Photo of Dr. Julie de Azevedo Hanks, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr. Julie de Azevedo Hanks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093
Does it seem like you take care of everyone else, but have difficulty taking care of you? Do you wish you felt better about yourself and wish you could create healthier and happier relationships? We are here to help. In 2002, I had a vision of gathering a group of excellent clinicians to be a mental health and family relationship resource for our community. My vision has been realized! I have an excellent team of colleagues at At Wasatch Family Therapy. We will guide you through the therapy process in a comfortable atmosphere that will put you at ease, and help you make the changes you desire. We work with clients as young as 3+.
Does it seem like you take care of everyone else, but have difficulty taking care of you? Do you wish you felt better about yourself and wish you could create healthier and happier relationships? We are here to help. In 2002, I had a vision of gathering a group of excellent clinicians to be a mental health and family relationship resource for our community. My vision has been realized! I have an excellent team of colleagues at At Wasatch Family Therapy. We will guide you through the therapy process in a comfortable atmosphere that will put you at ease, and help you make the changes you desire. We work with clients as young as 3+.
(801) 719-5338 View (801) 719-5338
Photo of Ashley Carrubba, ACMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Ashley Carrubba
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACMHC
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
Waitlist for new clients
I believe every individual, no matter what they are faced with, can and deserves to live their very best life. If you are here, you may be finding it difficult to feel your best. Perhaps you’ve lost joy in the things you once loved and it’s hard to function in daily life. Whether you are experiencing anxious thoughts, depressed mood, or have experienced overwhelming events in your life, I am here for you. Sometimes, life gets messy and I would be honored to be apart of your journey as you uncover the strength inside you.
I believe every individual, no matter what they are faced with, can and deserves to live their very best life. If you are here, you may be finding it difficult to feel your best. Perhaps you’ve lost joy in the things you once loved and it’s hard to function in daily life. Whether you are experiencing anxious thoughts, depressed mood, or have experienced overwhelming events in your life, I am here for you. Sometimes, life gets messy and I would be honored to be apart of your journey as you uncover the strength inside you.
(435) 466-7354 View (435) 466-7354
Photo of Jason T Goodson - Jason T Goodson LLC, PhD, Psychologist
Jason T Goodson LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
I have over 15 years of experience working with adults dealing with PTSD, anxiety, OCD and depression. I am well versed in implementing evidence based treatments to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. I am sensitive to the struggles individuals face when suffering with anxiety, trauma, and depression. I formulate personalized treatment plans, which are grounded in scientific evidence, but adapted to the unique issues faced by my patients. My goal is to target symptoms and bring relief, not keep you in therapy for the rest of your life.
I have over 15 years of experience working with adults dealing with PTSD, anxiety, OCD and depression. I am well versed in implementing evidence based treatments to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. I am sensitive to the struggles individuals face when suffering with anxiety, trauma, and depression. I formulate personalized treatment plans, which are grounded in scientific evidence, but adapted to the unique issues faced by my patients. My goal is to target symptoms and bring relief, not keep you in therapy for the rest of your life.
(801) 669-8277 View (801) 669-8277
Photo of Courtney VanDermyden, Counselor
Courtney VanDermyden
Counselor
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
In the therapy room, my main priority is providing a safe and authentic space for clients to explore and navigate themselves and life challenges. My specialty is working with children 3 and older, as well as working with the LGBTQ+ community.
In the therapy room, my main priority is providing a safe and authentic space for clients to explore and navigate themselves and life challenges. My specialty is working with children 3 and older, as well as working with the LGBTQ+ community.
(385) 438-3725 View (385) 438-3725
Photo of Brecka Walker, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brecka Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093  (Online Only)
I have a passion for supporting individuals in living their life intentionally, purposefully and in a fulling manner. This includes looking into oneself and exploring, healing, and loving all parts. As a therapist, I aim to create a safe place for all individuals and am ready to meet clients where they are in their healing process. I work with clients to not only process difficulties in their past, but to also apply ones strength and resilience to current stressors. I am dedicated to supporting clients in navigating their experiences by creating a foundation of self-compassion and empowerment.
I have a passion for supporting individuals in living their life intentionally, purposefully and in a fulling manner. This includes looking into oneself and exploring, healing, and loving all parts. As a therapist, I aim to create a safe place for all individuals and am ready to meet clients where they are in their healing process. I work with clients to not only process difficulties in their past, but to also apply ones strength and resilience to current stressors. I am dedicated to supporting clients in navigating their experiences by creating a foundation of self-compassion and empowerment.
(385) 481-7966 View (385) 481-7966
Photo of Allie Kolaski, PhD, Psychologist
Allie Kolaski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093  (Online Only)
Allie is a warm, compassionate, and knowledgable clinician who at her core believes that people are doing the best they can. She brings a validating and challenging approach to her work, aiming to facilitate corrective emotional experiences supported through strong relationships with clients and a feeling of safety and acceptance in the therapeutic process. Allie is curious, practical, and has a strong work ethic and sense of integrity. She has a special interest in working with and supporting important interpersonal relationships and the challenges brought by our connections with those closest.
Allie is a warm, compassionate, and knowledgable clinician who at her core believes that people are doing the best they can. She brings a validating and challenging approach to her work, aiming to facilitate corrective emotional experiences supported through strong relationships with clients and a feeling of safety and acceptance in the therapeutic process. Allie is curious, practical, and has a strong work ethic and sense of integrity. She has a special interest in working with and supporting important interpersonal relationships and the challenges brought by our connections with those closest.
(801) 760-8779 View (801) 760-8779
Photo of Karen DeBirk, MS, LCMHC, Counselor
Karen DeBirk
Counselor, MS, LCMHC
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
Life didn't come with a manual and sometimes we find ourselves off course or stuck, unable to move forward. A sensitive and caring approach to counseling may help you discover the thoughts and beliefs that hold you back, as we utilize a cognitive behavioral approach to therapy. I say we, because cognitive behavioral therapy is a collaborative process between equals, that challenges and changes the thoughts that work to maintain depression and anxiety. My goal is to help guide you through the process of therapy, allowing you to truly heal, as you gain access to and build upon your inner resources.
Life didn't come with a manual and sometimes we find ourselves off course or stuck, unable to move forward. A sensitive and caring approach to counseling may help you discover the thoughts and beliefs that hold you back, as we utilize a cognitive behavioral approach to therapy. I say we, because cognitive behavioral therapy is a collaborative process between equals, that challenges and changes the thoughts that work to maintain depression and anxiety. My goal is to help guide you through the process of therapy, allowing you to truly heal, as you gain access to and build upon your inner resources.
(801) 784-1415 View (801) 784-1415
Photo of Kevin Figuerres, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kevin Figuerres
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093
Life is a process and journey. When one feels stuck, it is vital to understand why they are stuck and how to get moving forward again. I strive to help my clients to honestly and courageously seek to understand the conceptual nature of their problems with trauma, addiction, and relationship patterns. When clients can attend, listen, understand, validate, care, and nurture themselves, they can find their way in the journey. As couples and families learn to see each other, create and maintain safety and security, and soothe each other they can find deep and satisfying connections. Now accepting telehealth on Wed mornings/afternoon
Life is a process and journey. When one feels stuck, it is vital to understand why they are stuck and how to get moving forward again. I strive to help my clients to honestly and courageously seek to understand the conceptual nature of their problems with trauma, addiction, and relationship patterns. When clients can attend, listen, understand, validate, care, and nurture themselves, they can find their way in the journey. As couples and families learn to see each other, create and maintain safety and security, and soothe each other they can find deep and satisfying connections. Now accepting telehealth on Wed mornings/afternoon
(801) 921-8561 View (801) 921-8561
Photo of Lyna Tevenaz Jones, Counselor
Lyna Tevenaz Jones
Counselor
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093
Although we cannot always remove obstacles in life, we can develop resiliency and coping skills that help us navigate towards fulfillment and growth. It is my fundamental belief that our personal history does not have to determine our future. In my clinical practice, I create a safe, compassionate therapeutic environment where thoughts and feelings are processed to guide you to your unique expression of fulfillment. I am an intern psychotherapist specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy serving children, adolescents, and adults.
Although we cannot always remove obstacles in life, we can develop resiliency and coping skills that help us navigate towards fulfillment and growth. It is my fundamental belief that our personal history does not have to determine our future. In my clinical practice, I create a safe, compassionate therapeutic environment where thoughts and feelings are processed to guide you to your unique expression of fulfillment. I am an intern psychotherapist specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy serving children, adolescents, and adults.
(801) 997-9497 View (801) 997-9497
Photo of Lisa A Walker, LCSW, CDWF, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa A Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CDWF
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093  (Online Only)
Telehealth: I love what I do! I’ve coached hundreds of women over 2 decades through sobriety, education, parenting, self-love/acceptance and adventure. I help my clients focus forward, set goals, discover the values that are meaningful to them, take accountability, and have "aha" moments. My unique offering is the ability to think creatively of others in the context of their world with an intuitive gift for bringing many ways to look at the same situation. If you're ready for a fresh perspective on your life and the path forward you might take, we are a good fit.
Telehealth: I love what I do! I’ve coached hundreds of women over 2 decades through sobriety, education, parenting, self-love/acceptance and adventure. I help my clients focus forward, set goals, discover the values that are meaningful to them, take accountability, and have "aha" moments. My unique offering is the ability to think creatively of others in the context of their world with an intuitive gift for bringing many ways to look at the same situation. If you're ready for a fresh perspective on your life and the path forward you might take, we are a good fit.
(385) 308-0396 View (385) 308-0396
Photo of Annie McGary, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Annie McGary
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093  (Online Only)
Feeling weighed down by anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship struggles can be overwhelming. Life's transitions are challenging, but you don't have to face them alone. I'm here to offer you a guiding hand and a compassionate ear.
Feeling weighed down by anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship struggles can be overwhelming. Life's transitions are challenging, but you don't have to face them alone. I'm here to offer you a guiding hand and a compassionate ear.
(385) 438-7984 View (385) 438-7984
Photo of Toni Marie Mazzaglia, CMHC
Toni Marie Mazzaglia
Mental Health Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093  (Online Only)
Greetings, I am a licensed clinical mental health counselor and parent coach with over twenty years of experience working with a variety of clients. I specialize in treating complex trauma, anxiety, depression and adoption, attachment and family systems issues. I have extensive experience with complex needs and diagnoses and am also trained in brief solution focused approaches, allowing me to support a range of clients. I believe in a holistic, mindfulness-based approach to building wellness and creating a safe space for people to identify needs and goals and work through the process in a guided and supported manner.
Greetings, I am a licensed clinical mental health counselor and parent coach with over twenty years of experience working with a variety of clients. I specialize in treating complex trauma, anxiety, depression and adoption, attachment and family systems issues. I have extensive experience with complex needs and diagnoses and am also trained in brief solution focused approaches, allowing me to support a range of clients. I believe in a holistic, mindfulness-based approach to building wellness and creating a safe space for people to identify needs and goals and work through the process in a guided and supported manner.
View
Photo of Paul S Brandt, MS, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paul S Brandt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
Choosing a psychotherapist is an important and very personal decision. Please see my website, www.growinlove.com, for more information about me, to read feedback from former clients, to check available appointment times, and to schedule an appointment if you would like.
Choosing a psychotherapist is an important and very personal decision. Please see my website, www.growinlove.com, for more information about me, to read feedback from former clients, to check available appointment times, and to schedule an appointment if you would like.
(801) 944-0944 View (801) 944-0944
Photo of Amy Lambert, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Lambert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093
So many of us are trapped by our own fears, insecurities, and doubts. Some challenges have names such as OCD, anxiety, hair pulling, skin picking, ADHD, or impulsive emotions. You might feel overwhelming sadness, fear in social interactions, or constant anxiety from intrusive thoughts. You may even be avoiding social interactions, struggling at work, having difficulty in personal relationships, or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. These fears might be stealing your laughter, freedom, and connection with others. In therapy I can help you or your child navigate these complex experiences.
So many of us are trapped by our own fears, insecurities, and doubts. Some challenges have names such as OCD, anxiety, hair pulling, skin picking, ADHD, or impulsive emotions. You might feel overwhelming sadness, fear in social interactions, or constant anxiety from intrusive thoughts. You may even be avoiding social interactions, struggling at work, having difficulty in personal relationships, or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. These fears might be stealing your laughter, freedom, and connection with others. In therapy I can help you or your child navigate these complex experiences.
(801) 332-9526 View (801) 332-9526
Photo of Whitney Garr, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Whitney Garr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093  (Online Only)
Struggling with depression, anxiety, faith crisis, or feel you just can’t find peace and happiness? We are ALL capable of change and growth, regardless of traumas and life circumstances! I would love to share my 15+ years of knowledge and experience with you! I think you will be amazed how beneficial therapy can be and help you heal and progress. I specialize in depression, anxiety, faith crisis (specifically Mormonism), and also treat a variety of other mental health/life challenges. TEXT for teletherapy appointment 702-706-6589, United Healthcare, Medicare, Optum/UHC, Aetna, Anthem BXBS and cash pay.
Struggling with depression, anxiety, faith crisis, or feel you just can’t find peace and happiness? We are ALL capable of change and growth, regardless of traumas and life circumstances! I would love to share my 15+ years of knowledge and experience with you! I think you will be amazed how beneficial therapy can be and help you heal and progress. I specialize in depression, anxiety, faith crisis (specifically Mormonism), and also treat a variety of other mental health/life challenges. TEXT for teletherapy appointment 702-706-6589, United Healthcare, Medicare, Optum/UHC, Aetna, Anthem BXBS and cash pay.
(725) 208-5754 View (725) 208-5754
Photo of Wendy Jensen, LCSW, CEDS, CEDS-S, CDWF, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Wendy Jensen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CEDS, CEDS-S, CDWF
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Tired of trying the same old things to feel better and not getting results? Here at Inside Wellness you will start changing how you experience life from the inside out! If you interested in to healing relationships, building back your confidence , and cultivating balance & joy in your life then give us a call. We believe that change is possible for everyone, and that it starts in a confidential and supportive environment where together we can explore your needs, elements of change, and how we can begin to help you to elevate your quality of living.
Tired of trying the same old things to feel better and not getting results? Here at Inside Wellness you will start changing how you experience life from the inside out! If you interested in to healing relationships, building back your confidence , and cultivating balance & joy in your life then give us a call. We believe that change is possible for everyone, and that it starts in a confidential and supportive environment where together we can explore your needs, elements of change, and how we can begin to help you to elevate your quality of living.
(801) 336-4027 View (801) 336-4027
Photo of Christie Dietz, MA, CMHC, Counselor
Christie Dietz
Counselor, MA, CMHC
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
I understand that starting therapy requires courage. My study of psychodynamic theory has allowed me to understand the complex ways in which childhood experiences shape the way we look at the world. I want to help make sense of the ineffable. So many patients have described feeling like they are "missing something". I have noticed that more often than not, what is missing are lost parts of the self. It is my goal to provide psychodynamic psychotherapy with proper depth and duration to allow a deeper understanding of the self, a sense of peace, resilience, and a emergence of creativity.
I understand that starting therapy requires courage. My study of psychodynamic theory has allowed me to understand the complex ways in which childhood experiences shape the way we look at the world. I want to help make sense of the ineffable. So many patients have described feeling like they are "missing something". I have noticed that more often than not, what is missing are lost parts of the self. It is my goal to provide psychodynamic psychotherapy with proper depth and duration to allow a deeper understanding of the self, a sense of peace, resilience, and a emergence of creativity.
(385) 881-2734 View (385) 881-2734
Photo of Mauri Alise Wilcox, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mauri Alise Wilcox
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Our lives can feel overwhelming and difficult, especially when our thoughts, relationships or behaviors are off. When we don’t feel the way we want to feel, its easy to wonder if anyone else understands where we are coming from. Our thoughts or feelings can become overwhelming and impact every other aspect of our lives. There are many things that can have great influence on how we see the world, our feelings, and our life experience. It is my goal to help each client heal from past difficulties and move forward in a positive and healthy way.
Our lives can feel overwhelming and difficult, especially when our thoughts, relationships or behaviors are off. When we don’t feel the way we want to feel, its easy to wonder if anyone else understands where we are coming from. Our thoughts or feelings can become overwhelming and impact every other aspect of our lives. There are many things that can have great influence on how we see the world, our feelings, and our life experience. It is my goal to help each client heal from past difficulties and move forward in a positive and healthy way.
(385) 247-1892 View (385) 247-1892
Photo of Andrea Shields - Andrea Shields Marriage & Family Therapy, PhD, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Andrea Shields Marriage & Family Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Sandy, UT 84093
Waitlist for new clients
I enjoy helping families learn the skills of cooperation, compassion, and understanding to help the family unit work, communicate and grow with each other. I also work with couples with varying dynamics that are in a relationship. We work on restoring open and honest communication, breaking destructive patterns, and managing a relationship's different phases. I work to give the couples skills that they can take from the session into their daily lives; such as a deeper passion for each other and a greater sense of a more fulfilling relationship.
I enjoy helping families learn the skills of cooperation, compassion, and understanding to help the family unit work, communicate and grow with each other. I also work with couples with varying dynamics that are in a relationship. We work on restoring open and honest communication, breaking destructive patterns, and managing a relationship's different phases. I work to give the couples skills that they can take from the session into their daily lives; such as a deeper passion for each other and a greater sense of a more fulfilling relationship.
(801) 336-4039 View (801) 336-4039
Photo of Dr. Le Ngu - InSight Psychological Services, PhD, Psychologist
InSight Psychological Services
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sandy, UT 84093
Finding the right therapist can be challenging. At InSight Psychological Services, we believe that a strong therapeutic relationship based on compassion, genuineness and non-judgement is vital to success in therapy. Building a connection that is supportive and authentic can provide space for you to understand the habits and patterns that make you feel hopeless and stuck. Together, we can work towards finding hope, growth, and change.
Finding the right therapist can be challenging. At InSight Psychological Services, we believe that a strong therapeutic relationship based on compassion, genuineness and non-judgement is vital to success in therapy. Building a connection that is supportive and authentic can provide space for you to understand the habits and patterns that make you feel hopeless and stuck. Together, we can work towards finding hope, growth, and change.
(801) 769-0674 View (801) 769-0674
1

See more therapy options for 84093

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 84093

50+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 84093 who prioritize treating:

97% Depression
97% Anxiety
81% Self Esteem
79% Trauma and PTSD
72% Relationship Issues
72% Coping Skills
69% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% BlueCross and BlueShield
65% SelectHealth
62% Aetna

How Therapists in 84093 see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 84093?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.