Photo of Kate Berry: Depression - Grief - Navigating Change, SWLC, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kate Berry: Depression - Grief - Navigating Change
Pre-Licensed Professional, SWLC, MSW
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Are you stuck feeling lost, alone, and in the struggle? Do you have big feelings about losing a relationship, a path not taken, or a major change in life that has left you unsure of where to turn or what to do? From where you stand, it's hard to know where to even begin! You crave an opportunity to talk openly about the thoughts running through your head (even the conflicting ones), wishing that someone would just listen and try to understand what you're dealing with. You want to be seen and understood and to have some support in finding a way through this. If this sounds like you, you've come to the right place.
Are you stuck feeling lost, alone, and in the struggle? Do you have big feelings about losing a relationship, a path not taken, or a major change in life that has left you unsure of where to turn or what to do? From where you stand, it's hard to know where to even begin! You crave an opportunity to talk openly about the thoughts running through your head (even the conflicting ones), wishing that someone would just listen and try to understand what you're dealing with. You want to be seen and understood and to have some support in finding a way through this. If this sounds like you, you've come to the right place.
(406) 802-5559 View (406) 802-5559
Photo of Ashley Bennett, PhD, BCBA-D, LBA
Ashley Bennett
PhD, BCBA-D, LBA
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Are you struggling in your role as a parent? Does your child have a need that you are not sure how to meet? Are you having difficulty coparenting? Have you tried to bring harmony to your family and nothing is working? You may need an expert with over 25 years of experience in partnering with parents to help them understand and help their child's developmental, behavioral, and educational needs. My goal as a Behavior Analyst (MT & AZ), Family Coach, and Neurofeedback practitioner is to help you and your family find connection and strengthen your family unit.
Are you struggling in your role as a parent? Does your child have a need that you are not sure how to meet? Are you having difficulty coparenting? Have you tried to bring harmony to your family and nothing is working? You may need an expert with over 25 years of experience in partnering with parents to help them understand and help their child's developmental, behavioral, and educational needs. My goal as a Behavior Analyst (MT & AZ), Family Coach, and Neurofeedback practitioner is to help you and your family find connection and strengthen your family unit.
(406) 642-8576 View (406) 642-8576
Photo of Dr. Samantha Kinkaid Phd, PhD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dr. Samantha Kinkaid Phd
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD
Not Verified Not Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Evidence-based models are used with all clients. EMDR, Brainspotting and neurobiological therapies are utilized for resolution of trauma and adverse life experiences. Applied Positive Psychology, CBT, EFT, mindfulness practices, and strengths-based approaches are used with individuals and couples for reducing anxiety, depression, and conflict, while improving communication skills, awareness, and overall health and well-being.
Evidence-based models are used with all clients. EMDR, Brainspotting and neurobiological therapies are utilized for resolution of trauma and adverse life experiences. Applied Positive Psychology, CBT, EFT, mindfulness practices, and strengths-based approaches are used with individuals and couples for reducing anxiety, depression, and conflict, while improving communication skills, awareness, and overall health and well-being.
(406) 282-8216 View (406) 282-8216
Photo of Abbe McClenahan, MA, MBA, LMFT, LCPC, Counselor
Abbe McClenahan
Counselor, MA, MBA, LMFT, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
Do you need support to improve your mental and emotional state of being? I am honest, loving, direct and non-judgmental; with a calling to help others by bringing awareness to what is causing mental suffering to facilitate healing. Services offered include a blend of various therapeutic modalities. One size does not fit all and I work uniquely with each client based on their specific need, emotional and psychological ailment, and temperament. Play therapy techniques are utilized when working with children. I am professionally trained in Somatic therapy used in treating trauma/PTSD and mindfulness techniques for stress reduction.
Do you need support to improve your mental and emotional state of being? I am honest, loving, direct and non-judgmental; with a calling to help others by bringing awareness to what is causing mental suffering to facilitate healing. Services offered include a blend of various therapeutic modalities. One size does not fit all and I work uniquely with each client based on their specific need, emotional and psychological ailment, and temperament. Play therapy techniques are utilized when working with children. I am professionally trained in Somatic therapy used in treating trauma/PTSD and mindfulness techniques for stress reduction.
(406) 612-1293 View (406) 612-1293
Photo of Burket Kniveton, LCPC
Burket Kniveton
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
Waitlist for new clients
I offer individualized counseling for people who want to better understand themselves, and live more fulfilling lives. I specialize in providing professional counseling for men, athletes, and teens who are motivated to explore issues related to: relationship stress, values, purpose, identity, and life transitions. Together, we can explore who you are, make sense of what’s happened in your life, and untangle your emotions so that you can move towards who you want to be.
I offer individualized counseling for people who want to better understand themselves, and live more fulfilling lives. I specialize in providing professional counseling for men, athletes, and teens who are motivated to explore issues related to: relationship stress, values, purpose, identity, and life transitions. Together, we can explore who you are, make sense of what’s happened in your life, and untangle your emotions so that you can move towards who you want to be.
(406) 296-5331 View (406) 296-5331
Photo of Mindy Kalee, LCPC, LMHC, Counselor
Mindy Kalee
Counselor, LCPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
Sometimes life is about showing up and trying, even in the places where we struggle the most. Some of our work may be about your current life and the various problems or stressors that are troubling you. We will work together to explore why these troubles have presented themselves and find a way through them. Some of our work may also be about your formative years of childhood; love and how you have or have not been loved by the most influential people in your life (including yourself); how various thoughts/behaviors may be benefiting or hindering your life or finding your voice and having the ability to use it strongly but kindly.
Sometimes life is about showing up and trying, even in the places where we struggle the most. Some of our work may be about your current life and the various problems or stressors that are troubling you. We will work together to explore why these troubles have presented themselves and find a way through them. Some of our work may also be about your formative years of childhood; love and how you have or have not been loved by the most influential people in your life (including yourself); how various thoughts/behaviors may be benefiting or hindering your life or finding your voice and having the ability to use it strongly but kindly.
(406) 306-7683 View (406) 306-7683
Photo of Erin Adams-Griffin, LCSW, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erin Adams-Griffin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LAC
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Waitlist for new clients
You already have, and can unlock, everything you need to live a fulfilling and purposeful life. My philosophy is that the person/people sitting across from me come with primary expertise, experience and wisdom. Each one is a specialist in their own self and their own life, and comes with inherent worth, value and dignity. My priority is to be fully present and aware in order to build trusting relationships, deeply understand, reflect each person's insights/solutions, and offer hope in other possibilities. It's an honor to be a partner and consultant in the process of uncovering hidden resources.
You already have, and can unlock, everything you need to live a fulfilling and purposeful life. My philosophy is that the person/people sitting across from me come with primary expertise, experience and wisdom. Each one is a specialist in their own self and their own life, and comes with inherent worth, value and dignity. My priority is to be fully present and aware in order to build trusting relationships, deeply understand, reflect each person's insights/solutions, and offer hope in other possibilities. It's an honor to be a partner and consultant in the process of uncovering hidden resources.
(406) 943-0336 View (406) 943-0336
Photo of Jerri Swenson, LCPC, Counselor
Jerri Swenson
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
I work with adults, couples and teenagers. My approach is a blend of Family Systems Theory, cognitive behavioral therapy and positive psychology. I believe the quality of our lives is mostly determined by the quality of our relationships, so my work often involved teaching communication skills, resolving conflict and applying the new but vast amount of scientific research about relationships to your own lives. We can't control the events in our lives or our feelings, but we can control our behavior and thoughts. Counseling is learning to do just that. It's educational, inspiring and helpful in so many ways!
I work with adults, couples and teenagers. My approach is a blend of Family Systems Theory, cognitive behavioral therapy and positive psychology. I believe the quality of our lives is mostly determined by the quality of our relationships, so my work often involved teaching communication skills, resolving conflict and applying the new but vast amount of scientific research about relationships to your own lives. We can't control the events in our lives or our feelings, but we can control our behavior and thoughts. Counseling is learning to do just that. It's educational, inspiring and helpful in so many ways!
(866) 862-7664 View (866) 862-7664
Photo of Karen Lenard, PsyD, Psychologist
Karen Lenard
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
Now offering boutique in-home therapy. Let me come to you! No insurance records means no concerns about your privacy being violated. Boutique services at its best, patients can opt for in-home therapy allowing you to remain in the comfort of your own home or at locations agreed upon beforehand. Does your history contain repeated insults to your soul? Or, have you experienced repeated insults to your sense of self, repeated stresses or traumas that somehow erode your experience of life? Using research-based methods, Dr. Lenard can help you find relief to a more balanced and fulfilling life.
Now offering boutique in-home therapy. Let me come to you! No insurance records means no concerns about your privacy being violated. Boutique services at its best, patients can opt for in-home therapy allowing you to remain in the comfort of your own home or at locations agreed upon beforehand. Does your history contain repeated insults to your soul? Or, have you experienced repeated insults to your sense of self, repeated stresses or traumas that somehow erode your experience of life? Using research-based methods, Dr. Lenard can help you find relief to a more balanced and fulfilling life.
(406) 400-9035 View (406) 400-9035
Photo of Rachel Rollins, LCPC, CMCHC, MA, Counselor
Rachel Rollins
Counselor, LCPC, CMCHC, MA
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937  (Online Only)
I have a passion for working with people who are in need of surrendering old coping skills and behaviors that no longer serve them. This may be challenging those "old" thought patterns when they arise, or allowing space for a "new" point of view or voice to be heard. The therapeutic relationship should be a place where one can practice setting boundaries, empowering themselves, and self advocating. My practice includes an integrative and somatic psychotherapy approach. Modalities include EMDR, CBT, attachment theory, neurodevelopment and psycho-education, and somatic techniques.
I have a passion for working with people who are in need of surrendering old coping skills and behaviors that no longer serve them. This may be challenging those "old" thought patterns when they arise, or allowing space for a "new" point of view or voice to be heard. The therapeutic relationship should be a place where one can practice setting boundaries, empowering themselves, and self advocating. My practice includes an integrative and somatic psychotherapy approach. Modalities include EMDR, CBT, attachment theory, neurodevelopment and psycho-education, and somatic techniques.
(406) 629-1589 View (406) 629-1589
Photo of Kyle R Stansbury, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kyle R Stansbury
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937  (Online Only)
I primarily focus on transitional coaching. This typically centers around moving into adulthood, marriage, fatherhood, changes in work, midlife or elderhood. Just moved to town...that counts too. Not exclusively, but I often connect the easiest with creative and independent business people. I am also passionate about supporting clients in preparing and integrating traditional medicine work.
I primarily focus on transitional coaching. This typically centers around moving into adulthood, marriage, fatherhood, changes in work, midlife or elderhood. Just moved to town...that counts too. Not exclusively, but I often connect the easiest with creative and independent business people. I am also passionate about supporting clients in preparing and integrating traditional medicine work.
(406) 730-3611 View (406) 730-3611
Photo of Carlin Phillips, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carlin Phillips
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937  (Online Only)
I would like to help people who need support in adjustment, relationship issues, anxiety and depression, self-esteem concerns... really most everyone who desires a supportive relationship.
I would like to help people who need support in adjustment, relationship issues, anxiety and depression, self-esteem concerns... really most everyone who desires a supportive relationship.
(406) 732-7097 View (406) 732-7097
Photo of Rachel Maas Rost, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel Maas Rost
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937  (Online Only)
Welcome, I am glad you are here! My approach is authentic, non-judgmental, collaborative and evidence-based. I believe you are the expert of yourself and/or family and together we can explore your struggles and strengths to help navigate the past, present and future.
Welcome, I am glad you are here! My approach is authentic, non-judgmental, collaborative and evidence-based. I believe you are the expert of yourself and/or family and together we can explore your struggles and strengths to help navigate the past, present and future.
(406) 380-4542 View (406) 380-4542
Photo of Emily Swisher, LCPC, MA, Counselor
Emily Swisher
Counselor, LCPC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
I am available for new clients! You are welcome to contact me here and I have some direct scheduling through my website! If you are seeking clarity and understanding into how your experiences have influenced your quality of living, I would greatly enjoy meeting with you. With over seven years of experience, I enjoy working from an empowered approach into our past; addressing past traumas and grief as a way to move forward and live 'in the moment' with a sense of understanding. Mind-body health and awareness are stressed throughout our work together for optimal healing and vitality.
I am available for new clients! You are welcome to contact me here and I have some direct scheduling through my website! If you are seeking clarity and understanding into how your experiences have influenced your quality of living, I would greatly enjoy meeting with you. With over seven years of experience, I enjoy working from an empowered approach into our past; addressing past traumas and grief as a way to move forward and live 'in the moment' with a sense of understanding. Mind-body health and awareness are stressed throughout our work together for optimal healing and vitality.
(406) 306-7545 View (406) 306-7545
Photo of Stephanie Paidas - Dr. Stephanie Paidas, PhD, LCPC, Counselor
Dr. Stephanie Paidas
Counselor, PhD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Waitlist for new clients
Healing and wholeness are possible for you (yes- you!), and Dr. Stephanie Paidas at Natural Transformations can help. Stephanie has worked in various therapeutic roles since 1995, addressing depression, anxiety, trauma, illness, family conflict, and supporting people through life transitions and difficult times. Together, we'll explore your experiences, symptoms, thoughts, emotions, and relationships to best understand and support your growth and healing. Our sessions can help you to cultivate the life you long to live with healthy coping and relationships alongside self-love and acceptance.
Healing and wholeness are possible for you (yes- you!), and Dr. Stephanie Paidas at Natural Transformations can help. Stephanie has worked in various therapeutic roles since 1995, addressing depression, anxiety, trauma, illness, family conflict, and supporting people through life transitions and difficult times. Together, we'll explore your experiences, symptoms, thoughts, emotions, and relationships to best understand and support your growth and healing. Our sessions can help you to cultivate the life you long to live with healthy coping and relationships alongside self-love and acceptance.
(406) 296-5307 View (406) 296-5307
Photo of Chrissy Boysen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chrissy Boysen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
Chrissy Boysen is a licensed therapist who has been providing therapeutic services in the Flathead Valley for the past 18 years. She has experience treating adolescents and adults who are struggling with issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief, and family conflict. In her private practice, Chrissy works with individuals and families who are experiencing a range of emotional and mental health issues. She uses a variety of therapeutic techniques in her practice and works alongside clients to find relief from their present difficulties and gain greater confidence in themselves.
Chrissy Boysen is a licensed therapist who has been providing therapeutic services in the Flathead Valley for the past 18 years. She has experience treating adolescents and adults who are struggling with issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, grief, and family conflict. In her private practice, Chrissy works with individuals and families who are experiencing a range of emotional and mental health issues. She uses a variety of therapeutic techniques in her practice and works alongside clients to find relief from their present difficulties and gain greater confidence in themselves.
(406) 412-1137 View (406) 412-1137
Photo of Jesse Okeefe, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jesse Okeefe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
In times when feelings of depression, anxiety, and loneliness become overwhelming, it's natural to experience a sense of hopelessness. Relationships, at times, may contribute to feelings of unhappiness as well. Within the therapeutic setting, we will collaboratively address these challenges. Therapy is about self-discovery, encompassing both your past and present. This exploration can lead to a more content and purposeful life. My approach involves assisting clients in comprehending their strengths and challenges and establishing a foundation for achieving their aspirations. Most importantly, is our relationship in creating change.
In times when feelings of depression, anxiety, and loneliness become overwhelming, it's natural to experience a sense of hopelessness. Relationships, at times, may contribute to feelings of unhappiness as well. Within the therapeutic setting, we will collaboratively address these challenges. Therapy is about self-discovery, encompassing both your past and present. This exploration can lead to a more content and purposeful life. My approach involves assisting clients in comprehending their strengths and challenges and establishing a foundation for achieving their aspirations. Most importantly, is our relationship in creating change.
(406) 380-4953 View (406) 380-4953
Photo of Katrina Cherry Platt, LCPC, Counselor
Katrina Cherry Platt
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Whitefish, MT 59937
Life can be difficult. It can also be beautiful. Everyone deserves support during the difficult, beautiful, and in-between. I can accompany you on your journey to a healthier, more satisfying life. I combine multiple approaches to help the client reconnect with their authentic self then provide support while we figure out the neccesary steps to truly honor that self. We each have our own story and I work with each client to help unravel unhelpful patterns, increase coping skills, and build a new life narrative. Ultimately, my hope is to help you become the best version of yourself.
Life can be difficult. It can also be beautiful. Everyone deserves support during the difficult, beautiful, and in-between. I can accompany you on your journey to a healthier, more satisfying life. I combine multiple approaches to help the client reconnect with their authentic self then provide support while we figure out the neccesary steps to truly honor that self. We each have our own story and I work with each client to help unravel unhelpful patterns, increase coping skills, and build a new life narrative. Ultimately, my hope is to help you become the best version of yourself.
(406) 905-0059 View (406) 905-0059
Photo of David Nadel, MSW, SWLC, LAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Nadel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, SWLC, LAC
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or in need of a safe space to explore your emotions and thoughts? I'm here to help. As a therapist, I specialize in life changes, depression, anxiety, addiction and co-occurring disorders. I offer a personalized and empathetic approach to therapy. Therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and I understand that. That's why I work collaboratively with you to tailor our sessions to your unique needs and goals. Whether you're facing challenges related to anxiety, depression, stress, relationships, or personal growth, I'm committed to providing the support and guidance you need to thrive.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or in need of a safe space to explore your emotions and thoughts? I'm here to help. As a therapist, I specialize in life changes, depression, anxiety, addiction and co-occurring disorders. I offer a personalized and empathetic approach to therapy. Therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and I understand that. That's why I work collaboratively with you to tailor our sessions to your unique needs and goals. Whether you're facing challenges related to anxiety, depression, stress, relationships, or personal growth, I'm committed to providing the support and guidance you need to thrive.
(406) 284-7107 View (406) 284-7107
Photo of Stuart Young, LCPC, LMHC, Counselor
Stuart Young
Counselor, LCPC, LMHC
Verified Verified
Whitefish, MT 59937
There's something you are seeking to understand and discover. Though you may not know exactly what that is at this time, the need and desire to search is there. Something is compelling you to begin the quest of transforming the old and heavy parts of yourself into a more insightful and refined whole. What is important is that you have decided to begin the quest of understanding your past and present, and determining your future.
There's something you are seeking to understand and discover. Though you may not know exactly what that is at this time, the need and desire to search is there. Something is compelling you to begin the quest of transforming the old and heavy parts of yourself into a more insightful and refined whole. What is important is that you have decided to begin the quest of understanding your past and present, and determining your future.
(406) 313-8273 View (406) 313-8273

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 59937

90+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in 59937 who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
91% Depression
83% Trauma and PTSD
81% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
72% Stress
70% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
81% Allegiance
64% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 59937 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 59937?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.