Photo of Adrianna Pahulu, CSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Adrianna Pahulu
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I have over 14 years of experience working with families, couples, adolescents, and children. I offer individual, family and couples therapy for mental health and/or substance abuse issues. I specifically work with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and addictions. I understand the unique cultural nuances of the Polynesian community and provide compassionate, culturally sensitive care tailored to your needs.
I have over 14 years of experience working with families, couples, adolescents, and children. I offer individual, family and couples therapy for mental health and/or substance abuse issues. I specifically work with anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and addictions. I understand the unique cultural nuances of the Polynesian community and provide compassionate, culturally sensitive care tailored to your needs.
(385) 233-4356 View (385) 233-4356
Photo of Kathryn Meiners, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathryn Meiners
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
Does it feel like your thoughts are running away? Are you avoiding things in your daily life? Do you have challenges in your relationships? You don't have to continue to let mental health take over your life. Your challenges don't have to continue to seep into all your relationships. You can be in charge. It takes courage to show up for yourself and seek help. I am here to support you in your journey. I provide a warm and safe environment coupled with knowledge and skill. My clients learn how to implement strategies that help and learn insights that allow them move towards healthy mind, body, spirit, and relationships.
Does it feel like your thoughts are running away? Are you avoiding things in your daily life? Do you have challenges in your relationships? You don't have to continue to let mental health take over your life. Your challenges don't have to continue to seep into all your relationships. You can be in charge. It takes courage to show up for yourself and seek help. I am here to support you in your journey. I provide a warm and safe environment coupled with knowledge and skill. My clients learn how to implement strategies that help and learn insights that allow them move towards healthy mind, body, spirit, and relationships.
(385) 503-5353 View (385) 503-5353
Photo of Laura Simonson, CMHC-I , Pre-Licensed Professional
Laura Simonson
Pre-Licensed Professional, CMHC-I
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
I welcome clients of all ages and diverse backgrounds including LGBTQ+ affirming care. My areas of interest include grief, trauma, faith transition, first-responder support, and guiding clients through the preparation for, and recovery after, weight-loss surgery.
I welcome clients of all ages and diverse backgrounds including LGBTQ+ affirming care. My areas of interest include grief, trauma, faith transition, first-responder support, and guiding clients through the preparation for, and recovery after, weight-loss surgery.
(385) 399-1100 View (385) 399-1100
Photo of Kelly Goodrich, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly Goodrich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I specialize in helping adults overcome anxiety/OCD, depression, self-esteem issues, life transitions, and problems in relationships and families. I have experience in hospital’s inpatient psychiatric units, residential treatment centers for substance use, mood disorders, and eating disorders, intensive outpatient programs for anxiety and OCD, and general outpatient therapy for a wide range of other life issues.
I specialize in helping adults overcome anxiety/OCD, depression, self-esteem issues, life transitions, and problems in relationships and families. I have experience in hospital’s inpatient psychiatric units, residential treatment centers for substance use, mood disorders, and eating disorders, intensive outpatient programs for anxiety and OCD, and general outpatient therapy for a wide range of other life issues.
(385) 284-0018 View (385) 284-0018
Photo of Alison Ahern Glenn, ACMHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alison Ahern Glenn
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
Waitlist for new clients
There is place for everyone in counseling. Whether you are navigating a life change, dealing with an overwhelming challenge, or just need a safe space to process your thoughts, there is a place for you. I believe there is a power in awareness and acceptance. In counseling, we co-create a space to harness that power through exploration and insight. Who you are does not need to be defined by struggle or labels. Working through challenges can add to the depth and strength in each of us. In counseling, we find the tools that can help you tap into that strength.
There is place for everyone in counseling. Whether you are navigating a life change, dealing with an overwhelming challenge, or just need a safe space to process your thoughts, there is a place for you. I believe there is a power in awareness and acceptance. In counseling, we co-create a space to harness that power through exploration and insight. Who you are does not need to be defined by struggle or labels. Working through challenges can add to the depth and strength in each of us. In counseling, we find the tools that can help you tap into that strength.
(385) 442-5192 View (385) 442-5192
Photo of Serenity Hale - Serenity Hale at StressOUT , LCMHC, CRC, NCC, DBT-C, ART-C, Counselor
Serenity Hale at StressOUT
Counselor, LCMHC, CRC, NCC, DBT-C, ART-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I want to help you find relief from distressing symptoms such as explosiveness, irritability, chronic pain and fatigue, impulsivity, distractibility, hyper-excitability, social anxiety, fear, mania, and hopelessness. Life wasn’t what I had expected. Having a chronic illness while trying to raise a child with disabilities (DMDD, Anxiety, ADHD, & Autism Spectrum) and being married to a Veteran Navy Corpsman with PTSD from serving with the Marines in Iraq proved challenging. I searched for answers and found success. I became a therapist to spread hope by sharing what I learned.
I want to help you find relief from distressing symptoms such as explosiveness, irritability, chronic pain and fatigue, impulsivity, distractibility, hyper-excitability, social anxiety, fear, mania, and hopelessness. Life wasn’t what I had expected. Having a chronic illness while trying to raise a child with disabilities (DMDD, Anxiety, ADHD, & Autism Spectrum) and being married to a Veteran Navy Corpsman with PTSD from serving with the Marines in Iraq proved challenging. I searched for answers and found success. I became a therapist to spread hope by sharing what I learned.
(385) 462-1018 View (385) 462-1018
Photo of Madison Gibbs, MSCMHC, Intern, Pre-Licensed Professional
Madison Gibbs
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSCMHC, Intern
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I believe that our relationships with ourselves and others can be powerful parts of our healing journey and ability to create change in our lives. Relationships take work and therapy can be a great place to explore barriers and process experiences that may be getting in the way of healing. I am passionate about helping individuals navigate life and faith transitions, low self-confidence, relationship challenges, sexual health concerns, shame, anxiety, depression, and compulsive behaviors (e.g. pornography). I will be honored to support you on your journey toward meaningful change, growth, and healing in your life and relationships.
I believe that our relationships with ourselves and others can be powerful parts of our healing journey and ability to create change in our lives. Relationships take work and therapy can be a great place to explore barriers and process experiences that may be getting in the way of healing. I am passionate about helping individuals navigate life and faith transitions, low self-confidence, relationship challenges, sexual health concerns, shame, anxiety, depression, and compulsive behaviors (e.g. pornography). I will be honored to support you on your journey toward meaningful change, growth, and healing in your life and relationships.
(385) 526-4132 View (385) 526-4132
Photo of Alice Roberts, PhD, LCSW, CST, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alice Roberts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, CST
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
Waitlist for new clients
Do you need support, education, or hope in creating sexual wholeness? I am a certified sex therapist and work with a broad range of sexual issues, including desire discrepancy, problematic sexual behaviors, LGBTQIA (orientation concerns, transitioning, or parenting), trauma, infidelity, “sexless” marriages, orgasm concerns, ED/premature/delayed ejaculation, polyamory, kink, pornography concerns, or resolving conflict between spirituality and sexuality. I offer individual and couple counseling to help you discover your desired sexual story.
Do you need support, education, or hope in creating sexual wholeness? I am a certified sex therapist and work with a broad range of sexual issues, including desire discrepancy, problematic sexual behaviors, LGBTQIA (orientation concerns, transitioning, or parenting), trauma, infidelity, “sexless” marriages, orgasm concerns, ED/premature/delayed ejaculation, polyamory, kink, pornography concerns, or resolving conflict between spirituality and sexuality. I offer individual and couple counseling to help you discover your desired sexual story.
(801) 316-8168 View (801) 316-8168
Photo of Crystalyn Hori-Wilson - Crystalyn Hori-Wilson, CMHC, Counselor
Crystalyn Hori-Wilson
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I have worked in the field of mental health and substance abuse for 12 years. I have seen the power of a positive therapeutic relationship and the transformation that comes when an individual has support. I am dedicated to helping mainly women with various issues they face including; postpartum depression and anxiety, transitioning to motherhood, overall anxiety and relationship stressors. I have specialized training to aid in substance abuse recovery. I feel there is a strong need to also help families struggling to understand their loved one’s battle with addiction.
I have worked in the field of mental health and substance abuse for 12 years. I have seen the power of a positive therapeutic relationship and the transformation that comes when an individual has support. I am dedicated to helping mainly women with various issues they face including; postpartum depression and anxiety, transitioning to motherhood, overall anxiety and relationship stressors. I have specialized training to aid in substance abuse recovery. I feel there is a strong need to also help families struggling to understand their loved one’s battle with addiction.
(385) 217-7635 View (385) 217-7635
Photo of Tracy Burnham, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tracy Burnham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 20 years experience as a counselor. I specialize in helping women. Specifically, I provide counseling for women who are seeking to overcome trauma, anxiety, and depression. I also provide counseling and emotional support to women on the motherhood journey. I believe deeply in the importance of finding a healthy balance between lovingly caring for our children and for ourselves.
I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 20 years experience as a counselor. I specialize in helping women. Specifically, I provide counseling for women who are seeking to overcome trauma, anxiety, and depression. I also provide counseling and emotional support to women on the motherhood journey. I believe deeply in the importance of finding a healthy balance between lovingly caring for our children and for ourselves.
(801) 515-3319 View (801) 515-3319
Photo of Ben Scoma, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ben Scoma
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
Hello! I'm Ben the therapist and I'm here to be one of your resources. Life can be beautiful but I know it can also be overwhelming, difficult, and lonely. I can help by listening to your unique story, offering professional insight, and providing a safe space to explore and tap into the root of the problem.
Hello! I'm Ben the therapist and I'm here to be one of your resources. Life can be beautiful but I know it can also be overwhelming, difficult, and lonely. I can help by listening to your unique story, offering professional insight, and providing a safe space to explore and tap into the root of the problem.
(385) 832-7412 View (385) 832-7412
Photo of Hannah D Harting, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Hannah D Harting
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
In life we face challenges that can be difficult and painful for all of us. Adding complexities such as trauma, anxiety and depression, Autism and other neuro-differences, LGBTQIA+ and substance abuse can make it feel overwhelming and impossible. I am truly passionate about helping you heal from the things that stop you from fully experiencing the beauty and joy this life can bring. I have over a decade of experience working with adults, teens and families to heal from their past and gain skills to be successful in their futures.
In life we face challenges that can be difficult and painful for all of us. Adding complexities such as trauma, anxiety and depression, Autism and other neuro-differences, LGBTQIA+ and substance abuse can make it feel overwhelming and impossible. I am truly passionate about helping you heal from the things that stop you from fully experiencing the beauty and joy this life can bring. I have over a decade of experience working with adults, teens and families to heal from their past and gain skills to be successful in their futures.
(385) 481-5203 View (385) 481-5203
Photo of Kali Lantrip, PhD, Psychologist
Kali Lantrip
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014  (Online Only)
Life and relationships bring vulnerability, often accompanied by pain and betrayal. Unprocessed, these experiences shape our self-image and future connections. Hurt or trauma can leave us feeling small, lonely, and burdened by secrecy or shame. Collaboratively, I help clients unlock patterns and painful experiences, fostering awareness and facilitating their journey towards embracing a fuller, unencumbered life.
Life and relationships bring vulnerability, often accompanied by pain and betrayal. Unprocessed, these experiences shape our self-image and future connections. Hurt or trauma can leave us feeling small, lonely, and burdened by secrecy or shame. Collaboratively, I help clients unlock patterns and painful experiences, fostering awareness and facilitating their journey towards embracing a fuller, unencumbered life.
(805) 283-6806 View (805) 283-6806
Photo of Dr. John Perovich, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. John Perovich
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
I'm here to be your trusted guide on this journey to a brighter, happier you. As a licensed practitioner in Utah since 1997, my journey has been one of continual growth and dedication. It all started with my rigorous studies and a transformative internship at Sewickley Valley Hospital near Pittsburgh, PA. This experience laid the foundation for me to earn my Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the School of Professional Psychology at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. After completing a fulfilling three-year contract in Tooele, I made the exciting decision to open my own office and extend my practice to Davis County.
I'm here to be your trusted guide on this journey to a brighter, happier you. As a licensed practitioner in Utah since 1997, my journey has been one of continual growth and dedication. It all started with my rigorous studies and a transformative internship at Sewickley Valley Hospital near Pittsburgh, PA. This experience laid the foundation for me to earn my Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the School of Professional Psychology at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. After completing a fulfilling three-year contract in Tooele, I made the exciting decision to open my own office and extend my practice to Davis County.
(385) 442-9746 View (385) 442-9746
Photo of Alison Coburn, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alison Coburn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I believe that meeting a client where they are is important in the therapeutic relationship. I like to meet them where they are to help them become equipped with tools, strategies, and support from others. I use a variety of evidence-based approaches to create a treatment plan unique to the needs of each client. I enjoy helping individuals to draw upon and discover their own strengths and abilities as they overcome challenges life may throw their way.
I believe that meeting a client where they are is important in the therapeutic relationship. I like to meet them where they are to help them become equipped with tools, strategies, and support from others. I use a variety of evidence-based approaches to create a treatment plan unique to the needs of each client. I enjoy helping individuals to draw upon and discover their own strengths and abilities as they overcome challenges life may throw their way.
(385) 417-4442 View (385) 417-4442
Photo of Emily Duffin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Emily Duffin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
I have over 15 years of experience working with adults and youth on issues related to depression, anxiety, and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with parents on improving their parenting skills and better managing oppositional behaviors while creating a more nurturing and supportive relationship with their child(ren). I have a strong belief in using evidence based therapies that have been found to effectively address treatment issues and have become trained in several to assist me in productively supporting clients in meeting treatment goals.
I have over 15 years of experience working with adults and youth on issues related to depression, anxiety, and trauma. I also have extensive experience working with parents on improving their parenting skills and better managing oppositional behaviors while creating a more nurturing and supportive relationship with their child(ren). I have a strong belief in using evidence based therapies that have been found to effectively address treatment issues and have become trained in several to assist me in productively supporting clients in meeting treatment goals.
(385) 519-0567 View (385) 519-0567
Photo of Steve Nickolaisen, PhD, MA, Psychologist
Steve Nickolaisen
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Centerville, UT 84014
I really respect those who want to face the more difficult parts of life and themselves. I enjoy helping people find the insights and skills that will help them lead more fulfilling lives. As a teenager, I struggled with a variety of mental health issues, including ADHD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and depression. It was a difficult and dark time for me. Learning to cope with these things was a long journey for me. As I learned and healed, I realized I wanted to help others with mental health struggles. The foundation for my counseling approach comes from skills/interventions that I have implemented successfully in my own life.
I really respect those who want to face the more difficult parts of life and themselves. I enjoy helping people find the insights and skills that will help them lead more fulfilling lives. As a teenager, I struggled with a variety of mental health issues, including ADHD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and depression. It was a difficult and dark time for me. Learning to cope with these things was a long journey for me. As I learned and healed, I realized I wanted to help others with mental health struggles. The foundation for my counseling approach comes from skills/interventions that I have implemented successfully in my own life.
(385) 247-3174 View (385) 247-3174
Photo of Alyson McKean Bown, ACMHC, Counselor
Alyson McKean Bown
Counselor, ACMHC
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
I am a professional who recognizes the power of creativity, intuition, symbolism, and spirituality in the healing process. This allows clients to tap into their inner resources and explore new avenues of self-expression. This approach fosters a sense of ownership over their healing journey and allows for a more holistic and personalized experience that encourages self-discovery, and propels individuals towards a deeper understanding of themselves and their emotions. Through a blend of neuroscience, creativity, counseling techniques, ART therapy, and genuine care, I aim to empower clients to live their lives to the fullest.
I am a professional who recognizes the power of creativity, intuition, symbolism, and spirituality in the healing process. This allows clients to tap into their inner resources and explore new avenues of self-expression. This approach fosters a sense of ownership over their healing journey and allows for a more holistic and personalized experience that encourages self-discovery, and propels individuals towards a deeper understanding of themselves and their emotions. Through a blend of neuroscience, creativity, counseling techniques, ART therapy, and genuine care, I aim to empower clients to live their lives to the fullest.
(385) 376-4485 View (385) 376-4485
Photo of Carol Hendricks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carol Hendricks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
Now is your time. Depression, anxiety, anger, frustration, hurt, loneliness, etc. When emotional pain comes, there is help. For the past twenty years I have helped people understand and move through their emotional pain. Sometimes it's helping to cope with this pain in order to move through it, but often it's becoming free from it so you can live life with happiness, not survival. I love people and it is the joy of my life working with people wherever they are in their journey.
Now is your time. Depression, anxiety, anger, frustration, hurt, loneliness, etc. When emotional pain comes, there is help. For the past twenty years I have helped people understand and move through their emotional pain. Sometimes it's helping to cope with this pain in order to move through it, but often it's becoming free from it so you can live life with happiness, not survival. I love people and it is the joy of my life working with people wherever they are in their journey.
(801) 855-8342 View (801) 855-8342
Photo of Catherine Doherty, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Catherine Doherty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Centerville, UT 84014
I believe that, as people, we are resilient and have an innate ability to weather life's storms. I also believe that we weather those storms better when we are equipped with tools, strategies, and support from others. I use a myriad of evidence-based approaches to tailor treatment to the unique needs of each client. I enjoy helping individuals to draw upon and discover their own strengths and abilities as they overcome challenges, and become stronger in the process. I have experience working with adults, adolescents, and children (ages 5 and older) in residential treatment centers, day treatment programs, and outpatient settings.
I believe that, as people, we are resilient and have an innate ability to weather life's storms. I also believe that we weather those storms better when we are equipped with tools, strategies, and support from others. I use a myriad of evidence-based approaches to tailor treatment to the unique needs of each client. I enjoy helping individuals to draw upon and discover their own strengths and abilities as they overcome challenges, and become stronger in the process. I have experience working with adults, adolescents, and children (ages 5 and older) in residential treatment centers, day treatment programs, and outpatient settings.
(385) 402-7484 View (385) 402-7484
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 84014

70+

Average cost per session

$130

Therapists in 84014 who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
96% Depression
88% Trauma and PTSD
76% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% SelectHealth
81% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Public Employees Health Plan

How Therapists in 84014 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 84014?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.