Therapists in Hoover, AL

Photo of Katie Beaugez - Alabama Head Injury Foundation, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alabama Head Injury Foundation
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35244
Adjusting to life after a head or spinal cord injury can be challenging, and we want to provide support if you or a loved one are navigating this new way of life! The Alabama Head Injury Foundation provides counseling services (among other services) to help survivors and caregivers process through emotional difficulties that may come after injury, such as loss of identity, isolation, relationship issues, depression, anger, and more.
Adjusting to life after a head or spinal cord injury can be challenging, and we want to provide support if you or a loved one are navigating this new way of life! The Alabama Head Injury Foundation provides counseling services (among other services) to help survivors and caregivers process through emotional difficulties that may come after injury, such as loss of identity, isolation, relationship issues, depression, anger, and more.
(205) 851-3929 View (205) 851-3929
Photo of Laurita Miller, LICSW, PIP, QCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laurita Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP, QCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244
Not accepting new clients
Are you unable to enjoy your present because of negative influences from the past? With compassion and sincere interest, I have provided psychotherapy with adults and couples, for 30 years. I use an integrative approach drawing on methodologies most suited to the individual needs and goals of clients, hopefully alleviating suffering, resolving past and current issues, and teaching new skills for healthier living. I utilize therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, various forms of Family Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Psycho-education, and my specialty, EMDR.
Are you unable to enjoy your present because of negative influences from the past? With compassion and sincere interest, I have provided psychotherapy with adults and couples, for 30 years. I use an integrative approach drawing on methodologies most suited to the individual needs and goals of clients, hopefully alleviating suffering, resolving past and current issues, and teaching new skills for healthier living. I utilize therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, various forms of Family Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, Psycho-education, and my specialty, EMDR.
(205) 293-1209 View (205) 293-1209
Photo of Bailey Katherine Neese, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bailey Katherine Neese
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35226
I am a compassionate and dedicated counselor who believes in the power of positive change. My approach to counseling is centered around a focus in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and person-centered therapy. I have extensive experience working with professionals, older adults, and individuals with substance use disorders. I work with patients to carefully understand their perspective and experiences and tailor my approach to each individual's needs.
I am a compassionate and dedicated counselor who believes in the power of positive change. My approach to counseling is centered around a focus in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and person-centered therapy. I have extensive experience working with professionals, older adults, and individuals with substance use disorders. I work with patients to carefully understand their perspective and experiences and tailor my approach to each individual's needs.
(205) 890-6696 View (205) 890-6696
Photo of Shenika Brewer - BLISS Counseling & Consulting, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
BLISS Counseling & Consulting
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35216
Ignoring your problems won't make them go away. However, in a world full of uncertainty, you can find your peace & live a good life. We are hear to help you do just that. Having trouble focusing because you're anxious? Experiencing racing thoughts, fatigue, and stress that you just can't shake? From postpartum depression & grief to managing trauma triggers, we are here to help you learn how to navigate the issues in your life. Allow us to provide support, education & guidance as you become the best version of yourself.
Ignoring your problems won't make them go away. However, in a world full of uncertainty, you can find your peace & live a good life. We are hear to help you do just that. Having trouble focusing because you're anxious? Experiencing racing thoughts, fatigue, and stress that you just can't shake? From postpartum depression & grief to managing trauma triggers, we are here to help you learn how to navigate the issues in your life. Allow us to provide support, education & guidance as you become the best version of yourself.
(205) 772-5314 View (205) 772-5314
Photo of Amber Martin, PhD, MPH, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amber Martin
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MPH, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35226
Everyone experiences emotional pain that comes by virtue of living life. We face transitions, are met with difficulties, or experience stressors that bring frustration, hurt, and uncertainty. As a therapist, my role is to support you in identifying ways to use your strengths and utilize resources you have to find unique and tailored solutions aligned with your values. I will also provide perspective through situations with strong belief that every person has purpose, passion, and potential awaiting discovery. I believe in honoring the emotional vulnerability of each client by fostering a space of safety and connection.
Everyone experiences emotional pain that comes by virtue of living life. We face transitions, are met with difficulties, or experience stressors that bring frustration, hurt, and uncertainty. As a therapist, my role is to support you in identifying ways to use your strengths and utilize resources you have to find unique and tailored solutions aligned with your values. I will also provide perspective through situations with strong belief that every person has purpose, passion, and potential awaiting discovery. I believe in honoring the emotional vulnerability of each client by fostering a space of safety and connection.
(205) 875-2518 View (205) 875-2518
Photo of Kirsten Hill - Fluidity Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor
Fluidity Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244
We, as human beings, crave connection and intimacy in our lives. We want to be seen, understood, and appreciated in our relationships with ourselves, the people we love, and the people who love us. Sex and sexuality are often at the root of these connections. Our perceptions of sex and sexuality are fluid and naturally change as we go through life. Communication surrounding consent, affection, sexuality, and intimacy is often avoided due to the taboo nature of sex. At Fluidity Counseling, we strive to provide a safe place to navigate through the shame and stigma that can accompany these conversations.
We, as human beings, crave connection and intimacy in our lives. We want to be seen, understood, and appreciated in our relationships with ourselves, the people we love, and the people who love us. Sex and sexuality are often at the root of these connections. Our perceptions of sex and sexuality are fluid and naturally change as we go through life. Communication surrounding consent, affection, sexuality, and intimacy is often avoided due to the taboo nature of sex. At Fluidity Counseling, we strive to provide a safe place to navigate through the shame and stigma that can accompany these conversations.
(205) 984-2932 View (205) 984-2932
Photo of Emalee Ross Jones, MA, ALC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Emalee Ross Jones
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, ALC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244
Having personally experienced pain and struggle, I know how hard life can be. I’ve also felt the benefits of therapy myself, and am grateful for the trusted counselors who’ve helped me connect more deeply with myself, heal wounds from my past, and move forward with greater clarity about what I want for my life and how I want to show up in the world. You are taking a courageous step to seek support as you open yourself up to feel all of the emotions, challenge harmful beliefs, and make difficult choices. I hope your time in therapy will bring growth, healing, and a loving connection to yourself.
Having personally experienced pain and struggle, I know how hard life can be. I’ve also felt the benefits of therapy myself, and am grateful for the trusted counselors who’ve helped me connect more deeply with myself, heal wounds from my past, and move forward with greater clarity about what I want for my life and how I want to show up in the world. You are taking a courageous step to seek support as you open yourself up to feel all of the emotions, challenge harmful beliefs, and make difficult choices. I hope your time in therapy will bring growth, healing, and a loving connection to yourself.
(659) 287-7534 View (659) 287-7534
Photo of Deborah Grant, PhD, LPCS, CRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Deborah Grant
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPCS, CRC
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35244
I have a passion for working with adolescents who may be struggling with anxiety, LGBTQ issues, bullying, and significant mental health issues. I believe that all individuals can succeed and be fully functioning with the right support and care. As a former high school counselor, I have worked with adolescents from many walks of life and believe in my own power to help them succeed!
I have a passion for working with adolescents who may be struggling with anxiety, LGBTQ issues, bullying, and significant mental health issues. I believe that all individuals can succeed and be fully functioning with the right support and care. As a former high school counselor, I have worked with adolescents from many walks of life and believe in my own power to help them succeed!
(205) 894-5928 View (205) 894-5928
Photo of Stephanie Dutson, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stephanie Dutson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35244
There is a version of your life where you feel fulfilled, content, and hopeful. A life where you act with whole-hearted passion for what you believe in and what brings you joy. A life that feels authentically YOU! If you are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, dealing with a difficult life transition, experiencing anxiety or depression, or wanting to heal from difficult experiences in your past, I'm here to help! My practice is exclusively online to meet the needs of those who are overcommitted, struggle to find childcare, live in rural areas, are students, or simply need increased convenience, flexibility, and confidentiality in therapy.
There is a version of your life where you feel fulfilled, content, and hopeful. A life where you act with whole-hearted passion for what you believe in and what brings you joy. A life that feels authentically YOU! If you are feeling stuck, overwhelmed, dealing with a difficult life transition, experiencing anxiety or depression, or wanting to heal from difficult experiences in your past, I'm here to help! My practice is exclusively online to meet the needs of those who are overcommitted, struggle to find childcare, live in rural areas, are students, or simply need increased convenience, flexibility, and confidentiality in therapy.
(205) 881-0594 View (205) 881-0594
Photo of Jennifer Waters-McCombs, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Waters-McCombs
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35226
There is no better time than the present to make changes. Are you tired of not making the most of your life? Is parenting, life changes, stress, or negativity making life harder? I sincerely believe that people want to make positive changes in their lives but oftentimes do not know where to start. Because some people may be apprehensive about starting counseling, I work to create an atmosphere that is non-judgmental. In addition, I strive to build a partnership with the client by understanding what they want to work on and how we can tackle that together.
There is no better time than the present to make changes. Are you tired of not making the most of your life? Is parenting, life changes, stress, or negativity making life harder? I sincerely believe that people want to make positive changes in their lives but oftentimes do not know where to start. Because some people may be apprehensive about starting counseling, I work to create an atmosphere that is non-judgmental. In addition, I strive to build a partnership with the client by understanding what they want to work on and how we can tackle that together.
(205) 374-8424 View (205) 374-8424
Photo of Heath Robert Chancey - New Journey Counseling Services, M Ed, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
New Journey Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, M Ed, LPC
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35244  (Online Only)
The ideal client is honest, open-minded, willing, and invested in the counseling process. Heath has experience helping individuals with a variety of problems, including anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, poor self-esteem, addictions, and relationship issues. Heath understands people are on different pathways and he tailors his approach to the client's specific needs. He provides an atmosphere that is warm, safe, inviting, motivating, and challenging, in which clients will feel supported, heard, accepted, valued, and validated. These things converge to create an optimal environment for client goal attainment.
The ideal client is honest, open-minded, willing, and invested in the counseling process. Heath has experience helping individuals with a variety of problems, including anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, poor self-esteem, addictions, and relationship issues. Heath understands people are on different pathways and he tailors his approach to the client's specific needs. He provides an atmosphere that is warm, safe, inviting, motivating, and challenging, in which clients will feel supported, heard, accepted, valued, and validated. These things converge to create an optimal environment for client goal attainment.
(205) 850-1018 View (205) 850-1018
Photo of Kristen M Woods, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristen M Woods
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35216
Whether you’re experiencing distress or conflict within your life, experiencing professional changes, having difficulty coping with the loss of a loved one, experiencing a transitional phase in your life, or etc. through a positive therapeutic process growth can occur. Through an empathetic and safe environment, the therapeutic process can assist you in creating your optimal life.
Whether you’re experiencing distress or conflict within your life, experiencing professional changes, having difficulty coping with the loss of a loved one, experiencing a transitional phase in your life, or etc. through a positive therapeutic process growth can occur. Through an empathetic and safe environment, the therapeutic process can assist you in creating your optimal life.
(205) 983-6371 View (205) 983-6371
Photo of James Wayne Sellers Jr., LICSW-S, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
James Wayne Sellers Jr.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW-S, PIP
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35216
Are you tired of constantly working on yourself? Have you been told the best you can do is learn to "cope better" with your illness or your "issues"? Does the idea of delving into the details of your problems in a therapy session turn your stomach? What if it was ALL just an innocent misunderstanding? My passion in life is to serve others by clearing up this simple misunderstanding and pointing people towards their innate source of wisdom, clarity, and common sense.
Are you tired of constantly working on yourself? Have you been told the best you can do is learn to "cope better" with your illness or your "issues"? Does the idea of delving into the details of your problems in a therapy session turn your stomach? What if it was ALL just an innocent misunderstanding? My passion in life is to serve others by clearing up this simple misunderstanding and pointing people towards their innate source of wisdom, clarity, and common sense.
(205) 649-3146 View (205) 649-3146
Photo of Chernell D. Bizzell-Barnett - Magic City Counseling, LLC, LPC, NCC, CCM, Licensed Professional Counselor
Magic City Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCM
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35226
Life can be very challenging. It's not if, we will be faced with challenges, the question is, when? Are you or someone you love feeling "stuck" and are not sure which direction to take? Allow me to utilize my counseling skills to walk alongside you to help to find personal direction. In addition to counseling, I pride myself on being supportive, encouraging and non-judgmental so that I am able to effectively assist you during your difficult time. Let me join your team, team you, to help you work through the unpredictability of life, and all the challenges life brings.
Life can be very challenging. It's not if, we will be faced with challenges, the question is, when? Are you or someone you love feeling "stuck" and are not sure which direction to take? Allow me to utilize my counseling skills to walk alongside you to help to find personal direction. In addition to counseling, I pride myself on being supportive, encouraging and non-judgmental so that I am able to effectively assist you during your difficult time. Let me join your team, team you, to help you work through the unpredictability of life, and all the challenges life brings.
(205) 236-3208 View (205) 236-3208
Photo of Andrea Jaquis Paige, AOT, BS, MS, LPC, CSOTP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Andrea Jaquis Paige
Licensed Professional Counselor, AOT, BS, MS, LPC, CSOTP
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35216
At various times life can become very challenging. You may be unsure of the next steps or even your purpose in life. As a Licensed Therapist at A Shooting Star Therapy and Wellness I will work to learn about you and your individual needs in order to formulate an integrated plan. Whether it be past trauma, unresolved child/parental issues, grief & loss, mental health symptoms, substance abuse, and/ or related interpersonal issues; I am available to assist you.
At various times life can become very challenging. You may be unsure of the next steps or even your purpose in life. As a Licensed Therapist at A Shooting Star Therapy and Wellness I will work to learn about you and your individual needs in order to formulate an integrated plan. Whether it be past trauma, unresolved child/parental issues, grief & loss, mental health symptoms, substance abuse, and/ or related interpersonal issues; I am available to assist you.
(659) 336-3208 View (659) 336-3208
Photo of Fayth Owen Hope, EdS, ALC, Counselor
Fayth Owen Hope
Counselor, EdS, ALC
Verified Verified
Hoover, AL 35236  (Online Only)
You deserve access to quality mental healthcare…regardless of insurance coverage or financial status. We are in the midst of very trying times and now, more than ever, people need to make mental health and self-preservation a top priority. Seeds of Hope is here to assist you with navigating the ebb and flow of life by offering accessible and affordable online counseling services. There is always hope - and it is right at your fingertips.
You deserve access to quality mental healthcare…regardless of insurance coverage or financial status. We are in the midst of very trying times and now, more than ever, people need to make mental health and self-preservation a top priority. Seeds of Hope is here to assist you with navigating the ebb and flow of life by offering accessible and affordable online counseling services. There is always hope - and it is right at your fingertips.
(205) 596-6240 View (205) 596-6240
Photo of Danna Perdue-Melton - Perdue Counseling & Consulting, LLC , LPC,  RPT, IMH-E®, Licensed Professional Counselor
Perdue Counseling & Consulting, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, RPT, IMH-E®
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244
We all go through different seasons in our lives, whether it’s the birth of a child or the death of a loved one, I can assist you through each transition. I provide services to children, adolescents, and adults with issues related to anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD. Allow me to join you on your journey to health and healing.
We all go through different seasons in our lives, whether it’s the birth of a child or the death of a loved one, I can assist you through each transition. I provide services to children, adolescents, and adults with issues related to anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD. Allow me to join you on your journey to health and healing.
(833) 406-0680 View (833) 406-0680
Photo of Joel Thomas Blackstock Jr., LICSW, MSW, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joel Thomas Blackstock Jr.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW, PIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35216
Please come see me even if you have tried therapy many times but still haven't given up on healing! My goal as a therapist is to have a large bag of tools for you so that we can find a technique that you respond to best. I love working with creative people, people who are suffering from anxiety, depression, conflict, people who have chronic pain despite medication adherence and people who are just plain confused about why they feel the way they do. I don't believe that any one approach works for every person, and want to work with you collaboratively to find out what it is that you need for your unique life story.
Please come see me even if you have tried therapy many times but still haven't given up on healing! My goal as a therapist is to have a large bag of tools for you so that we can find a technique that you respond to best. I love working with creative people, people who are suffering from anxiety, depression, conflict, people who have chronic pain despite medication adherence and people who are just plain confused about why they feel the way they do. I don't believe that any one approach works for every person, and want to work with you collaboratively to find out what it is that you need for your unique life story.
(205) 896-8889 View (205) 896-8889
Photo of George King Jr, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
George King Jr
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244  (Online Only)
I have a passion to see individuals heal and progress forward in their defined path of fulfillment. I am honored to walk alongside persons of all ages in overcoming real life challenges. I have specialized certification with alcohol and drug counseling and accept adolescent and adult clients from age 14 and above. I also enjoy assisting couples and families navigate relationships.
I have a passion to see individuals heal and progress forward in their defined path of fulfillment. I am honored to walk alongside persons of all ages in overcoming real life challenges. I have specialized certification with alcohol and drug counseling and accept adolescent and adult clients from age 14 and above. I also enjoy assisting couples and families navigate relationships.
(205) 952-6605 View (205) 952-6605
Photo of Daynia Cheddar, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Daynia Cheddar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244  (Online Only)
I believe it takes bravery and strength to commit to confronting your most difficult challenges. Reaching out for help can be scary. My role as your therapist is to help you face and overcome your fears. It is important for me to create a safe, non-judgmental and supportive environment for all my clients. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion.
I believe it takes bravery and strength to commit to confronting your most difficult challenges. Reaching out for help can be scary. My role as your therapist is to help you face and overcome your fears. It is important for me to create a safe, non-judgmental and supportive environment for all my clients. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion.
(205) 898-3461 View (205) 898-3461
1
...

See more therapy options for Hoover

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Hoover, AL

200+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Hoover, AL who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
82% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
77% Coping Skills
76% Stress
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% New Directions | Lucet
41% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Hoover, AL see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Hoover?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.