come to our office at JFS of Metrowest or I (or a member of the Allies in Aging care management team) will come to your home. Malka Young will walk you through your options during an initial free phone consultation.
(508) 231-5729 View (508) 231-5729
Photo of Kerrie Anne Crowley, LMHC, MFT, Counselor
Kerrie Anne Crowley
Counselor, LMHC, MFT
Verified Verified
Accepting new clients. My passion is assisting clients to understand the role they have been living that is no longer serving them while simultaneously discovering their truest self. Often my clients come in feeling depressed, anxious and confused living a life that they are not even sure how they landed in. I thrive on guiding my clients back to their core self and co-creating with them their very best life. I specialize in working with women of all ages and backgrounds.
Accepting new clients. My passion is assisting clients to understand the role they have been living that is no longer serving them while simultaneously discovering their truest self. Often my clients come in feeling depressed, anxious and confused living a life that they are not even sure how they landed in. I thrive on guiding my clients back to their core self and co-creating with them their very best life. I specialize in working with women of all ages and backgrounds.
(413) 251-6181 View (413) 251-6181
Photo of Rebecca Austin, LCSW
Rebecca Austin
LCSW
Verified Verified
Belmont, MA 02478
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
I am a Licensed Social Worker with a passion for decreasing the stigma surrounding mental health and promoting the health and well being of my clients. For my undergraduate degree, I moved from Central Jersey (Yes! It exists!) to South Jersey to attend Stockton University. I received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Social Work with a Minor in Behavioral Neuroscience from Stockton, and then moved on to attend graduate school in Philadelphia. I received my Master of Social Work Degree with a clinical concentration from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Social Policy and Practice in May of 2020.
(857) 887-3309 View (857) 887-3309
Photo of Scott Gibbs, MFT, MBA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Scott Gibbs
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MBA
Verified Verified
Wellesley, MA 02482  (Online Only)
I work principally with individuals and couples struggling with personal relationship problems, including gridlocked conflict, detachment and loneliness, break-ups and divorce, infidelity, sexual intimacy, trauma history, etc., with a particular specialty working with couples with children with special needs or who are neurodiverse. I also work with professionals struggling with relationship challenges in the workplace (e.g., communication, empathy, etc.).
I work principally with individuals and couples struggling with personal relationship problems, including gridlocked conflict, detachment and loneliness, break-ups and divorce, infidelity, sexual intimacy, trauma history, etc., with a particular specialty working with couples with children with special needs or who are neurodiverse. I also work with professionals struggling with relationship challenges in the workplace (e.g., communication, empathy, etc.).
(415) 802-0453 View (415) 802-0453
Photo of Emily Hogan, MA, LMFT, PMH-C, Marriage & Family Therapist
Emily Hogan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Acton, MA 01720  (Online Only)
Hello! I’m glad you’re here. We all face challenges in life, and you are worth the support you're seeking. I am a unique fit for you if you identify as LGBTQIA+, chronically ill, and/or neurodivergent (these often overlap, especially with EDS, POTS, ME/CFS, autoimmune conditions). Perhaps you are here because you are facing medical trauma, new or ongoing disability, adult diagnosis of ADHD/autism, or concerns about sexuality/gender. If you would like support with trauma, I am fully EMDR trained. I am also a perinatal mental health specialist and can support you through all aspects of your fertility, pregnancy, or parenthood journey.
Hello! I’m glad you’re here. We all face challenges in life, and you are worth the support you're seeking. I am a unique fit for you if you identify as LGBTQIA+, chronically ill, and/or neurodivergent (these often overlap, especially with EDS, POTS, ME/CFS, autoimmune conditions). Perhaps you are here because you are facing medical trauma, new or ongoing disability, adult diagnosis of ADHD/autism, or concerns about sexuality/gender. If you would like support with trauma, I am fully EMDR trained. I am also a perinatal mental health specialist and can support you through all aspects of your fertility, pregnancy, or parenthood journey.
(978) 485-4824 View (978) 485-4824
Photo of Cristina Santiago, LICSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cristina Santiago
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nantucket, MA 02554  (Online Only)
In life, we encounter a diverse array of experiences, not all of which are positive. It's during the most challenging moments—marked by grief, pain, anxiety, and sadness—that we undergo profound growth and self-discovery. These testing times serve as invaluable lessons, shaping us into resilient individuals. I believe that true growth occurs when we embrace these moments, motivated and prepared to take the necessary steps forward. Are you ready to embark on your journey of personal transformation today?
In life, we encounter a diverse array of experiences, not all of which are positive. It's during the most challenging moments—marked by grief, pain, anxiety, and sadness—that we undergo profound growth and self-discovery. These testing times serve as invaluable lessons, shaping us into resilient individuals. I believe that true growth occurs when we embrace these moments, motivated and prepared to take the necessary steps forward. Are you ready to embark on your journey of personal transformation today?
(617) 433-8586 View (617) 433-8586
Photo of Erin M Stathis, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Erin M Stathis
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Canton, MA 02021
The connection with your therapist is one of the most important predictors of whether or not therapy will be successful. I meet my clients with respect, compassion and great care. I am grateful that you are considering me as someone who can help. Many of the clients who have found me were dealing with issues like depression, anxiety, childhood traumatic experiences, self-doubt and others. They come to heal parts of themselves interfering with life goals and relationships. No matter the past experiences, we are able to change, grow and heal.
The connection with your therapist is one of the most important predictors of whether or not therapy will be successful. I meet my clients with respect, compassion and great care. I am grateful that you are considering me as someone who can help. Many of the clients who have found me were dealing with issues like depression, anxiety, childhood traumatic experiences, self-doubt and others. They come to heal parts of themselves interfering with life goals and relationships. No matter the past experiences, we are able to change, grow and heal.
(857) 401-8207 View (857) 401-8207
Photo of Judith Ellman, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Judith Ellman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02116  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you thinking about making a change in your life, or experiencing a significant transition? Do you want to improve your relationships with others? Are anxiety or depression getting in the way of building the life you want to be living? I provide a warm, welcoming, nonjudgmental space to explore your individual history and patterns, and become closer to who you want to be. My approach is compassionate, strengths-based, and collaborative. You are the expert in your own life and I am a guide to reflect and accompany you on your journey. I help you activate skills to live in line with your values and achieve your goals.
Are you thinking about making a change in your life, or experiencing a significant transition? Do you want to improve your relationships with others? Are anxiety or depression getting in the way of building the life you want to be living? I provide a warm, welcoming, nonjudgmental space to explore your individual history and patterns, and become closer to who you want to be. My approach is compassionate, strengths-based, and collaborative. You are the expert in your own life and I am a guide to reflect and accompany you on your journey. I help you activate skills to live in line with your values and achieve your goals.
(508) 978-7286 View (508) 978-7286
Photo of Soroya Pognon, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Soroya Pognon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02114
I specialize in aiding individuals grappling primarily with anxiety disorders, as well as providing support to entrepreneurs striving to expand their businesses, assisting those facing significant life changes, and guiding individuals seeking stress reduction strategies.
I specialize in aiding individuals grappling primarily with anxiety disorders, as well as providing support to entrepreneurs striving to expand their businesses, assisting those facing significant life changes, and guiding individuals seeking stress reduction strategies.
(617) 693-4922 View (617) 693-4922
Photo of Katelyn Nkomo, LMHC, Counselor
Katelyn Nkomo
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westfield, MA 01085  (Online Only)
Misunderstood and overwhelmed? Adulting getting you down? Struggling to collaborate with the important people in your life? Tired of going through the same motions every day? Therapy can help you to find purpose and identify areas for growth. My goal is to support you in reaching your identified goals. I will support you in exploring your needs and recognizing what shifts may help in order to reach your goals. I like to get to know my client's and see the big picture of their lives. I use a client centered approach to ensure that the therapy offered is useful and valued.
Misunderstood and overwhelmed? Adulting getting you down? Struggling to collaborate with the important people in your life? Tired of going through the same motions every day? Therapy can help you to find purpose and identify areas for growth. My goal is to support you in reaching your identified goals. I will support you in exploring your needs and recognizing what shifts may help in order to reach your goals. I like to get to know my client's and see the big picture of their lives. I use a client centered approach to ensure that the therapy offered is useful and valued.
(781) 546-5939 View (781) 546-5939
Photo of Kristy Forrest, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kristy Forrest
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Westford, MA 01886
Kristy earned her Master’s degrees in both Education and in Clinical Mental Health from Merrimack College. She is down-to-Earth, approachable and collaborative in helping individuals feel comfortable while working together in treatment. Kristy is a great empath and advocate for her clients. Kristy’s clinical experience includes working in residential and community mental health with clients of diverse backgrounds as well as a former academic advisor working with traditional college aged students. Kristy works with adolescents, emerging adults and adults in helping to navigate challenges.
Kristy earned her Master’s degrees in both Education and in Clinical Mental Health from Merrimack College. She is down-to-Earth, approachable and collaborative in helping individuals feel comfortable while working together in treatment. Kristy is a great empath and advocate for her clients. Kristy’s clinical experience includes working in residential and community mental health with clients of diverse backgrounds as well as a former academic advisor working with traditional college aged students. Kristy works with adolescents, emerging adults and adults in helping to navigate challenges.
(978) 999-2165 View (978) 999-2165

See more therapy options for Massachusetts

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Massachusetts who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
73% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
65% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
60% Optum

How Therapists in Massachusetts see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Massachusetts?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.