Photo of Tina M Johnson, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tina M Johnson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
Making the decision to go beyond your present stress or challenge is the first step. Finding the right support is the next. I believe we all have great potentials that stress can derail. When this happens, we experience symptoms. Trauma, relationship issues, grief and loss, life transitions and physical reactions to stress are common concerns for many. I will work with you to develop the best strategies and create your own toolbox to live your best life; to go beyond the challenges in your life, find new paths and transform old patterns.
Making the decision to go beyond your present stress or challenge is the first step. Finding the right support is the next. I believe we all have great potentials that stress can derail. When this happens, we experience symptoms. Trauma, relationship issues, grief and loss, life transitions and physical reactions to stress are common concerns for many. I will work with you to develop the best strategies and create your own toolbox to live your best life; to go beyond the challenges in your life, find new paths and transform old patterns.
(928) 918-8627 View (928) 918-8627
Photo of Florence Rosiello - Florence Rosiello, PhD, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Florence Rosiello, PhD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
My treatment focus is helping people find themselves within themselves, and helping people establish and maintain who they are and who they want to be within intimate relationships. Relationships sometimes feel too distant and, unfortunately, these relationships can often leave people feeling emotionally abandoned or isolated. Or, relationships can feel too merged, leaving people feeling overwhelmed or smothered by another's needs or demands. My strength lies in helping people find a place where they can be in intimate relationships and not emotionally lose themselves or overwhelm loved ones. Psychotherapist/Couple Counseling.
My treatment focus is helping people find themselves within themselves, and helping people establish and maintain who they are and who they want to be within intimate relationships. Relationships sometimes feel too distant and, unfortunately, these relationships can often leave people feeling emotionally abandoned or isolated. Or, relationships can feel too merged, leaving people feeling overwhelmed or smothered by another's needs or demands. My strength lies in helping people find a place where they can be in intimate relationships and not emotionally lose themselves or overwhelm loved ones. Psychotherapist/Couple Counseling.
(646) 872-7304 View (646) 872-7304
Photo of Doreen Ellis, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Doreen Ellis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
As a marriage and family therapist since 1986, I continue to work for increasing health and well being of my clients and help them find their strengths and resiliency. I am trained in EMDR Therapy and complex trauma. I also work with couples and relationship issues, focusing on family patterns and helping my clients discover how the past can contaminate the present. I work to maintain the acceptance of meeting my clients where they are, honestly and non-judgmentally. Whether you come to me as an individual or a couple, I can help you better understand yourself in relationship to yourself and others.
As a marriage and family therapist since 1986, I continue to work for increasing health and well being of my clients and help them find their strengths and resiliency. I am trained in EMDR Therapy and complex trauma. I also work with couples and relationship issues, focusing on family patterns and helping my clients discover how the past can contaminate the present. I work to maintain the acceptance of meeting my clients where they are, honestly and non-judgmentally. Whether you come to me as an individual or a couple, I can help you better understand yourself in relationship to yourself and others.
(928) 235-9980 View (928) 235-9980
Photo of Krista Carter, MSW, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Krista Carter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LMSW
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients at this time. Couples and individuals! If you are here on Psychology Today, you may be experiencing out-of-control feelings like depression, anxiety, ruminations, or obsessive thoughts. When emotional changes, occur, it’s nice to have a trusted professional to help you understand yourself, your optimum choices, and your ability to create new choices for yourself that feel best for you. If you are feeling uncertain or have a desire to create change for yourself but do not yet see the path, you can direct that change with a little help.
Accepting new clients at this time. Couples and individuals! If you are here on Psychology Today, you may be experiencing out-of-control feelings like depression, anxiety, ruminations, or obsessive thoughts. When emotional changes, occur, it’s nice to have a trusted professional to help you understand yourself, your optimum choices, and your ability to create new choices for yourself that feel best for you. If you are feeling uncertain or have a desire to create change for yourself but do not yet see the path, you can direct that change with a little help.
(928) 968-7814 View (928) 968-7814
Photo of Shelbi Labat Petrosius, MA, LAC, NBCC, Counselor
Shelbi Labat Petrosius
Counselor, MA, LAC, NBCC
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336  (Online Only)
I believe counseling to be a work of the human heart; healing work, life-giving work, work that heals the soul and repairs trauma, past pain, and brokenness. I am happy to accompany clients on their journeys to assist them in making changes in their lives that will enable them to reach their fullest potential and to find deeper fulfillment and joy. I am honored to accompany clients on the journey of uncovering & healing past pain by challenging beliefs that hold them back from whole-heartedly accepting themselves, loving themselves and from taking ownership for their thoughts and behaviors.
I believe counseling to be a work of the human heart; healing work, life-giving work, work that heals the soul and repairs trauma, past pain, and brokenness. I am happy to accompany clients on their journeys to assist them in making changes in their lives that will enable them to reach their fullest potential and to find deeper fulfillment and joy. I am honored to accompany clients on the journey of uncovering & healing past pain by challenging beliefs that hold them back from whole-heartedly accepting themselves, loving themselves and from taking ownership for their thoughts and behaviors.
(928) 455-8346 View (928) 455-8346
Photo of Payton Tontz - New Paradigm Psychology, PhD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
New Paradigm Psychology
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
My approach to psychotherapy is dynamic, creative, and attuned to each unique individual's needs. I do depth oriented work that supports lasting psychological change because we are working at healing the root cause of psychological suffering. I work with people who come to therapy for different reasons wether it be anxiety/depression, issues related childhood trauma of all kinds, relationship challenges, dealing with a chronic health condition, a life transition, or wether it is simply for personal growth, awakening, and psychological healing.
My approach to psychotherapy is dynamic, creative, and attuned to each unique individual's needs. I do depth oriented work that supports lasting psychological change because we are working at healing the root cause of psychological suffering. I work with people who come to therapy for different reasons wether it be anxiety/depression, issues related childhood trauma of all kinds, relationship challenges, dealing with a chronic health condition, a life transition, or wether it is simply for personal growth, awakening, and psychological healing.
(928) 227-4874 View (928) 227-4874
Photo of Carol L Gandolfo, PsyD, LMFT, Psychologist
Carol L Gandolfo
Psychologist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
With experience working in two state hospitals with developmental disabilities and forensic issues, I have worked with numerous major mental disorders and behavioral issues. Currently, I have been working with individuals experiencing anxiety and stress due to today's problems. I especially enjoy working with teens and adults searching for ways to deal with personal issues. I believe in brief therapy, focusing on the issues and searching for cooperative methods of alleviating those issues.
With experience working in two state hospitals with developmental disabilities and forensic issues, I have worked with numerous major mental disorders and behavioral issues. Currently, I have been working with individuals experiencing anxiety and stress due to today's problems. I especially enjoy working with teens and adults searching for ways to deal with personal issues. I believe in brief therapy, focusing on the issues and searching for cooperative methods of alleviating those issues.
(928) 832-4268 View (928) 832-4268
Photo of Belle Shook - Equine Guidance, LPC, MC, SEP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Equine Guidance
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MC, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sedona, AZ 86336
Accepting New Clients Globally: Are you conflicted about a painful past, stressed about your future, or surprised by current dynamics triggering unsettling emotions? Equine Guidance is a one-of-a-kind horse-human experience that creates breakthroughs talk therapy cannot. You will redefine your self-trust, belonging, and sense of self in relationship. The power of a horse to inspire healing in humans is the truth I live every day. With two decades of experience pioneering the equine therapy field since 1998, my expertise is somatic trauma informed equine therapy, understanding that healing trauma happens in relationship.
Accepting New Clients Globally: Are you conflicted about a painful past, stressed about your future, or surprised by current dynamics triggering unsettling emotions? Equine Guidance is a one-of-a-kind horse-human experience that creates breakthroughs talk therapy cannot. You will redefine your self-trust, belonging, and sense of self in relationship. The power of a horse to inspire healing in humans is the truth I live every day. With two decades of experience pioneering the equine therapy field since 1998, my expertise is somatic trauma informed equine therapy, understanding that healing trauma happens in relationship.
(928) 455-2258 View (928) 455-2258
Photo of Deborah Pardee, PhD, Psychologist
Deborah Pardee
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Psychologist and have worked in the mental health field for over 40 years. My experience is diverse, having worked with children, adolescents and adults with a focus on the treatment of mood disorders, substance abuse disorders and autism. My current areas of specialization include forensic psychology and psychological assessment. I do not do individual therapy and am not accepting therapy clients in Sedona or Flagstaff.
I am a Licensed Psychologist and have worked in the mental health field for over 40 years. My experience is diverse, having worked with children, adolescents and adults with a focus on the treatment of mood disorders, substance abuse disorders and autism. My current areas of specialization include forensic psychology and psychological assessment. I do not do individual therapy and am not accepting therapy clients in Sedona or Flagstaff.
(928) 421-1906 View (928) 421-1906
Photo of Erin Catherine Hastings, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Catherine Hastings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sedona, AZ 86336
Waitlist for new clients
My hope is to create a safe, supportive environment in which you can explore your emotions and examine barriers that are preventing you from living the life that you want to live. I work using a style of fostering trust and authenticity. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is at the core of beginning the process of change. Together we can discover what you value and how to live a life that honors those values on a daily basis.
My hope is to create a safe, supportive environment in which you can explore your emotions and examine barriers that are preventing you from living the life that you want to live. I work using a style of fostering trust and authenticity. I believe that the therapeutic relationship is at the core of beginning the process of change. Together we can discover what you value and how to live a life that honors those values on a daily basis.
(928) 249-8201 View (928) 249-8201
Photo of Robert A Berry, PhD, Psychologist
Robert A Berry
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
Not accepting new clients
The word 'therapy' comes from the Greek word 'theraps' meaning, an attendant. The prefix 'psycho' comes from the Greek word 'psyche" meaning, soul or spirit. A good therapist attends or listens to the soul, spirit and innermost voice of the client or patient. Having worked in the mental health field over the past 50 years, I have learned and developed a variety of approaches to listen to and attend to that part of each individual that has the potential to bring about understanding and healing from the deep psyche within. Couples counseling involves teaching/coaching empathic listening skills, utilizing "Interactive Focusing" .
The word 'therapy' comes from the Greek word 'theraps' meaning, an attendant. The prefix 'psycho' comes from the Greek word 'psyche" meaning, soul or spirit. A good therapist attends or listens to the soul, spirit and innermost voice of the client or patient. Having worked in the mental health field over the past 50 years, I have learned and developed a variety of approaches to listen to and attend to that part of each individual that has the potential to bring about understanding and healing from the deep psyche within. Couples counseling involves teaching/coaching empathic listening skills, utilizing "Interactive Focusing" .
(773) 219-1109 View (773) 219-1109
Photo of Greg Kiper - Kiper Counseling, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kiper Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336  (Online Only)
I embrace a holistic approach to my life and with my practice and patients. Holistic Therapy is a process based on looking at ALL the parts of you, from that inner child hiding away to the parent, spouse, sibling, employee person you may be in the world. Traditional talk therapy is important, and I am educated and trained in the modalities and interventions it has to offer. My emphasis in those areas would be Family Systems and Attachment Theory, with a Jungian slant – so eclectic.
I embrace a holistic approach to my life and with my practice and patients. Holistic Therapy is a process based on looking at ALL the parts of you, from that inner child hiding away to the parent, spouse, sibling, employee person you may be in the world. Traditional talk therapy is important, and I am educated and trained in the modalities and interventions it has to offer. My emphasis in those areas would be Family Systems and Attachment Theory, with a Jungian slant – so eclectic.
(520) 224-9736 View (520) 224-9736
Photo of Jerry E Wesch, PhD, Psychologist
Jerry E Wesch
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
Not accepting new clients
I have been a Psychologist for over 50 years, focused on holistic treatment of PTSD/trauma, chronic health issues and headaches / pain. I am mainly a Health Psychologist. I started my career with the US Air Force. I ran the most successful PTSD recovery program in the military (2008-15). In the PTSD Clinic, our results showed that PTSD recovery can be possible. I use Neurofeedback to relieve the headaches, memory problems and mental slowing from TBI events. I also do IME evaluations for Veterans. I rarely accept VA coverage (TriWest) and require a referral. I am a Medicare provider.
I have been a Psychologist for over 50 years, focused on holistic treatment of PTSD/trauma, chronic health issues and headaches / pain. I am mainly a Health Psychologist. I started my career with the US Air Force. I ran the most successful PTSD recovery program in the military (2008-15). In the PTSD Clinic, our results showed that PTSD recovery can be possible. I use Neurofeedback to relieve the headaches, memory problems and mental slowing from TBI events. I also do IME evaluations for Veterans. I rarely accept VA coverage (TriWest) and require a referral. I am a Medicare provider.
(928) 263-6845 View (928) 263-6845
Photo of Annette Kiper - Solid Insight, PLCC, CHT, MBA, PhD (c)
Solid Insight, PLCC
CHT, MBA, PhD (c)
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
Successful women listen up, I am here to provide you with the Solid Insight you need to get your life back and feel good again. Stop feeling overwhelmed and eliminate unhealthy anxiety. During these turbulent times I help women in business, leaders, speakers, entrepreneurs, and business owners. If you need brand new solid solutions, you are in the right place. Annette Kiper provides the Solid Insight you need to stop being overwhelmed. Why hire Annette? She was born unique, and has used her abilities, skills and knowledge to live her highest and best life. She has the tools. Annette helps you get to where you want to be.
Successful women listen up, I am here to provide you with the Solid Insight you need to get your life back and feel good again. Stop feeling overwhelmed and eliminate unhealthy anxiety. During these turbulent times I help women in business, leaders, speakers, entrepreneurs, and business owners. If you need brand new solid solutions, you are in the right place. Annette Kiper provides the Solid Insight you need to stop being overwhelmed. Why hire Annette? She was born unique, and has used her abilities, skills and knowledge to live her highest and best life. She has the tools. Annette helps you get to where you want to be.
(928) 766-0367 View (928) 766-0367
Photo of Judith Fogarty - Judith Fogarty, MA, MEd, LPC, LMFT, LMHC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Judith Fogarty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MEd, LPC, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
Judith Fogarty is an AZ Licensed Professional Counselor, and an AZ Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. She has been in private practice for 35 years offering services in Relationship Issues, Life Coaching, Stress Management, 12 Step Recovery, Mind/Body Counseling, Mindfulness, Meditation, Personal and Spiritual Growth. Judith is also a Certified Plant Based Nutritionist offering Plant Based Nutritional Counseling.
Judith Fogarty is an AZ Licensed Professional Counselor, and an AZ Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. She has been in private practice for 35 years offering services in Relationship Issues, Life Coaching, Stress Management, 12 Step Recovery, Mind/Body Counseling, Mindfulness, Meditation, Personal and Spiritual Growth. Judith is also a Certified Plant Based Nutritionist offering Plant Based Nutritional Counseling.
(978) 879-3173 View (978) 879-3173
Photo of Dr. Florence Rosiello - Florence Rosiello, PhD, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Florence Rosiello, PhD
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
After 30+ years practicing psychotherapy and marriage counseling, I still find relationships issues to be a major reason why people come to therapy. Relationships can sometimes be too emotionally merged, or too emotionally distant and isolating (however, there are times when relationships feel both merged and isolating all at the same time). My focus is on helping people realize and alter emotional issues that pop up over and over again and consistently inhibit relationships. Sometimes we know we're stuck or lost in a relationship, but we just can't figure out...any way 'out' of what we feel.
After 30+ years practicing psychotherapy and marriage counseling, I still find relationships issues to be a major reason why people come to therapy. Relationships can sometimes be too emotionally merged, or too emotionally distant and isolating (however, there are times when relationships feel both merged and isolating all at the same time). My focus is on helping people realize and alter emotional issues that pop up over and over again and consistently inhibit relationships. Sometimes we know we're stuck or lost in a relationship, but we just can't figure out...any way 'out' of what we feel.
(646) 798-2589 View (646) 798-2589
Photo of Meredith Street-Walters - Insight Counseling, MC, LAC, Counselor
Insight Counseling
Counselor, MC, LAC
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
We offer Individual, couples and Group Therapy. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a structured therapy that focuses on teaching four core skills (mindfulness, acceptance & distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness) to help you create a good life for yourself. You work on substance use with both adolescents with mental health issues and substance use in recovery as well as unhealthy coping mechanisms.
We offer Individual, couples and Group Therapy. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a structured therapy that focuses on teaching four core skills (mindfulness, acceptance & distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness) to help you create a good life for yourself. You work on substance use with both adolescents with mental health issues and substance use in recovery as well as unhealthy coping mechanisms.
(602) 932-6594 View (602) 932-6594
Photo of Calli Grace Monroe, MA, NCC, LAC, Counselor
Calli Grace Monroe
Counselor, MA, NCC, LAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sedona, AZ 86336
Calli Grace Monroe is a Nationally Certified & Licensed Counselor offering wayfinding support in Sedona, Arizona. Believes strongly in the interconnectedness of all of life and Spirit and meeting clients where they are, supporting them through their own healing of trauma by highlighting their strengths and personal path, so they find their own way to balance & wellbeing. Grew up, living in diverse multicultural areas of the country from the SF Bay Area to NYC, Southern Florida and the Southwest, having been a resident of Northern Arizona for most of the last twenty years. I am multiculturally aware, sensitive & compassionate.
Calli Grace Monroe is a Nationally Certified & Licensed Counselor offering wayfinding support in Sedona, Arizona. Believes strongly in the interconnectedness of all of life and Spirit and meeting clients where they are, supporting them through their own healing of trauma by highlighting their strengths and personal path, so they find their own way to balance & wellbeing. Grew up, living in diverse multicultural areas of the country from the SF Bay Area to NYC, Southern Florida and the Southwest, having been a resident of Northern Arizona for most of the last twenty years. I am multiculturally aware, sensitive & compassionate.
(928) 202-9187 View (928) 202-9187
Photo of Eric Thiss, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Eric Thiss
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
I enjoy helping people gain perspective on their fears that cause anxiety, depression, and relationship issues so that they can learn to overcome their stressors and live their best life.
I enjoy helping people gain perspective on their fears that cause anxiety, depression, and relationship issues so that they can learn to overcome their stressors and live their best life.
(928) 396-2290 View (928) 396-2290
Photo of Jessica Kronen, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Kronen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Sedona, AZ 86336
My ideal intake and assessment client is one who may be nervous to try therapy for the first time and has racked up the bravery and courage to reach out for this first appointment. I honor this and will put these clients at ease and make them feel as a welcome guest in our home.
My ideal intake and assessment client is one who may be nervous to try therapy for the first time and has racked up the bravery and courage to reach out for this first appointment. I honor this and will put these clients at ease and make them feel as a welcome guest in our home.
(928) 414-8574 View (928) 414-8574
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 86336

90+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 86336 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
78% Trauma and PTSD
72% Self Esteem
71% Grief
65% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

72% Aetna
71% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 86336 see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 86336?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.