Therapists in Waldorf, MD

Photo of Roslynn Olivia Scott-Adams - The Center for Authentic Living, LCSW-C, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
The Center for Authentic Living
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, PhD
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20601
Sometimes mental health and emotional challenges can be so overwhelming that you might forget you still have a meaningful life to live. Therapy is about helping you embrace your unique purpose and meaning in addition to managing symptoms. The Center for Authentic Living provides the caring, individualized, and affordable mental healthcare that you need from the convenience of your laptop or mobile device.
Sometimes mental health and emotional challenges can be so overwhelming that you might forget you still have a meaningful life to live. Therapy is about helping you embrace your unique purpose and meaning in addition to managing symptoms. The Center for Authentic Living provides the caring, individualized, and affordable mental healthcare that you need from the convenience of your laptop or mobile device.
(301) 205-5608 View (301) 205-5608
Photo of Horizons Health Wellness Center - Horizons Health & Wellness Center
Horizons Health & Wellness Center
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20601
Horizons Health & Wellness Center is an accredited Outpatient Mental Health Clinic, located in Charles County Maryland. We offer Counseling, Medication Management, IOP and PRP services. Individual Therapy (sometimes called “psychotherapy” or “counseling”) is a process through which clients work one-on-one with a trained therapist—in a safe, caring, and confidential environment. Relationship Counseling can be beneficial to couples and families who are looking to strengthen their emotional connection, in all stages of their relationship. Group Counseling is typically a small group of no more than 10 participants and therapists,
Horizons Health & Wellness Center is an accredited Outpatient Mental Health Clinic, located in Charles County Maryland. We offer Counseling, Medication Management, IOP and PRP services. Individual Therapy (sometimes called “psychotherapy” or “counseling”) is a process through which clients work one-on-one with a trained therapist—in a safe, caring, and confidential environment. Relationship Counseling can be beneficial to couples and families who are looking to strengthen their emotional connection, in all stages of their relationship. Group Counseling is typically a small group of no more than 10 participants and therapists,
(301) 381-4725 View (301) 381-4725
Photo of Roberta Mcdonald, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Roberta Mcdonald
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
I obtained my undergrad in Social Work at the University of North Carolina Wilmington after an honorable discharge from the Navy. I then completed her Masters of Social Work at Texas State University and quickly obtained my professional license in the state of Texas. I have a wide array of experience working in the mental health field, including working with children within child protective services, individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, inpatient unit group therapy, and the veteran population.
I obtained my undergrad in Social Work at the University of North Carolina Wilmington after an honorable discharge from the Navy. I then completed her Masters of Social Work at Texas State University and quickly obtained my professional license in the state of Texas. I have a wide array of experience working in the mental health field, including working with children within child protective services, individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, inpatient unit group therapy, and the veteran population.
(240) 713-6049 View (240) 713-6049
Photo of Phyllis Leverett, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Phyllis Leverett
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
Phyllis's therapeutic style is warm, interactive, and tailored to each client's needs. Phyllis is a CBT-trained clinician, but she uses numerous approaches and treatment modalities with her clients to include Motivational Interviewing, DBT, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, and Mindfulness.
Phyllis's therapeutic style is warm, interactive, and tailored to each client's needs. Phyllis is a CBT-trained clinician, but she uses numerous approaches and treatment modalities with her clients to include Motivational Interviewing, DBT, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, and Mindfulness.
(240) 775-1785 View (240) 775-1785
Photo of Kirsten Francis, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kirsten Francis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
My name is Kirsten Francis. I obtained my Bachelor of Science in Psychology at Morgan State University and my Master's in Social Work at the University of Maryland. I have experience working with adults, teens, and families in areas such as DV, crisis management, behavioral issues, mood disorders, psychosis, and so much more. My therapeutic techniques include client-centered and supportive therapy, cognitive-behavioral, cognitive processing, and a solutions-based approach.
My name is Kirsten Francis. I obtained my Bachelor of Science in Psychology at Morgan State University and my Master's in Social Work at the University of Maryland. I have experience working with adults, teens, and families in areas such as DV, crisis management, behavioral issues, mood disorders, psychosis, and so much more. My therapeutic techniques include client-centered and supportive therapy, cognitive-behavioral, cognitive processing, and a solutions-based approach.
(301) 381-5287 View (301) 381-5287
Photo of Dr. Chantel Smith - All Is Well Inc., PhD, MSW, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
All Is Well Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, MSW, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20602
You deserve peace. Counseling is a critical part of your wellness journey. During sessions, we will not judge- we actively listen and provide support. While building rapport, we explore your feelings and behaviors. We will then work together to identify your goals and learn to implement practical solutions for aspects of your life you hope to better understand or improve. Sessions are eclectic- providing a range of tools for your toolbox. During sessions, we hope you feel empowered to share the things that are helpful and the modalities that are a good fit.
You deserve peace. Counseling is a critical part of your wellness journey. During sessions, we will not judge- we actively listen and provide support. While building rapport, we explore your feelings and behaviors. We will then work together to identify your goals and learn to implement practical solutions for aspects of your life you hope to better understand or improve. Sessions are eclectic- providing a range of tools for your toolbox. During sessions, we hope you feel empowered to share the things that are helpful and the modalities that are a good fit.
(301) 368-6419 View (301) 368-6419
Photo of LaQuitta Johnson, LMSW, QMHP-C, Licensed Professional Counselor
LaQuitta Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LMSW, QMHP-C
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
LaQuitta Johnson, LMSW, QMHP-C resides in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, and Dallas, TX. She is knowledgeable in the concept of "change" and "resiliency," as these are concepts she has had to grasp her entire life through being a military dependent and military spouse. LaQuitta is committed to helping adolescents and young adults navigate life by improving their social skills, self-esteem, and maladaptive behaviors and developing goal-setting skills and healthy coping strategies. Through a collaborative approach, she can meet clients where they are and assist them with achieving their goals.
LaQuitta Johnson, LMSW, QMHP-C resides in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, and Dallas, TX. She is knowledgeable in the concept of "change" and "resiliency," as these are concepts she has had to grasp her entire life through being a military dependent and military spouse. LaQuitta is committed to helping adolescents and young adults navigate life by improving their social skills, self-esteem, and maladaptive behaviors and developing goal-setting skills and healthy coping strategies. Through a collaborative approach, she can meet clients where they are and assist them with achieving their goals.
(240) 650-9899 View (240) 650-9899
Photo of Dr. Lakitha Owens - Purple Cares Therapeutic Solutions, Inc, PhD, LPC, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Purple Cares Therapeutic Solutions, Inc
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Waldorf, MD 20602  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I work with Adults, Caregivers, and Children looking to start/ continue their trauma healing journey, improve or change their relationships, moods, behaviors, and/or find different ways of managing stress at home or at work/school.
I work with Adults, Caregivers, and Children looking to start/ continue their trauma healing journey, improve or change their relationships, moods, behaviors, and/or find different ways of managing stress at home or at work/school.
(301) 900-3148 View (301) 900-3148
Photo of La Shay Johnson, MA, LCPC, LPC, Counselor
La Shay Johnson
Counselor, MA, LCPC, LPC
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20602
Harsh life experiences may have taught you to protect yourself in order to avoid further injury. You are not broken. You may be experiencing emotional injury, and/or psychological distress, but this does not communicate brokenness. On the contrary, this communicates an emotional BUILD. Troubling issues like that of anxiety, depression, women's issues, trauma, etc. often cause imbalance in our lives and may even cause impairment in one or more areas of life functioning if not treated. I have a passion for helping others reach a place of balance in their life, so that they may live in peace. “Peace Over Everything” is my motto.
Harsh life experiences may have taught you to protect yourself in order to avoid further injury. You are not broken. You may be experiencing emotional injury, and/or psychological distress, but this does not communicate brokenness. On the contrary, this communicates an emotional BUILD. Troubling issues like that of anxiety, depression, women's issues, trauma, etc. often cause imbalance in our lives and may even cause impairment in one or more areas of life functioning if not treated. I have a passion for helping others reach a place of balance in their life, so that they may live in peace. “Peace Over Everything” is my motto.
(301) 313-5650 View (301) 313-5650
Photo of Tiarra M Abu-Bakr, MA, NCC, LCPC, Counselor
Tiarra M Abu-Bakr
Counselor, MA, NCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waldorf, MD 20602
Welcome! I'm Tiarra Abu-Bakr, The founder of True Self Holistic Therapy. I’m a queer, BIPOC clinical mental health therapist with a deep commitment to creating a safe, affirming, and inclusive space for all my clients. My journey in mental health began with a passion for helping others discover their authentic selves and cultivate self-worth. I understand the unique challenges faced by individuals in marginalized communities, and I’m dedicated to providing care that honors your identity and experiences. Taking the first step toward healing is a courageous act. I am here to support you in your journey, and I invite you to reach out.
Welcome! I'm Tiarra Abu-Bakr, The founder of True Self Holistic Therapy. I’m a queer, BIPOC clinical mental health therapist with a deep commitment to creating a safe, affirming, and inclusive space for all my clients. My journey in mental health began with a passion for helping others discover their authentic selves and cultivate self-worth. I understand the unique challenges faced by individuals in marginalized communities, and I’m dedicated to providing care that honors your identity and experiences. Taking the first step toward healing is a courageous act. I am here to support you in your journey, and I invite you to reach out.
(240) 546-6736 View (240) 546-6736
Photo of Daisha Miller, LGPC, Counselor
Daisha Miller
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California and a licensed Graduate Professional Counselor in Maryland. My focus is on couples, families, children, adolescents, and adults.
I am a licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of California and a licensed Graduate Professional Counselor in Maryland. My focus is on couples, families, children, adolescents, and adults.
(301) 409-5946 View (301) 409-5946
Photo of Shannon D. Howard - Interventions, LLC (Dr. Howard), LCPC, LPC, CSOTP
Interventions, LLC (Dr. Howard)
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC, LPC, CSOTP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
"Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get." Such a true statement! Many of us have to "work with the cards we're dealt," even when those cards leave us feeling as if we have very few choices, and as if we have no control of our lives, but, isn't,"Life what you make it"? With that said, are you happy with life? Are you struggling with the chocolates in your box, or cards dealt you? We welcome the opportunity to offer new perspectives, that could result in a more fulfilled life!
"Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get." Such a true statement! Many of us have to "work with the cards we're dealt," even when those cards leave us feeling as if we have very few choices, and as if we have no control of our lives, but, isn't,"Life what you make it"? With that said, are you happy with life? Are you struggling with the chocolates in your box, or cards dealt you? We welcome the opportunity to offer new perspectives, that could result in a more fulfilled life!
(240) 607-5177 View (240) 607-5177
Photo of Andreana Yancey - Lifestyle Innovations Counseling, Inc., LCSW-C, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lifestyle Innovations Counseling, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C, LICSW
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20602  (Online Only)
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over a decade of experience supporting individuals, children, and families on their path to acceptance and healing. I utilize a integrated therapeutic approach to help address depression, anxiety, phase of life problems, ADHD, and family conflict.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over a decade of experience supporting individuals, children, and families on their path to acceptance and healing. I utilize a integrated therapeutic approach to help address depression, anxiety, phase of life problems, ADHD, and family conflict.
(240) 981-4077 View (240) 981-4077
Photo of Keesha Vines, MA, LCPC, NCC
Keesha Vines
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
Have Faith in Your Own Healing...FHC was founded on the belief that true healing begins from within and should focus on you as a whole: mind, body and spirit. We want you to educate and support you while you navigate through life’s obstacles, as well as empower and encourage healthy patterns of coping. We want you to gain a better understanding of what you want out of life and how to achieve it. We are passionate about working with everyone, especially women and veterans. Change your mind and perspective to change your outlook on your life.
Have Faith in Your Own Healing...FHC was founded on the belief that true healing begins from within and should focus on you as a whole: mind, body and spirit. We want you to educate and support you while you navigate through life’s obstacles, as well as empower and encourage healthy patterns of coping. We want you to gain a better understanding of what you want out of life and how to achieve it. We are passionate about working with everyone, especially women and veterans. Change your mind and perspective to change your outlook on your life.
(240) 209-9590 View (240) 209-9590
Photo of Raven Martin, LGPC, Counselor
Raven Martin
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
As a therapist, my mission is to provide you with a safe, supportive space where you can explore your challenges, discover your strengths, and embark on a journey of growth and healing. With a foundation in Solution Focused Therapy and Integrative Therapy, I offer a dynamic approach tailored to meet your unique needs and goals. Together, we'll explore your strengths, resources, and past successes to illuminate a pathway forward, navigate the ups and downs of your journey with compassion and perseverance, fostering a sense of empowerment
As a therapist, my mission is to provide you with a safe, supportive space where you can explore your challenges, discover your strengths, and embark on a journey of growth and healing. With a foundation in Solution Focused Therapy and Integrative Therapy, I offer a dynamic approach tailored to meet your unique needs and goals. Together, we'll explore your strengths, resources, and past successes to illuminate a pathway forward, navigate the ups and downs of your journey with compassion and perseverance, fostering a sense of empowerment
(301) 381-1674 View (301) 381-1674
Photo of Sharita Stevens - One Alkaline Life, LPC, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
One Alkaline Life
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
Maybe you feel disconnected, overwhelmed, anxious, or alone. Whatever it is that brought you here, together we can find the answer to what is overloading your being. As the director of One Alkaline Life, LLC in Waldorf, Maryland, I have spent my career working with a patient-centered, holistic approach. I enjoy providing compassionate care to adults and children dealing with mood disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse issues, and trauma. Give yourself the opportunity to build confidence and self-love along the way.
Maybe you feel disconnected, overwhelmed, anxious, or alone. Whatever it is that brought you here, together we can find the answer to what is overloading your being. As the director of One Alkaline Life, LLC in Waldorf, Maryland, I have spent my career working with a patient-centered, holistic approach. I enjoy providing compassionate care to adults and children dealing with mood disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse issues, and trauma. Give yourself the opportunity to build confidence and self-love along the way.
(240) 823-5018 View (240) 823-5018
Photo of Renee A. Perry - Vision Beyond Eyesight, LLC, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vision Beyond Eyesight, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20602  (Online Only)
Are you suffering in silence? Are there days when you do not feel like yourself, but you find the self-motivation to complete your daily activities? Are you feeling worried, fearful, or overwhelmed? Do you have so many concerns that you do not know where to start? Is your faith being challenged? These scenarios can trigger changes in the way that you think, feel, and act. As women, we carry the weight of the past, the family, employment, and other obligations. As a result, this can lead to feeling unfulfilled. How would your life be different if you had the opportunity to discuss the things that are troubling you?
Are you suffering in silence? Are there days when you do not feel like yourself, but you find the self-motivation to complete your daily activities? Are you feeling worried, fearful, or overwhelmed? Do you have so many concerns that you do not know where to start? Is your faith being challenged? These scenarios can trigger changes in the way that you think, feel, and act. As women, we carry the weight of the past, the family, employment, and other obligations. As a result, this can lead to feeling unfulfilled. How would your life be different if you had the opportunity to discuss the things that are troubling you?
(301) 719-3230 View (301) 719-3230
Photo of Jannah Butler, LGPC, Counselor
Jannah Butler
Counselor, LGPC
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20603  (Online Only)
Whether you need support through troubling times, insight in ambiguity, strategy through stress, or motivation when stagnant, I create a tailored therapeutic experience that meets you exactly where you are. I encourage you to see yourself as the architect of your life and to use therapy to aide you in actively and intentionally manifesting your vision.
Whether you need support through troubling times, insight in ambiguity, strategy through stress, or motivation when stagnant, I create a tailored therapeutic experience that meets you exactly where you are. I encourage you to see yourself as the architect of your life and to use therapy to aide you in actively and intentionally manifesting your vision.
(240) 981-4965 View (240) 981-4965
Photo of Tameka Bullock-Price, LCSW-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tameka Bullock-Price
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-C
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Waldorf, MD 20602
When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves"-Victor Frankl. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who strives to empower individuals and families to release habits, behaviors and thoughts that prevent growth. I empower them to embrace change, so that they are able to evolve and experience a more fulfilling life. I utilize an inclusionary treatment approach that incorporates health and wellness because true healing begins within. As a seasoned therapist, I have aided many to find their strength through self-care, mindfulness and tailored coping skills.
When we are no longer able to change a situation, we are challenged to change ourselves"-Victor Frankl. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who strives to empower individuals and families to release habits, behaviors and thoughts that prevent growth. I empower them to embrace change, so that they are able to evolve and experience a more fulfilling life. I utilize an inclusionary treatment approach that incorporates health and wellness because true healing begins within. As a seasoned therapist, I have aided many to find their strength through self-care, mindfulness and tailored coping skills.
(240) 377-3229 View (240) 377-3229
Photo of Gilberto Aviles Figueroa, Pre-Licensed Professional
Gilberto Aviles Figueroa
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Waldorf, MD 20602
Embarking on a career as a counselor is my personal commitment to positively impact lives through compassion and a genuine desire to serve. I aim to authentically contribute to community well-being by providing understanding, empathy, and therapeutic interventions. My role centers on empowering individuals, helping them discover strengths, develop coping mechanisms, and build resilience. The personal reward comes from witnessing individuals reclaim control over their mental health. I am dedicated to breaking down stigmas and fostering normalized, compassionate conversations in society.
Embarking on a career as a counselor is my personal commitment to positively impact lives through compassion and a genuine desire to serve. I aim to authentically contribute to community well-being by providing understanding, empathy, and therapeutic interventions. My role centers on empowering individuals, helping them discover strengths, develop coping mechanisms, and build resilience. The personal reward comes from witnessing individuals reclaim control over their mental health. I am dedicated to breaking down stigmas and fostering normalized, compassionate conversations in society.
(301) 327-2403 View (301) 327-2403
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Waldorf, MD

200+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in Waldorf, MD who prioritize treating:

88% Depression
87% Anxiety
68% Coping Skills
68% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
62% Stress
60% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Cigna and Evernorth
71% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% CareFirst

How Therapists in Waldorf, MD see their clients

64% Online Only
36% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Waldorf?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.