Photo of Sana Mohiuddin, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sana Mohiuddin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148  (Online Only)
As a dedicated and compassionate therapist, it is my mission to provide a safe and supportive environment for individuals seeking healing and personal growth. My name is Sana Mohiuddin, and I am a licensed therapist specializing in family systems and trauma-focused therapies, including Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) training, combined with an Islamically oriented approach.
As a dedicated and compassionate therapist, it is my mission to provide a safe and supportive environment for individuals seeking healing and personal growth. My name is Sana Mohiuddin, and I am a licensed therapist specializing in family systems and trauma-focused therapies, including Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) training, combined with an Islamically oriented approach.
(630) 517-3369 View (630) 517-3369
Photo of Asma Farooq Shaikh, MS, LPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Asma Farooq Shaikh
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
• "Do not judge me by my success, judge me by how many times I fell down and got back up again." – Nelson Mandela. I believe every individual has been gifted with unique strengths due to their life experiences. We all possess the ability for healing, growth, and self-development. Oftentimes, we can feel "stuck" and lose motivation in life. I have had the honor to support clients of all ages in their healing journies by utilizing ACT, CBT, DBT, Solution Focused, Trauma Focused & Strength Based interventions.
• "Do not judge me by my success, judge me by how many times I fell down and got back up again." – Nelson Mandela. I believe every individual has been gifted with unique strengths due to their life experiences. We all possess the ability for healing, growth, and self-development. Oftentimes, we can feel "stuck" and lose motivation in life. I have had the honor to support clients of all ages in their healing journies by utilizing ACT, CBT, DBT, Solution Focused, Trauma Focused & Strength Based interventions.
(331) 265-7290 View (331) 265-7290
Photo of Latrionna Moore, LSW
Latrionna Moore
LSW
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
I am passionate about helping others become the best version of themselves. As a social worker, I have a client-centered, strengths-based approach. I understand that diving into your past and sorting through your feelings and thoughts can be challenging. I want to help you better understand your experiences and find a path forward.
I am passionate about helping others become the best version of themselves. As a social worker, I have a client-centered, strengths-based approach. I understand that diving into your past and sorting through your feelings and thoughts can be challenging. I want to help you better understand your experiences and find a path forward.
(331) 260-0635 View (331) 260-0635
Photo of Liz Barta, LCPC, Counselor
Liz Barta
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
I believe psychotherapy is a deep process that offers clients the space to examine their life with curiosity, compassion, and intention. Sometimes clients come in needing assistance with one specific issue, while others are needing someone to walk through a difficult season of life with them. I am deeply passionate about providing support for folks wherever they are in their journey. Specifically, I feel called to work with young adults. I believe it’s a potent time in life – trying to find your direction, calling, and soul's purpose in this world.
I believe psychotherapy is a deep process that offers clients the space to examine their life with curiosity, compassion, and intention. Sometimes clients come in needing assistance with one specific issue, while others are needing someone to walk through a difficult season of life with them. I am deeply passionate about providing support for folks wherever they are in their journey. Specifically, I feel called to work with young adults. I believe it’s a potent time in life – trying to find your direction, calling, and soul's purpose in this world.
(331) 253-4925 View (331) 253-4925
Photo of Emily Myers, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emily Myers
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
I believe that therapy can be the key to unlocking your higher self, regardless of your place in life. Human beings have incredible capabilities but that can be difficult to discover on your own while facing life’s challenges. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, ADHD, addiction, life transitions, academic stress, relationship issues, parenting, body image and eating issues, sexual and gender identity, trauma and more. I work with individual clients and couples of all ages and backgrounds with a non-judgmental and compassionate approach to identify and meet your unique needs and goals in therapy and beyond.
I believe that therapy can be the key to unlocking your higher self, regardless of your place in life. Human beings have incredible capabilities but that can be difficult to discover on your own while facing life’s challenges. I have experience working with anxiety, depression, ADHD, addiction, life transitions, academic stress, relationship issues, parenting, body image and eating issues, sexual and gender identity, trauma and more. I work with individual clients and couples of all ages and backgrounds with a non-judgmental and compassionate approach to identify and meet your unique needs and goals in therapy and beyond.
(331) 246-0234 View (331) 246-0234
Photo of Anna Jasiewicz, PsyD, QEEG-D, BCN, Psychologist
Anna Jasiewicz
Psychologist, PsyD, QEEG-D, BCN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
I am the owner of 'Bright Minds' at LNC. We specialize in neurodiversity-affirming testing and therapy services. The information obtained from our evaluations can be one of the most valuable and informative tools because it helps deepen the understanding of yourself or your child & most importantly-it guides the direction of your treatment and supports. We believe that your evaluation should be more than just a 'label" but rather it should be comprehensive, informative and personalized. I specialize in therapy and testing services for following neurodivergence: Autistics, ADHD'ers, 2E/Giftedness, Neurodivergent Trauma, Bipolar ND.
I am the owner of 'Bright Minds' at LNC. We specialize in neurodiversity-affirming testing and therapy services. The information obtained from our evaluations can be one of the most valuable and informative tools because it helps deepen the understanding of yourself or your child & most importantly-it guides the direction of your treatment and supports. We believe that your evaluation should be more than just a 'label" but rather it should be comprehensive, informative and personalized. I specialize in therapy and testing services for following neurodivergence: Autistics, ADHD'ers, 2E/Giftedness, Neurodivergent Trauma, Bipolar ND.
(331) 214-3214 View (331) 214-3214
Photo of Danielle Burnette, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danielle Burnette
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148  (Online Only)
“Our daily lives can be challenging, but there are so many ways and opportunities for us to heal and grow. With an open mind and open heart, I seek to provide guidance to my clients as they navigate through the process of self-discovery and resolution.”I earned an undergraduate degree from Indiana University and an MSW from NYU. My experiences at NYU inspired many areas of interest, including trauma/crisis therapy for adolescents and adults. I am passionate about helping my clients on their healing journey and encouraging them to be their authentic selves, because I want to know the real you.
“Our daily lives can be challenging, but there are so many ways and opportunities for us to heal and grow. With an open mind and open heart, I seek to provide guidance to my clients as they navigate through the process of self-discovery and resolution.”I earned an undergraduate degree from Indiana University and an MSW from NYU. My experiences at NYU inspired many areas of interest, including trauma/crisis therapy for adolescents and adults. I am passionate about helping my clients on their healing journey and encouraging them to be their authentic selves, because I want to know the real you.
(708) 501-5434 View (708) 501-5434
Photo of Dawn Boettger, MS, NCC, LCPC, Counselor
Dawn Boettger
Counselor, MS, NCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
My goal is to help you find relief and make lasting change in your overall quality of life. Live well, time is our most valuable asset! Whether it seems like a small bump in the road or a mountain standing before you, I can help! Deeply passionate about my work, I have extensive training and experience to help you find relief, healing, and personal growth. Real and lasting change comes from the experience of awareness, then acceptance and action. By gaining clarity and self-awareness; you signficantly improve your skills to tackle lifes difficult and perplexing challenges.
My goal is to help you find relief and make lasting change in your overall quality of life. Live well, time is our most valuable asset! Whether it seems like a small bump in the road or a mountain standing before you, I can help! Deeply passionate about my work, I have extensive training and experience to help you find relief, healing, and personal growth. Real and lasting change comes from the experience of awareness, then acceptance and action. By gaining clarity and self-awareness; you signficantly improve your skills to tackle lifes difficult and perplexing challenges.
(630) 748-8261 View (630) 748-8261
Photo of Amy S Kennaugh, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amy S Kennaugh
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
I believe therapy offers a hurting individual the opportunity to talk though, identify, and heal struggles that they are experiencing in the life. By using a person centered approach, I assist individuals, couples, and adolescents to feel whole again. I welcome all cultures, including first responders, frontline workers, and their families. I help clients develop coping skills that meet their individual needs to better understand themselves and the world they live in,
I believe therapy offers a hurting individual the opportunity to talk though, identify, and heal struggles that they are experiencing in the life. By using a person centered approach, I assist individuals, couples, and adolescents to feel whole again. I welcome all cultures, including first responders, frontline workers, and their families. I help clients develop coping skills that meet their individual needs to better understand themselves and the world they live in,
(331) 207-9051 View (331) 207-9051
Photo of Barbra Kraus, PsyD, Psychologist
Barbra Kraus
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out, anxious or depressed? Are you ready to make a change? Whether your problem is due to a current situation or a long-standing issue, therapy can help you make the changes to get you to start feeling like yourself again. I help people find their inner strengths, learn how to be true to themselves in identifying wants, needs, and desires and figuring out a way to achieve these dreams.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stressed out, anxious or depressed? Are you ready to make a change? Whether your problem is due to a current situation or a long-standing issue, therapy can help you make the changes to get you to start feeling like yourself again. I help people find their inner strengths, learn how to be true to themselves in identifying wants, needs, and desires and figuring out a way to achieve these dreams.
(773) 599-3959 View (773) 599-3959
Photo of Chelsie Ketton, MSEd, LCPC, Counselor
Chelsie Ketton
Counselor, MSEd, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148  (Online Only)
I believe we are the experts of ourselves and likely have the answers we are searching for within us. However, how do we find and make sense of something that may lie deep within? Therapy is a helpful tool to assist in sorting thoughts, feelings, and beliefs to find the resolution you need. I applaud you for either just beginning this process or continuing to search for the right therapeutic match to suit your needs. My intent is to provide a safe and supportive space through your counseling experience.
I believe we are the experts of ourselves and likely have the answers we are searching for within us. However, how do we find and make sense of something that may lie deep within? Therapy is a helpful tool to assist in sorting thoughts, feelings, and beliefs to find the resolution you need. I applaud you for either just beginning this process or continuing to search for the right therapeutic match to suit your needs. My intent is to provide a safe and supportive space through your counseling experience.
(847) 396-9523 View (847) 396-9523
Photo of Ron Jordan - Ron Jordan, LCSW, LCSW, CMFT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ron Jordan, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CMFT
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
Do you want to feel better? Do you want to feel more in control of your life? I see clients through teleterapy and in-person. I will help you find the solutions you need to feel in charge of your life. I have worked with people of all ages and backgrounds for the past twenty three years. I am confident that I can help you if you are willing to take the steps necessary to change your life. The first step is to have the courage to reach out for help when you need it. I will provide the professional care that you need in a safe, caring, and comforting environment.
Do you want to feel better? Do you want to feel more in control of your life? I see clients through teleterapy and in-person. I will help you find the solutions you need to feel in charge of your life. I have worked with people of all ages and backgrounds for the past twenty three years. I am confident that I can help you if you are willing to take the steps necessary to change your life. The first step is to have the courage to reach out for help when you need it. I will provide the professional care that you need in a safe, caring, and comforting environment.
(847) 512-8423 View (847) 512-8423
Photo of Anays L Guzman, LCPC, Counselor
Anays L Guzman
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
Welcome! I strongly believe that every person's internal world contains an inconceivable depth that can only be recognized through inner exploration. Symptoms of distress such as anxiety, panic, depression, anger/resentment, trauma & its associated narratives, can keep us feeling stuck and deprived from a fulfilling life. Through dual commitment in our time together, the goal is to go from any level of internal dysfunction to internal cohesion.
Welcome! I strongly believe that every person's internal world contains an inconceivable depth that can only be recognized through inner exploration. Symptoms of distress such as anxiety, panic, depression, anger/resentment, trauma & its associated narratives, can keep us feeling stuck and deprived from a fulfilling life. Through dual commitment in our time together, the goal is to go from any level of internal dysfunction to internal cohesion.
(331) 207-9030 View (331) 207-9030
Photo of Cameren Rutz, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cameren Rutz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
I firmly believe that therapy can be beneficial for everyone. Life is full of uncertainties, and everyone encounters challenges and seeks ways to grow or process their past experiences. We are all human, and sometimes the burdens can feel overwhelming to handle alone. As a therapist, I guide clients to rediscover their values, pursue their passions, and foster inner healing while nurturing hope for the future. I understand the feelings of being lost, stuck, or striving to establish healthier habits. My role is to provide support and encourage you to celebrate even the smallest achievements along your journey.
I firmly believe that therapy can be beneficial for everyone. Life is full of uncertainties, and everyone encounters challenges and seeks ways to grow or process their past experiences. We are all human, and sometimes the burdens can feel overwhelming to handle alone. As a therapist, I guide clients to rediscover their values, pursue their passions, and foster inner healing while nurturing hope for the future. I understand the feelings of being lost, stuck, or striving to establish healthier habits. My role is to provide support and encourage you to celebrate even the smallest achievements along your journey.
(630) 354-0978 View (630) 354-0978
Photo of Marianne Di Vittorio - Breakthrough Counseling & Clinical Services, LCPC, CADC, CGRP, NCC, Counselor
Breakthrough Counseling & Clinical Services
Counselor, LCPC, CADC, CGRP, NCC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
My goal at Breakthrough Counseling is to meet you exactly where you are in your stress, brokenness, anxiety, depression, marital conflict, grief, addiction, etc. YOU are not alone. You may be going through a challenging time in your life but there is REAL HOPE. It starts with you taking the first step by calling me to help you. My therapeutic approach is individualized and will vary based on your needs, but it will always be genuine and respectful. My goal is to help you heal from the inside out, develop coping skills that will bring real change to your life.
My goal at Breakthrough Counseling is to meet you exactly where you are in your stress, brokenness, anxiety, depression, marital conflict, grief, addiction, etc. YOU are not alone. You may be going through a challenging time in your life but there is REAL HOPE. It starts with you taking the first step by calling me to help you. My therapeutic approach is individualized and will vary based on your needs, but it will always be genuine and respectful. My goal is to help you heal from the inside out, develop coping skills that will bring real change to your life.
(630) 457-1684 View (630) 457-1684
Photo of Vanessa Diaz, LPC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Vanessa Diaz
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
My name is Vanessa Diaz, LPC, as someone committed to supporting individuals and families, I bring a blend of compassion and offer a variety of therapeutic services tailored to align with each individual's needs. I am a proud mother of two wonderful children, including a neurodivergent child, which has deeply enriched my understanding and empathy in my work. My commitment extends to serving the LatinX community, providing therapy services in Spanish to ensure inclusivity and accessibility.
My name is Vanessa Diaz, LPC, as someone committed to supporting individuals and families, I bring a blend of compassion and offer a variety of therapeutic services tailored to align with each individual's needs. I am a proud mother of two wonderful children, including a neurodivergent child, which has deeply enriched my understanding and empathy in my work. My commitment extends to serving the LatinX community, providing therapy services in Spanish to ensure inclusivity and accessibility.
(331) 267-6550 View (331) 267-6550
Photo of Jami Aitken, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jami Aitken
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
We are now accepting new clients from the ages of 12 to 25 and we work exclusively with adolescents and young adults. Our team is committed to helping individuals to achieve positive transformations and surmount life's obstacles. Having accumulated 15+ years of experience, I have worked with a broad spectrum of individuals in many different settings, such as outpatient, residential, and inpatient care. Our proficiency lies in aiding individuals with co-occurring disorders, high levels of anxiety and depression, trauma, and mood disorders.
We are now accepting new clients from the ages of 12 to 25 and we work exclusively with adolescents and young adults. Our team is committed to helping individuals to achieve positive transformations and surmount life's obstacles. Having accumulated 15+ years of experience, I have worked with a broad spectrum of individuals in many different settings, such as outpatient, residential, and inpatient care. Our proficiency lies in aiding individuals with co-occurring disorders, high levels of anxiety and depression, trauma, and mood disorders.
(630) 634-7986 View (630) 634-7986
Photo of Tom Stamas, MA, LCPC, CADC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tom Stamas
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC, CADC
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148  (Online Only)
When life is challenging it can be hard to know what to do or where to turn to. You feel worried, angry, or sad. You don't think you're "good enough." It's hard to get things done. You can't let loose and fully enjoy life. You might be struggling with an addiction. You aren't where you thought you'd be at this point in time and you know you’re capable of so much more. You want fulfillment, success, fun, money, and love. I can help. I am a collaborative, caring therapist. Together we will identify your needs and learn to take action to overcome obstacles and achieve your goals to make your life happy, comfortable, and meaningful.
When life is challenging it can be hard to know what to do or where to turn to. You feel worried, angry, or sad. You don't think you're "good enough." It's hard to get things done. You can't let loose and fully enjoy life. You might be struggling with an addiction. You aren't where you thought you'd be at this point in time and you know you’re capable of so much more. You want fulfillment, success, fun, money, and love. I can help. I am a collaborative, caring therapist. Together we will identify your needs and learn to take action to overcome obstacles and achieve your goals to make your life happy, comfortable, and meaningful.
(630) 426-7293 View (630) 426-7293
Photo of Rayven Cornelio, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rayven Cornelio
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lombard, IL 60148
We work exclusively with teens and young adults. My dedication lies in guiding you towards happiness and recovery. I am enthusiastic about creating a supportive and safe environment where individuals feel valued, respected, and free to express themselves without fear of judgement. With several years of experience working across multiple levels of care, including both private practice and inpatient care, I am well-equipped to assist you in your journey towards better mental health.
We work exclusively with teens and young adults. My dedication lies in guiding you towards happiness and recovery. I am enthusiastic about creating a supportive and safe environment where individuals feel valued, respected, and free to express themselves without fear of judgement. With several years of experience working across multiple levels of care, including both private practice and inpatient care, I am well-equipped to assist you in your journey towards better mental health.
(630) 864-6774 View (630) 864-6774
Photo of Tom Wolf, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tom Wolf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lombard, IL 60148
I enjoy working with clients who are adjusting to life's difficulties and managing a life stage or an illness. With over 20 years experience working with people with physical disabilities and chronic illnesses, my special interests include Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury survivors and their families. Some have had difficult times in earlier life and want to move beyond those limitations and lead fuller lives. Others are going through rough spots and are looking for someone to talk with outside their family or circle of friends.
I enjoy working with clients who are adjusting to life's difficulties and managing a life stage or an illness. With over 20 years experience working with people with physical disabilities and chronic illnesses, my special interests include Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury survivors and their families. Some have had difficult times in earlier life and want to move beyond those limitations and lead fuller lives. Others are going through rough spots and are looking for someone to talk with outside their family or circle of friends.
(331) 320-6066 View (331) 320-6066
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 60148

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 60148 who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
92% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
79% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
69% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Aetna
59% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 60148 see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 60148?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.