Black and African American Therapists in Louisiana

Photo of Phyllis Jackson, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Phyllis Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Gretna, LA 70056
My passion is marriage, couples, and family counseling (I’m an advocate for Black love).
Life gets hard and we ALL go through it. People sometimes find themselves in a rut and need help digging themselves out. Finding understanding, empathy, and support during those difficult times can be tough. I am passionate about helping others heal, grow, and reach their goals in a safe space without judgment. You are not alone!
My passion is marriage, couples, and family counseling (I’m an advocate for Black love).
Life gets hard and we ALL go through it. People sometimes find themselves in a rut and need help digging themselves out. Finding understanding, empathy, and support during those difficult times can be tough. I am passionate about helping others heal, grow, and reach their goals in a safe space without judgment. You are not alone!
(504) 547-6553 View (504) 547-6553
Photo of Shavez Pinestraw, MS, PLPC, NCC
Shavez Pinestraw
Provisional Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, PLPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Hammond, LA 70403  (Online Only)
As a Black male therapist, I create a space where Black men can openly embrace their vulnerability without fear of judgment.
Are you having issues in your relationship? Have you experienced traumatic events that you can't seem to shake? Are you afraid to let yourself love your partner, friends, or yourself? Have you been questioning or wanting to explore your sexuality? Do you struggle with commitment in relationships? If you are experiencing any of those issues, know I am here to help. On your journey to healing, remember that the scars of the past are not always obstacles but reminders of how far you've come. Together, we’ll share smiles, laughter, and maybe even tears. But know that I’m here with you on this journey.
As a Black male therapist, I create a space where Black men can openly embrace their vulnerability without fear of judgment.
Are you having issues in your relationship? Have you experienced traumatic events that you can't seem to shake? Are you afraid to let yourself love your partner, friends, or yourself? Have you been questioning or wanting to explore your sexuality? Do you struggle with commitment in relationships? If you are experiencing any of those issues, know I am here to help. On your journey to healing, remember that the scars of the past are not always obstacles but reminders of how far you've come. Together, we’ll share smiles, laughter, and maybe even tears. But know that I’m here with you on this journey.
(985) 616-5133 View (985) 616-5133
Photo of Maya B Galathe, MEd, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Maya B Galathe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Baton Rouge, LA 70809  (Online Only)
I help Black people focus on their GOALS.
Maya B Galathe, LPC is the owner of Goal Digging Therapy, which was designed to fit the needs of young professionals, entrepreneurs, and students who are already juggling so much. Our practice is completely virtual - allowing you to have more control and flexibility. We also offer "Spark Sessions" which are 30 minutes in length as well as traditional hour long sessions. My specialty areas are anxiety, depression, Racial Battle Fatigue/ Racial Trauma and life transitions (marriage, divorce, college, job, relationships, loss, parenthood).
I help Black people focus on their GOALS.
Maya B Galathe, LPC is the owner of Goal Digging Therapy, which was designed to fit the needs of young professionals, entrepreneurs, and students who are already juggling so much. Our practice is completely virtual - allowing you to have more control and flexibility. We also offer "Spark Sessions" which are 30 minutes in length as well as traditional hour long sessions. My specialty areas are anxiety, depression, Racial Battle Fatigue/ Racial Trauma and life transitions (marriage, divorce, college, job, relationships, loss, parenthood).
(225) 314-6260 View (225) 314-6260
Photo of Leah Stone, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Leah Stone
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Baton Rouge, LA 70809  (Online Only)
Are you navigating life's transitions and seeking empowerment? I'm Leah, a Licensed Professional Counselor deeply committed to supporting individuals through their journeys. With a passion for empowering African American women and college students, I create a warm, inclusive environment where all backgrounds are welcomed. Whether you're seeking clarity in your identity or support through life transitions, let's work together to achieve your goals and foster growth.
Are you navigating life's transitions and seeking empowerment? I'm Leah, a Licensed Professional Counselor deeply committed to supporting individuals through their journeys. With a passion for empowering African American women and college students, I create a warm, inclusive environment where all backgrounds are welcomed. Whether you're seeking clarity in your identity or support through life transitions, let's work together to achieve your goals and foster growth.
(225) 325-2800 View (225) 325-2800
Photo of Casey Coleman, MS, PLMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Casey Coleman
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, PLMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Metairie, LA 70003
Teenage years and young adulthood can be very difficult to navigate. You are trying to figure out who you are, what kind of friends you want, what to do about your family, and where you are going in life.Growing up in New Orleans as a black woman with a visual impairment, I have experienced the struggles of finding that exact taks. You want to move forward in peace and confidence. Therapy can be helpful in understanding and overcoming the obstacles that come up in everyday life. It is important to feel comfortable enough with your therapist to open up in order to heal and collaboratively find positive solutions to attain your goals
Teenage years and young adulthood can be very difficult to navigate. You are trying to figure out who you are, what kind of friends you want, what to do about your family, and where you are going in life.Growing up in New Orleans as a black woman with a visual impairment, I have experienced the struggles of finding that exact taks. You want to move forward in peace and confidence. Therapy can be helpful in understanding and overcoming the obstacles that come up in everyday life. It is important to feel comfortable enough with your therapist to open up in order to heal and collaboratively find positive solutions to attain your goals
(504) 285-2439 View (504) 285-2439
Photo of Brittney Johnson, MS, LPC-S, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brittney Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New Orleans, LA 70118  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you tired? Do you feel like life throws you one obstacle after another? Are you so overwhelmed that you sometimes feel paralyzed by stress or anxiety? If so, you're not alone. As a Black woman and New Orleans native, I understand what it means to embody resilience while weary of being known for that characteristic. But as a counselor, I understand how important emotional well-being, healthy relationships, and internal motivation are for sustaining difficult times. Therapy is a wonderful tool that can help you achieve stability and wellness. Don't let fear, worry, depression or shame keep holding you back from the life you want.
Are you tired? Do you feel like life throws you one obstacle after another? Are you so overwhelmed that you sometimes feel paralyzed by stress or anxiety? If so, you're not alone. As a Black woman and New Orleans native, I understand what it means to embody resilience while weary of being known for that characteristic. But as a counselor, I understand how important emotional well-being, healthy relationships, and internal motivation are for sustaining difficult times. Therapy is a wonderful tool that can help you achieve stability and wellness. Don't let fear, worry, depression or shame keep holding you back from the life you want.
(504) 285-4718 View (504) 285-4718
Photo of Daryaan McLeod - Kweli Counseling, MS, LPC-S, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kweli Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
New Orleans, LA 70119  (Online Only)
Welcome to Kweli Counseling, where our mission is to provide the Black community with emotional support while nurturing a deeper understanding of oneself. At Kweli Counseling, we wholeheartedly embrace self-love, encouraging you to be your true, unapologetic self! Therapy is not about something being wrong with you; it’s about embracing life’s challenges and seeking the support you deserve.
Welcome to Kweli Counseling, where our mission is to provide the Black community with emotional support while nurturing a deeper understanding of oneself. At Kweli Counseling, we wholeheartedly embrace self-love, encouraging you to be your true, unapologetic self! Therapy is not about something being wrong with you; it’s about embracing life’s challenges and seeking the support you deserve.
(504) 414-5696 View (504) 414-5696
Photo of Sichana Jean - CC Jean, LCSW, MSW, LCSW, SAP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
CC Jean, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, SAP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New Orleans, LA 70112  (Online Only)
I have 23 years of clinical experience working with a variety of populations including women in crisis, couples, children and adolescents. I'm skilled in helping clients sort through a multitude of personal and mental health issues including depression, anxiety, adoption and infertility, substance use disorders, stage of life challenges, family conflicts, and other mood and personality disorders. I'm also proficient in helping clients navigate the trauma of childhood abuse, domestic violence and sexual assault. I happily serve clients from all backgrounds, yet have a specialized interest in the hearts and minds of Black women.
I have 23 years of clinical experience working with a variety of populations including women in crisis, couples, children and adolescents. I'm skilled in helping clients sort through a multitude of personal and mental health issues including depression, anxiety, adoption and infertility, substance use disorders, stage of life challenges, family conflicts, and other mood and personality disorders. I'm also proficient in helping clients navigate the trauma of childhood abuse, domestic violence and sexual assault. I happily serve clients from all backgrounds, yet have a specialized interest in the hearts and minds of Black women.
(228) 679-9738 View (228) 679-9738
Photo of Vadeisha Williams, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vadeisha Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Lake Charles, LA 70605  (Online Only)
Looking for some peace? Feeling overwhelmed? Ready for change? Life too stressful? Feeling stuck? Recent breakup? Difficulty balancing home & work? Struggling with managing emotions? Navigating a career shift? You are not alone. Any change can be overwhelming, but there's strength in seeking support and guidance. I'm Vadeisha, a committed Licensed Clinical Social Worker serving Texas & Louisiana, and I specialize in empowering black women through pivotal life changes. I wholeheartedly embrace the individual experiences and cultural nuances that shape my clients' lives.
Looking for some peace? Feeling overwhelmed? Ready for change? Life too stressful? Feeling stuck? Recent breakup? Difficulty balancing home & work? Struggling with managing emotions? Navigating a career shift? You are not alone. Any change can be overwhelming, but there's strength in seeking support and guidance. I'm Vadeisha, a committed Licensed Clinical Social Worker serving Texas & Louisiana, and I specialize in empowering black women through pivotal life changes. I wholeheartedly embrace the individual experiences and cultural nuances that shape my clients' lives.
(214) 307-9606 View (214) 307-9606
Photo of Natalie G Thomas, MSW, LCSW, BACS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Natalie G Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BACS
Verified Verified
Covington, LA 70433  (Online Only)
As a Black therapist, I seek to de-stigmatize mental health treatment in the BIPOC community.
My mission as a therapist is to create an atmosphere of understanding and self-exploration that helps you master the skills you need to survive, rise, and thrive in a world that often works against us. Feeling unseen? Got Imposter Syndrome? Let's navigate to your truths through self-exploration, self-acceptance, and self-love. I can help you learn how to bleed resilience against unhealthy people and things and become rooted in your well-being with Person Centered, Trauma-Informed therapy services. I aim to increase mental health access to underserved populations by providing everyone a safe, non-judgmental space for healing.
As a Black therapist, I seek to de-stigmatize mental health treatment in the BIPOC community.
My mission as a therapist is to create an atmosphere of understanding and self-exploration that helps you master the skills you need to survive, rise, and thrive in a world that often works against us. Feeling unseen? Got Imposter Syndrome? Let's navigate to your truths through self-exploration, self-acceptance, and self-love. I can help you learn how to bleed resilience against unhealthy people and things and become rooted in your well-being with Person Centered, Trauma-Informed therapy services. I aim to increase mental health access to underserved populations by providing everyone a safe, non-judgmental space for healing.
(985) 412-7584 View (985) 412-7584
Photo of Dr. Tiffany Zachery, LCSW, BACS, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Tiffany Zachery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BACS, PhD
Verified Verified
Lafayette, LA 70503  (Online Only)
Are you a high achieving African American woman who has found yourself desiring to: heal improve your boundaries, communication, or have more clarity about the decisions you need to make in life (Personal & Professional)? You’re tired of being the strong one and you’re also at a place in life where you want to be authentically you. You’re ready to experience the things in life you consider luxury. You're ready to change but you're unsure about the unknown. And the unknown brings fear because that means you don't have control. You're ready to ditch the plan that you have followed but no longer makes you happy.
Are you a high achieving African American woman who has found yourself desiring to: heal improve your boundaries, communication, or have more clarity about the decisions you need to make in life (Personal & Professional)? You’re tired of being the strong one and you’re also at a place in life where you want to be authentically you. You’re ready to experience the things in life you consider luxury. You're ready to change but you're unsure about the unknown. And the unknown brings fear because that means you don't have control. You're ready to ditch the plan that you have followed but no longer makes you happy.
(337) 417-9439 View (337) 417-9439
Photo of Jashonda Atkins, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jashonda Atkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shreveport, LA 71105
Are you ready to break free from the limitations of self-doubt and embrace your true self? If you're grappling with the weight of depression, wrestling with low self-esteem, or feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, you are not alone. Your journey to inner freedom begins here, in a safe and nurturing space where your struggles are not only understood but embraced as part of your unique path. Let's walk this road together, celebrating every step forward as you embrace your authentic identity and begin to live out loud.
Are you ready to break free from the limitations of self-doubt and embrace your true self? If you're grappling with the weight of depression, wrestling with low self-esteem, or feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, you are not alone. Your journey to inner freedom begins here, in a safe and nurturing space where your struggles are not only understood but embraced as part of your unique path. Let's walk this road together, celebrating every step forward as you embrace your authentic identity and begin to live out loud.
(318) 750-2731 View (318) 750-2731
Photo of Maria Salazar Istre - Tree of Life Counseling and Consulting, MS, LPC, CFRC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tree of Life Counseling and Consulting
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CFRC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Lafayette, LA 70508
Aiming to thrive and not solely survive? Despite our adverse experiences or current circumstances, we can find ourselves wanting to find more meaning in life. We help our clients slow down to closely examine the obstacles that are interfering with their ability to live the life they envision. Our approach to counseling is to learn to love yourself as you are while working on your areas of growth. We are all worthy of self-love and self-compassion, but all too often this is absent in our lives. Our hope is that through this process you find your true self and are courageous enough to embrace and live out your most authentic life!
Aiming to thrive and not solely survive? Despite our adverse experiences or current circumstances, we can find ourselves wanting to find more meaning in life. We help our clients slow down to closely examine the obstacles that are interfering with their ability to live the life they envision. Our approach to counseling is to learn to love yourself as you are while working on your areas of growth. We are all worthy of self-love and self-compassion, but all too often this is absent in our lives. Our hope is that through this process you find your true self and are courageous enough to embrace and live out your most authentic life!
(337) 201-9990 View (337) 201-9990
Photo of Brandy Alexis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brandy Alexis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New Orleans, LA 70118
Have you been nursing a wound that time just won't heal? Has it caused you to remain emotionally stuck, repeating the same patterns? At Healing In Action LLC, I believe that it's not only time that heals all wounds, it's what we DO with the time that is healing. I work with my clients to identify the root cause of their anxiety, depression, low self-worth, family/relationship problems, and more. We collaboratively create a dynamic "Action Plan" that is designed to meet the client where they are and help them become a more authentic version of themselves.
Have you been nursing a wound that time just won't heal? Has it caused you to remain emotionally stuck, repeating the same patterns? At Healing In Action LLC, I believe that it's not only time that heals all wounds, it's what we DO with the time that is healing. I work with my clients to identify the root cause of their anxiety, depression, low self-worth, family/relationship problems, and more. We collaboratively create a dynamic "Action Plan" that is designed to meet the client where they are and help them become a more authentic version of themselves.
(504) 784-6616 View (504) 784-6616
Photo of Deidre D. Hayes, DSW, LCSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deidre D. Hayes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
New Orleans, LA 70115
I am a clinical social worker with twenty five years experience working with individuals and families to resolve issues related to anxiety, depression, grief and trauma. I have extensive training in Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Therapy sessions focus on techniques that provide strategies and skills for clients to develop new coping skills and improve their quality of life.
I am a clinical social worker with twenty five years experience working with individuals and families to resolve issues related to anxiety, depression, grief and trauma. I have extensive training in Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Therapy sessions focus on techniques that provide strategies and skills for clients to develop new coping skills and improve their quality of life.
(504) 777-3381 View (504) 777-3381
Photo of Linda A Butler-Moore - Convenience Counseling, MA,  LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Convenience Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Shreveport, LA 71101  (Online Only)
My ideal client is seeking increased freedom to remove barriers to growth, and to work toward meeting self-identified goals while building on current strengths. Whether struggling with worrisome anxiety, feeling too depressed to enjoy, or behaving in ways that the client wants to change, I tend to take a person-centered, supportive approach to helping. Clients benefit from solution-focused approaches while increasing self-awareness to identify and use strengths, for greater ease of handling life's ups and downs, using clear, simple self-management tools and effective coping. I use psycho-education to ensure client's self-efficacy.
My ideal client is seeking increased freedom to remove barriers to growth, and to work toward meeting self-identified goals while building on current strengths. Whether struggling with worrisome anxiety, feeling too depressed to enjoy, or behaving in ways that the client wants to change, I tend to take a person-centered, supportive approach to helping. Clients benefit from solution-focused approaches while increasing self-awareness to identify and use strengths, for greater ease of handling life's ups and downs, using clear, simple self-management tools and effective coping. I use psycho-education to ensure client's self-efficacy.
(318) 310-4462 View (318) 310-4462
Photo of Alexis Young, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alexis Young
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Zachary, LA 70791  (Online Only)
Alexis Young is a licensed clinical social worker who has worked for over 15 years in the state, federal, and non profit arenas serving children, adults, and families in the areas of crisis and trauma intervention, adjustment to illness issues, depression and anxiety management, and non profit program development. Alexis obtained both a BSW and MSW from Grambling State University and is a certified clinical trauma practitioner. In 2018, Alexis founded Therapeutic Wellness Solutions, LLC which serves gen z, millennial, and gen x persons who are looking to heal through holistic approaches such as brain body connections and nutrit
Alexis Young is a licensed clinical social worker who has worked for over 15 years in the state, federal, and non profit arenas serving children, adults, and families in the areas of crisis and trauma intervention, adjustment to illness issues, depression and anxiety management, and non profit program development. Alexis obtained both a BSW and MSW from Grambling State University and is a certified clinical trauma practitioner. In 2018, Alexis founded Therapeutic Wellness Solutions, LLC which serves gen z, millennial, and gen x persons who are looking to heal through holistic approaches such as brain body connections and nutrit
(225) 777-6591 View (225) 777-6591
Photo of Courtney H Malveaux - The Balanced Mama Counseling Services , LPC-S, PMH-C, Licensed Professional Counselor
The Balanced Mama Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Thibodaux, LA 70301  (Online Only)
How has motherhood changed you? From conception to postpartum and even loss, it is a challenging experience that many of us struggle to navigate. We often feel we're not doing it right or establishing faulty expectations based on unrealistic beliefs. Experiencing pregnancy can be a joyful time while for many it can be a completely distressing experience. We tend to experience a disconnect following birth causing us to feel bouts of sadness, worrisome thoughts, panic attacks, irritability and shame, and even suffer with intrusive thoughts. It is important that you know these feelings, thoughts, concerns are normal and treatable.
How has motherhood changed you? From conception to postpartum and even loss, it is a challenging experience that many of us struggle to navigate. We often feel we're not doing it right or establishing faulty expectations based on unrealistic beliefs. Experiencing pregnancy can be a joyful time while for many it can be a completely distressing experience. We tend to experience a disconnect following birth causing us to feel bouts of sadness, worrisome thoughts, panic attacks, irritability and shame, and even suffer with intrusive thoughts. It is important that you know these feelings, thoughts, concerns are normal and treatable.
(985) 297-7961 View (985) 297-7961
Photo of Dr. Jarred Cyreus Collins - Collins, Consulting, and Counseling, PhD, LPC-S, NCC, Counselor
Collins, Consulting, and Counseling
Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Baton Rouge, LA 70816  (Online Only)
I focus on working on what the client desires as an outcome. Therapy is for the growth of the client to acquire the knowledge to overcome obstacles that present.
I focus on working on what the client desires as an outcome. Therapy is for the growth of the client to acquire the knowledge to overcome obstacles that present.
(225) 267-9202 View (225) 267-9202
Photo of Anderson Lewis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anderson Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New Orleans, LA 70124  (Online Only)
Are you feeling anxious or depressed due to work-related stressors or family conflicts? Are you experiencing a sudden life transition? If you’ve been thinking about getting help with making changes in your life, you’ve already taken the first step and you are in the right place. Welcome to my practice! Today you are one step closer to finding the solutions you need to live a meaningful life that brings you joy.
Are you feeling anxious or depressed due to work-related stressors or family conflicts? Are you experiencing a sudden life transition? If you’ve been thinking about getting help with making changes in your life, you’ve already taken the first step and you are in the right place. Welcome to my practice! Today you are one step closer to finding the solutions you need to live a meaningful life that brings you joy.
(504) 688-4207 View (504) 688-4207
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Black and African American Therapists

As an African American, why might I wish to see a therapist who is African American?

African American clients may seek out African American therapists for several reasons, foremost being a sense of cultural understanding and the possibility of shared experiences. Cultural sensitivity and context on the part of the therapist may make it easier to form a therapeutic alliance and to focus on the work of therapy without the need to explain or educate a therapist on cultural matters. It may also be empowering to work with a therapist who shares one’s racial or ethnic background. It is important to note that a therapist who demonstrates cultural sensitivity can be highly effective even if they do not share a client’s background or race.

Can clients benefit from working with a therapist who shares their race or ethnicity?

Yes, having a therapist who shares a client’s race or ethnicity is often valuable, especially if it fosters a strong therapeutic alliance between the two. While training, qualifications, and experience are always important, a strong alliance between client and therapist is a major contributor to therapeutic effectiveness. An alliance is likely to be strengthened with a therapist who has an understanding of a client’s background and perhaps also shared life experiences. It should be noted that many clients form a strong bond with their therapist regardless of their race or ethnicity. This is a personal decision, and it depends on the therapist, the client, and the connection between the two.

How might I inquire about a therapist’s experience working with African American clients?

Clients can ask therapists directly about their experience working with clients of diverse backgrounds, including with African American individuals. You may wish to inquire whether a therapist has undertaken training in cultural competence broadly, and how specifically they would ensure that their approach is sensitive to the needs of African American clients. Therapy involves honesty and trust, so it’s best for clients to share concerns about their therapist’s cultural competence at the outset. And a good clinician who is nonetheless not the right fit for you is often happy to make referrals based on the concerns you articulate.

Why is it important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive?

It’s important for a therapist to be culturally sensitive because everyone comes to therapy with a unique background and set of experiences. Being aware of culture and cultural differences between people is important for understanding clients, as is coming to therapy with an open mind, recognizing that the therapist doesn’t necessarily understand everything and that the client can help guide the way.

Who is included in Psychology Today's directory of Black therapists?

The directory of Black therapists includes therapists who have self-identified their ethnicity in their profiles. Psychology Today uses this information to assist clients in finding a therapist who can provide a cultural match. However, not all therapists choose to disclose their ethnicity in their profile, and they may not appear in search results for this reason. In situations where the number of therapists who have identified as Black is limited, the directory will also show therapists who have undergone specific multicultural training or have extensive experience working with clients from relevant cultural backgrounds.