Photo of Terence Clifford Thorpe, MHC-I, Pre-Licensed Professional
Terence Clifford Thorpe
Pre-Licensed Professional, MHC-I
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052
Feeling overwhelmed by daily pressures, struggling with stress, or lacking motivation? Is anxiety or depression making it tough to balance responsibilities and personal well-being? Together, we'll create strategies to help you regain control, build resilience, and achieve balance. By understanding your unique challenges, we can work toward goals that promote mental wellness, self-confidence, and growth. Whether you’re managing stress, overcoming anxiety, or working through depression, we’ll find solutions aligned with your strengths and ambitions.
Feeling overwhelmed by daily pressures, struggling with stress, or lacking motivation? Is anxiety or depression making it tough to balance responsibilities and personal well-being? Together, we'll create strategies to help you regain control, build resilience, and achieve balance. By understanding your unique challenges, we can work toward goals that promote mental wellness, self-confidence, and growth. Whether you’re managing stress, overcoming anxiety, or working through depression, we’ll find solutions aligned with your strengths and ambitions.
(425) 648-1022 View (425) 648-1022
Photo of Lauren Wagendorf, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Lauren Wagendorf
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052
With over 10 years of experience in providing client-centered therapy, I have become passionate about helping individuals uncover and work towards their personal life motivations and values as well as providing practical skills and strategies in working towards a rich and meaningful life. My approach not only helps individuals manage their mental health in the short-term, but also helps orient the individual towards greater connection with what they want in life for lasting change.
With over 10 years of experience in providing client-centered therapy, I have become passionate about helping individuals uncover and work towards their personal life motivations and values as well as providing practical skills and strategies in working towards a rich and meaningful life. My approach not only helps individuals manage their mental health in the short-term, but also helps orient the individual towards greater connection with what they want in life for lasting change.
(206) 466-3796 View (206) 466-3796
Photo of Abby Erickson, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Abby Erickson
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm glad you're here :) It's not easy to sift through profiles, trying to find a therapist who will be the right fit for you, but it will be worth it. If you think we'd be a good match, I'd love to help! Are you having a hard time getting societal beauty standards off of your "to-do" list? In a culture that seems hell bent on showing us what we should change about ourselves, it's hard to let it go. The inner critic gets loud, and we become so hard on ourselves for all sorts of everything. If you're looking for some self-love, a peaceful relationship with food and your body, or anxiety management, you've come to the right place.
Hi! I'm glad you're here :) It's not easy to sift through profiles, trying to find a therapist who will be the right fit for you, but it will be worth it. If you think we'd be a good match, I'd love to help! Are you having a hard time getting societal beauty standards off of your "to-do" list? In a culture that seems hell bent on showing us what we should change about ourselves, it's hard to let it go. The inner critic gets loud, and we become so hard on ourselves for all sorts of everything. If you're looking for some self-love, a peaceful relationship with food and your body, or anxiety management, you've come to the right place.
(206) 558-0354 View (206) 558-0354
Photo of Anna Nakamura, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Anna Nakamura
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
Wait list for new clients. I like to make people feel safe, heard, validated, and better. You might be needing alternative thoughts to have less anxiety at work or quick tools for emotional regulation at home with your children, but I would like to take time and explore your past so that you can understand why your mind and body are reacting the way they are now. Self-awareness and mindfulness can be a powerful catalysis for your growth. I practice under cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) framework.
Wait list for new clients. I like to make people feel safe, heard, validated, and better. You might be needing alternative thoughts to have less anxiety at work or quick tools for emotional regulation at home with your children, but I would like to take time and explore your past so that you can understand why your mind and body are reacting the way they are now. Self-awareness and mindfulness can be a powerful catalysis for your growth. I practice under cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) framework.
(206) 672-9175 View (206) 672-9175
Photo of Tamara Runnicles, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tamara Runnicles
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
The clients I tend to work with and empathize with are those who are suffering from trauma, depression, anxiety, and grief. I work with those who are going through life transitions or may just need to process their past to better connect with their present selves. They want to develop kindness and empathy towards themselves and forgive what they might have done in the past. I also work with couples looking for connection in their relationship and build a stronger bond through understanding their triggers and attachment styles.
The clients I tend to work with and empathize with are those who are suffering from trauma, depression, anxiety, and grief. I work with those who are going through life transitions or may just need to process their past to better connect with their present selves. They want to develop kindness and empathy towards themselves and forgive what they might have done in the past. I also work with couples looking for connection in their relationship and build a stronger bond through understanding their triggers and attachment styles.
(206) 741-0649 View (206) 741-0649
Photo of Jennifer Palau, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Palau
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
Accepting new clients. I specialize in adolescents and adults that find emotions get the best of you and you don't know what to do differently or better. If you are willing, I will work with you to learn effective skills that can bring you a sense of balance and a life worth living. I look forward to guiding you towards those solutions in a compassionate, collaborate setting. I specialize in acute behaviors such as self-harm, and also more general depression and anxiety issues that can interfere in your quality of life. I also provide parent coaching in these areas if you are a parent of a teen struggling with these issues.
Accepting new clients. I specialize in adolescents and adults that find emotions get the best of you and you don't know what to do differently or better. If you are willing, I will work with you to learn effective skills that can bring you a sense of balance and a life worth living. I look forward to guiding you towards those solutions in a compassionate, collaborate setting. I specialize in acute behaviors such as self-harm, and also more general depression and anxiety issues that can interfere in your quality of life. I also provide parent coaching in these areas if you are a parent of a teen struggling with these issues.
(425) 274-2486 View (425) 274-2486
Photo of Donna Allen, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Donna Allen
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
Donna Allen, LMFT As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I work with adult individuals and couples, in a holistic and systems-oriented way. Together we'll explore the elements of your life that are stressors as well as supports and use that information to help you achieve your goals.
Donna Allen, LMFT As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I work with adult individuals and couples, in a holistic and systems-oriented way. Together we'll explore the elements of your life that are stressors as well as supports and use that information to help you achieve your goals.
(425) 537-6870 View (425) 537-6870
Photo of Kristoffer John Rouse, PhD, MA, LMHC, CCTP, ASDCS, Counselor
Kristoffer John Rouse
Counselor, PhD, MA, LMHC, CCTP, ASDCS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
Not accepting new clients
I am dedicated toward helping you solve your life issues or interpersonal problems. With respect to the uniqueness of each person, I provide mental health care that is tailored to your specific needs and concerns. Whether it is depression, anxiety, anger management, or life troubles, I will aid you in the journey to find the answers that best fits your personal needs. With my personal origins linked to the gamer and comic book community, I offer sound solutions and therapeutic care to equip you on your life quest.
I am dedicated toward helping you solve your life issues or interpersonal problems. With respect to the uniqueness of each person, I provide mental health care that is tailored to your specific needs and concerns. Whether it is depression, anxiety, anger management, or life troubles, I will aid you in the journey to find the answers that best fits your personal needs. With my personal origins linked to the gamer and comic book community, I offer sound solutions and therapeutic care to equip you on your life quest.
(360) 205-3092 View (360) 205-3092
Photo of Mallory Lyons, MC, LMHC, Counselor
Mallory Lyons
Counselor, MC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052
Hi I’m Mallory. I help people who wish they felt confident and connected but never quite feel like they are good enough or know where they fit in this world. I will support you in identifying your goals, so you can begin to work towards lasting change, even if you don’t know what that looks like. I believe in working collaboratively to figure out how to achieve your goals to make sure you get the results that you want. I know from working with people in different settings and countries, that change is possible! I’d like to help you recognize your potential and start living the life you want.
Hi I’m Mallory. I help people who wish they felt confident and connected but never quite feel like they are good enough or know where they fit in this world. I will support you in identifying your goals, so you can begin to work towards lasting change, even if you don’t know what that looks like. I believe in working collaboratively to figure out how to achieve your goals to make sure you get the results that you want. I know from working with people in different settings and countries, that change is possible! I’d like to help you recognize your potential and start living the life you want.
(425) 230-5917 View (425) 230-5917
Photo of Hiromi Gerety, LMHC, LPC, NCC, MA, MHR, Counselor
Hiromi Gerety
Counselor, LMHC, LPC, NCC, MA, MHR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
Are you struggling or stuck? Do you feel confused, overwhelmed, stressed, anxious, or afraid? Do you feel sad, lonely, empty, lost, worthless, ashamed, or guilty? I am here to help you to go through your emotional pain, difficult life issues, relational issues, adjustment issues, mental health issues, or other overwhelming troubles and brokenness. I will listen and work with you to solve your issues and achieve your goals, to adjust to changes, to find yourself, and to feel connected to the world around you. I will walk with you in your journey to facilitate your healing and to grow into your full potential.
Are you struggling or stuck? Do you feel confused, overwhelmed, stressed, anxious, or afraid? Do you feel sad, lonely, empty, lost, worthless, ashamed, or guilty? I am here to help you to go through your emotional pain, difficult life issues, relational issues, adjustment issues, mental health issues, or other overwhelming troubles and brokenness. I will listen and work with you to solve your issues and achieve your goals, to adjust to changes, to find yourself, and to feel connected to the world around you. I will walk with you in your journey to facilitate your healing and to grow into your full potential.
(215) 392-6986 View (215) 392-6986
Photo of Sophie Edelman, LMHC, LPC
Sophie Edelman
LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
Taking new clients! Hello, welcome to my profile! I specialize in treating OCD, eating disorders, trauma / PTSD, and anxiety disorders. I also support those exploring their LGBTQ+ identity. I have experience working with kids and adults, in person and virtually. My goal is to create a safe, trauma informed, space for you to process and heal.
Taking new clients! Hello, welcome to my profile! I specialize in treating OCD, eating disorders, trauma / PTSD, and anxiety disorders. I also support those exploring their LGBTQ+ identity. I have experience working with kids and adults, in person and virtually. My goal is to create a safe, trauma informed, space for you to process and heal.
(425) 868-5777 View (425) 868-5777
Photo of Sara Chandler, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sara Chandler
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
I take a collaborative approach in working with individuals, couples, and families from a variety of backgrounds, and with a wide spectrum of concerns. I work from a trauma-informed perspective and endeavor to provide a safe and judgment-free space. Life can be challenging and with support, clients can experience personal growth, cultivate self-compassion, and discover personal strengths. I work with grief and loss, depression, anxiety, stress and relationship challenges, neurodivergence and trauma.
I take a collaborative approach in working with individuals, couples, and families from a variety of backgrounds, and with a wide spectrum of concerns. I work from a trauma-informed perspective and endeavor to provide a safe and judgment-free space. Life can be challenging and with support, clients can experience personal growth, cultivate self-compassion, and discover personal strengths. I work with grief and loss, depression, anxiety, stress and relationship challenges, neurodivergence and trauma.
(206) 401-7306 View (206) 401-7306
Photo of Richard Wemhoff - Emmaus Counseling Center, PhD, LMFT, LMHC, LICSW, CSAT, Psychologist
Emmaus Counseling Center
Psychologist, PhD, LMFT, LMHC, LICSW, CSAT
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052
Our psychologists and therapists are among the most respected in the area and have been selected because of their expertise in a variety of presenting issues and vast experience of therapeutic approaches. And because each of our clients are unique, our therapists offer an exciting and varied approach for each of their clients struggling with issues preventing them from living their best life.
Our psychologists and therapists are among the most respected in the area and have been selected because of their expertise in a variety of presenting issues and vast experience of therapeutic approaches. And because each of our clients are unique, our therapists offer an exciting and varied approach for each of their clients struggling with issues preventing them from living their best life.
(206) 309-4583 View (206) 309-4583
Photo of Amanda Rausch Knapp - No Stress No Stigma, Private Practice , MA, LMFT, BC-TMHP, Marriage & Family Therapist
No Stress No Stigma, Private Practice
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, BC-TMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
Our goal is easy, accessible, no-stress, stigma free help for whatever you are going through. Feel free to wear your sweatpants, sit on the couch and have a session on your phone or laptop. Prefer in person? No problem, let's meet up at my office and chat about life over a warm cup of tea, or schedule a Walk & Talk for some mindful walking in and around the greater Seattle area. Our dedicated team of professionals will work to alleviate your symptoms AND fix the root of the issue. Our approach is like not only putting on a Band-Aid but also healing the wound.
Our goal is easy, accessible, no-stress, stigma free help for whatever you are going through. Feel free to wear your sweatpants, sit on the couch and have a session on your phone or laptop. Prefer in person? No problem, let's meet up at my office and chat about life over a warm cup of tea, or schedule a Walk & Talk for some mindful walking in and around the greater Seattle area. Our dedicated team of professionals will work to alleviate your symptoms AND fix the root of the issue. Our approach is like not only putting on a Band-Aid but also healing the wound.
(206) 309-6582 View (206) 309-6582
Photo of Anisha Dhar, MA, LMHCA, Counselor
Anisha Dhar
Counselor, MA, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052
Hello! I believe that healing begins with a strong and trusting professional relationship between the counselor and client and that the client is the expert on what wellness looks like for them. Through this foundation, change is achieved by increasing insight and identifying patterns from adverse childhood experiences to help alleviate my client’s suffering. Understanding my client's unique strengths helps to establish and achieve goals to foster positive change and lessen the impact of emotional pain that often results from trauma.
Hello! I believe that healing begins with a strong and trusting professional relationship between the counselor and client and that the client is the expert on what wellness looks like for them. Through this foundation, change is achieved by increasing insight and identifying patterns from adverse childhood experiences to help alleviate my client’s suffering. Understanding my client's unique strengths helps to establish and achieve goals to foster positive change and lessen the impact of emotional pain that often results from trauma.
(206) 672-4956 View (206) 672-4956
Photo of Jenna Rumberger, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jenna Rumberger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052
I'm currently accepting new clients! You are trying your best to care for your aging parents or spouse, and you feel like it is never enough. You feel overwhelmed by the never ending caregiving responsibilities and feel spread way too thin. You feel alone in your journey or like no one else really understands what you are going through. Dementia has taken a piece of your person and you are already grieving that loss even though your person is still physically here. I'm here to help you feel seen, heard and understood. We can ease your stress and find more calm in the chaos.
I'm currently accepting new clients! You are trying your best to care for your aging parents or spouse, and you feel like it is never enough. You feel overwhelmed by the never ending caregiving responsibilities and feel spread way too thin. You feel alone in your journey or like no one else really understands what you are going through. Dementia has taken a piece of your person and you are already grieving that loss even though your person is still physically here. I'm here to help you feel seen, heard and understood. We can ease your stress and find more calm in the chaos.
(425) 270-7336 View (425) 270-7336
Photo of Mary F Candelaria, PsyD, Psychologist
Mary F Candelaria
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
I honor the decision to seek counseling and am highly committed to helping each individual discover their own internal strengths and resources. I have over 20 years of experience in the health field, first as an occupational therapist, and then as a clinical psychologist. I integrate a variety of helpful change strategies including Pain Reprocessing Therapy (PRT), Emotional Awareness and Expressive therapy (EAET), cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic. I utilize a range of treatment modalities, such as Mindfulness, Lifespan Integration, EMDR, and insight-oriented.
I honor the decision to seek counseling and am highly committed to helping each individual discover their own internal strengths and resources. I have over 20 years of experience in the health field, first as an occupational therapist, and then as a clinical psychologist. I integrate a variety of helpful change strategies including Pain Reprocessing Therapy (PRT), Emotional Awareness and Expressive therapy (EAET), cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic. I utilize a range of treatment modalities, such as Mindfulness, Lifespan Integration, EMDR, and insight-oriented.
(425) 954-6961 View (425) 954-6961
Photo of Sar Surmick, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sar Surmick
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As a Systemic Therapist and Supervisor, I love helping people explore who they are, what they want, and how to get past the hurdles that get in their way. I support people around all issues of identity: how they see themselves, what parts are hidden, and how these things affect their interactions with others. I find that issues of identity are often the core of both personal dissatisfaction and conflicts with others, and so I help people explore what those are and how to work with them.
As a Systemic Therapist and Supervisor, I love helping people explore who they are, what they want, and how to get past the hurdles that get in their way. I support people around all issues of identity: how they see themselves, what parts are hidden, and how these things affect their interactions with others. I find that issues of identity are often the core of both personal dissatisfaction and conflicts with others, and so I help people explore what those are and how to work with them.
(425) 318-8783 View (425) 318-8783
Photo of Pornpan Am Gering, MA, LMHC, LPC, C-DBT
Pornpan Am Gering
Licensed Mental Health Counselor , MA, LMHC, LPC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
Hi There! Are you nervous and reluctant about starting therapy? The decision to seek therapy is a personal one, and it can bring up a range of emotions and uncertainties. I understand that seeking therapy can be both exciting and challenging. It takes courage to embark on a journey of self-exploration, and I want to assure you that I am here to support you every step of the way. I value your unique perspective and life experiences, and I will work collaboratively with you to tailor our therapeutic approach to meet your specific needs and goals.
Hi There! Are you nervous and reluctant about starting therapy? The decision to seek therapy is a personal one, and it can bring up a range of emotions and uncertainties. I understand that seeking therapy can be both exciting and challenging. It takes courage to embark on a journey of self-exploration, and I want to assure you that I am here to support you every step of the way. I value your unique perspective and life experiences, and I will work collaboratively with you to tailor our therapeutic approach to meet your specific needs and goals.
(509) 519-2798 View (509) 519-2798
Photo of Kelley O'Hanlon - Crow Counseling, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Crow Counseling
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redmond, WA 98052  (Online Only)
My name is Kelley O'Hanlon and I am a therapist in Redmond, WA. I support clients in their desire to live more fulfilling lives by means of individual and couples therapy. I help clients dealing with anxiety, life-transitions, family issues, couples/relationship issues, and depression. One of my strengths is tailoring my approach and methods to what works best for you. My goal is to help and empower you to uncover the answers you already have, but may presently find just out of reach.
My name is Kelley O'Hanlon and I am a therapist in Redmond, WA. I support clients in their desire to live more fulfilling lives by means of individual and couples therapy. I help clients dealing with anxiety, life-transitions, family issues, couples/relationship issues, and depression. One of my strengths is tailoring my approach and methods to what works best for you. My goal is to help and empower you to uncover the answers you already have, but may presently find just out of reach.
(425) 321-0083 View (425) 321-0083
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 98052

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 98052 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
75% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
66% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Premera Blue Cross
68% Aetna
62% Regence

How Therapists in 98052 see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
24% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 98052?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.