Photo of Aimee E Kidd, MA, LPCC-S, NCC
Aimee E Kidd
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
In today’s fast-paced world of high demands and overstimulation, people need a peaceful place to relax and refocus. They need to be heard without judgement or interruption. Children need a caring adult to be present with them in the moment, someone to provide them with undivided attention. Teenagers need understanding. Couples need unbiased perspective. Every person's needs matter.
In today’s fast-paced world of high demands and overstimulation, people need a peaceful place to relax and refocus. They need to be heard without judgement or interruption. Children need a caring adult to be present with them in the moment, someone to provide them with undivided attention. Teenagers need understanding. Couples need unbiased perspective. Every person's needs matter.
(859) 544-2196 View (859) 544-2196
Photo of Kelly S Nunley, MA, LPCC
Kelly S Nunley
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, KY 40475
I have 25 yrs of experience working with children, adolescents and adults in various settings including in-home, school-based and outpatient settings. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, ADHD, ODD and well as trauma and abuse. I believe that all individuals are capable of change and that all individuals are just that, individuals, not a label or diagnosis. I use a person-centered, caring approach and work very hard to make every person feel special and cared for.
I have 25 yrs of experience working with children, adolescents and adults in various settings including in-home, school-based and outpatient settings. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, ADHD, ODD and well as trauma and abuse. I believe that all individuals are capable of change and that all individuals are just that, individuals, not a label or diagnosis. I use a person-centered, caring approach and work very hard to make every person feel special and cared for.
(859) 449-4101 View (859) 449-4101
Photo of Ilene Crysler Bosscher, LMFT-S, RPT-S, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ilene Crysler Bosscher
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT-S, RPT-S
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
You're wondering what you could do to improve your life and your relationships. You need a safe place to unpack everything and have someone guide you to a better place with real communication skills and a new direction. I have been there. I will listen to you and gather options, a plan, and goals for uniquely you with options to improve your life, your relationships, and issues you have.
You're wondering what you could do to improve your life and your relationships. You need a safe place to unpack everything and have someone guide you to a better place with real communication skills and a new direction. I have been there. I will listen to you and gather options, a plan, and goals for uniquely you with options to improve your life, your relationships, and issues you have.
(772) 222-3973 View (772) 222-3973
Photo of David Smith Ed, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
David Smith Ed
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
Hi, my name is Dr. Dave Smith, and I am a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I entered my profession with a desire to help individuals and families overcome the struggles they face. I specialize in Clinical Mental Health, Addiction & Recovery, Couples and Marriage & Family Therapy. I work with a wide range of clients and demographic groups. I treat anxiety, depression, OCD, mood disorders, ADHD, personality disorder, autism spectrum, addiction, and sexual dysfunction. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Strategic Therapy and Intergenerational Family Therapy
Hi, my name is Dr. Dave Smith, and I am a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist. I entered my profession with a desire to help individuals and families overcome the struggles they face. I specialize in Clinical Mental Health, Addiction & Recovery, Couples and Marriage & Family Therapy. I work with a wide range of clients and demographic groups. I treat anxiety, depression, OCD, mood disorders, ADHD, personality disorder, autism spectrum, addiction, and sexual dysfunction. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Strategic Therapy and Intergenerational Family Therapy
(859) 350-7366 View (859) 350-7366
Photo of Dr. Abi Douglas, EdD, LPCC, LMHC, CRC, Counselor
Dr. Abi Douglas
Counselor, EdD, LPCC, LMHC, CRC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
I have been counseling male and female adults and children for over 8 years. My motto is "our past does not define us; it helps us shape a positive present and future." I am dedicated to helping others become better versions of themselves through therapy. As a black female therapist, I believe that nothing is impossible with positive and consistent help and reinforcement. My goal is to reach as many people as possible worldwide through the power of therapy. Let the Healing began!
I have been counseling male and female adults and children for over 8 years. My motto is "our past does not define us; it helps us shape a positive present and future." I am dedicated to helping others become better versions of themselves through therapy. As a black female therapist, I believe that nothing is impossible with positive and consistent help and reinforcement. My goal is to reach as many people as possible worldwide through the power of therapy. Let the Healing began!
(502) 513-7205 View (502) 513-7205
Photo of Quinn Lambert, LPC
Quinn Lambert
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
My name is Quinn Lambert, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) based in Paducah, KY, working with clients across the state of Kentucky through telehealth. I work with individuals of all ages and specialize in the areas of grief, loss, and bereavement; religious/spiritual trauma or “church hurt;” and anxiety and depression. I use a combination of Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, and Prolonged Grief Disorder Therapy to help my clients start feeling better and work towards their wellness goals.
My name is Quinn Lambert, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) based in Paducah, KY, working with clients across the state of Kentucky through telehealth. I work with individuals of all ages and specialize in the areas of grief, loss, and bereavement; religious/spiritual trauma or “church hurt;” and anxiety and depression. I use a combination of Person-Centered Therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, and Prolonged Grief Disorder Therapy to help my clients start feeling better and work towards their wellness goals.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Tamie Proctor - Newleaf Counseling Services, LLC, LPCC, NCC, Counselor
Newleaf Counseling Services, LLC
Counselor, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
At Newleaf Counseling Services our clients are treated with respect, dignity, and great care during the therapeutic services. We serve clients with a range of emotional and behavioral concerns by assisting our clients to develop coping skills to manage difficult emotions and life events. In a comfortable and supportive environment, we offer a personalized approach tailored to client’s individual needs. We serve clients age 2 – adult. We treat many mental health concerns including but not limited to: ADHD, Attachment Issues, Anxiety, Depression, Mood, Trauma, PTSD, Divorce, Grief/Loss, and Anger.
At Newleaf Counseling Services our clients are treated with respect, dignity, and great care during the therapeutic services. We serve clients with a range of emotional and behavioral concerns by assisting our clients to develop coping skills to manage difficult emotions and life events. In a comfortable and supportive environment, we offer a personalized approach tailored to client’s individual needs. We serve clients age 2 – adult. We treat many mental health concerns including but not limited to: ADHD, Attachment Issues, Anxiety, Depression, Mood, Trauma, PTSD, Divorce, Grief/Loss, and Anger.
(859) 544-2497 View (859) 544-2497
Photo of Kelli Stephens, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelli Stephens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, KY 40475
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Kentucky who specializes in trauma therapy, addiction, anxiety, and PTSD. I have experience working with adults and adolescents struggling with a variety of personality and mental health disorders. I previously worked for the VA where I found a passion for working with Veterans. I have been working in addiction counseling for the past couple of years providing services for sober living homes around Kentucky. I have had my own struggles which has placed me where I am today, and I absolutely love being a therapist and being able to help people toward their journal to healing.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Kentucky who specializes in trauma therapy, addiction, anxiety, and PTSD. I have experience working with adults and adolescents struggling with a variety of personality and mental health disorders. I previously worked for the VA where I found a passion for working with Veterans. I have been working in addiction counseling for the past couple of years providing services for sober living homes around Kentucky. I have had my own struggles which has placed me where I am today, and I absolutely love being a therapist and being able to help people toward their journal to healing.
(859) 470-3567 View (859) 470-3567
Photo of Cristy Carter, LCPC
Cristy Carter
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
My name is Cristy Carter, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) and a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Profession (CCATP). I work with adults via telehealth and specialize in anxiety, addiction, and trauma. I utilize several treatment methodologies, primarily Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Solution Focus. I have extensive experience working with individuals who are suffering from anxiety, panic, substance use disorders, and trauma.
My name is Cristy Carter, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) and a Certified Clinical Anxiety Treatment Profession (CCATP). I work with adults via telehealth and specialize in anxiety, addiction, and trauma. I utilize several treatment methodologies, primarily Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Solution Focus. I have extensive experience working with individuals who are suffering from anxiety, panic, substance use disorders, and trauma.
(859) 208-2194 View (859) 208-2194
Photo of Marsheila Tincher, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marsheila Tincher
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
Hi there! I'm Marsheila Tincher. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a heartfelt passion for supporting my clients through the challenges of life in order to achieve healing, restoration, and growth in their lives. In my career many of my clients have faced challenges with life changes whether it be an adolescent facing peer relationship challenges, a military service person challenged with various military unique issues, or individuals faced with career or family changes. I have found that left unaddressed these challenges can promote or exacerbate feelings of anxiety, depression, grief, and/or loss.
Hi there! I'm Marsheila Tincher. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a heartfelt passion for supporting my clients through the challenges of life in order to achieve healing, restoration, and growth in their lives. In my career many of my clients have faced challenges with life changes whether it be an adolescent facing peer relationship challenges, a military service person challenged with various military unique issues, or individuals faced with career or family changes. I have found that left unaddressed these challenges can promote or exacerbate feelings of anxiety, depression, grief, and/or loss.
(859) 659-7864 View (859) 659-7864
Photo of Julie Lee, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
I'm Julie Lee, MSSW, LCSW. I love to work with individuals on finding who they are in the midst of life changes whether that be going into college or starting a family or perhaps retiring. I utilize a lot of cognitive behavioral techniques and motivational interviewing to help clients cope and grow in their current life. I work well with young adults and mother's transitioning into parenthood. I enjoy working with individuals trying to find their way when life has brought them unexpected changes or circumstance whether positive or negative.
I'm Julie Lee, MSSW, LCSW. I love to work with individuals on finding who they are in the midst of life changes whether that be going into college or starting a family or perhaps retiring. I utilize a lot of cognitive behavioral techniques and motivational interviewing to help clients cope and grow in their current life. I work well with young adults and mother's transitioning into parenthood. I enjoy working with individuals trying to find their way when life has brought them unexpected changes or circumstance whether positive or negative.
(859) 249-8740 View (859) 249-8740
Photo of Elizabeth Walden, LPCC, Counselor
Elizabeth Walden
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
My name is Elizabeth Walden. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I use a personalized, client-centered approach recognizing that you are the expert on you! I'm here to facilitate growth and change using strategies designed uniquely for you based on your strengths, perception of the world, past behaviors and hopes for the future. I primarily work with individual adults struggling with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, job stress, situational depression or stress, relationship issues, addiction, ADHD, codependency, trauma, family issues, hopelessness and anger.
My name is Elizabeth Walden. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I use a personalized, client-centered approach recognizing that you are the expert on you! I'm here to facilitate growth and change using strategies designed uniquely for you based on your strengths, perception of the world, past behaviors and hopes for the future. I primarily work with individual adults struggling with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, job stress, situational depression or stress, relationship issues, addiction, ADHD, codependency, trauma, family issues, hopelessness and anger.
(859) 217-6515 View (859) 217-6515
Photo of William Biddle, LCP, Psychologist
William Biddle
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
William Biddle, I am a Psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing psychotherapy and psychological evaluations. I have extensive experience in treating PTSD, anxiety, depression, and existential issues (finding meaning and purpose in life).
William Biddle, I am a Psychologist with over 30 years of experience doing psychotherapy and psychological evaluations. I have extensive experience in treating PTSD, anxiety, depression, and existential issues (finding meaning and purpose in life).
(859) 249-9693 View (859) 249-9693
Photo of Deborah Smith, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deborah Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
My journey began in the rugged beauty of the Kentucky mountains, where I learned the value of strength and perseverance as the youngest of ten children in a family touched by hardship. As a child of divorce, I experienced adversity loss, and uncertainty. I always wanted a college degree but, it would not become a reality until my forties, when I finally pursued and attained my Master’s Degree in Social Work. My lifelong passion for the underdog, hurting or distressed people, led me to pursue a career as a therapist.
My journey began in the rugged beauty of the Kentucky mountains, where I learned the value of strength and perseverance as the youngest of ten children in a family touched by hardship. As a child of divorce, I experienced adversity loss, and uncertainty. I always wanted a college degree but, it would not become a reality until my forties, when I finally pursued and attained my Master’s Degree in Social Work. My lifelong passion for the underdog, hurting or distressed people, led me to pursue a career as a therapist.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Katia Meredith, LCPC
Katia Meredith
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
I am Katia Meredith, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with 9 years of clinical experience in a variety of settings, including outpatient, community mental health, inpatient and crisis counseling. My passion is supporting my clients in their journey to overcome depression, trauma, grief, and other stressful life events to achieve their individual goals. I have a passion for working with adults struggling with history of trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, or simply needing someone to listen and offer support with any life issue.
I am Katia Meredith, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with 9 years of clinical experience in a variety of settings, including outpatient, community mental health, inpatient and crisis counseling. My passion is supporting my clients in their journey to overcome depression, trauma, grief, and other stressful life events to achieve their individual goals. I have a passion for working with adults struggling with history of trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, or simply needing someone to listen and offer support with any life issue.
(859) 724-5687 View (859) 724-5687
Photo of Jennifer Wilson, MA, LPCC, NCC
Jennifer Wilson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
I offer a non-judgmental and individualized approach to therapy that values the authentic relationship between therapist and client. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have a special interest in the topics of trauma, loss, depression, and anxiety. At times, life can be difficult, disappointing, and painful. But I believe that people are resilient. With a therapeutic partnership people can navigate through their struggles and work toward healing.
I offer a non-judgmental and individualized approach to therapy that values the authentic relationship between therapist and client. I work with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I have a special interest in the topics of trauma, loss, depression, and anxiety. At times, life can be difficult, disappointing, and painful. But I believe that people are resilient. With a therapeutic partnership people can navigate through their struggles and work toward healing.
(859) 217-4479 View (859) 217-4479
Photo of Kimberly Gray, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kimberly Gray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years experience in the Social Work field helping others and 9 years experience in the clinical field of diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues. I have experience with inpatient and outpatient settings. In my years of experience I have gained knowledge in working with a variety of mental health needs in ages 5 and up, all the way through helping to accept and process end of life related issues.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 25 years experience in the Social Work field helping others and 9 years experience in the clinical field of diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues. I have experience with inpatient and outpatient settings. In my years of experience I have gained knowledge in working with a variety of mental health needs in ages 5 and up, all the way through helping to accept and process end of life related issues.
(859) 756-4050 View (859) 756-4050
Photo of Sharekia Tunstull, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sharekia Tunstull
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
Hello! My name is Sharekia Tunstull and I love engaging with others. My sole goal is to help! I have always wanted to make a difference in the lives of others and it excites me when I see them progress! I love to help others conquer life's transitions, and sort through obstacles that may get in the way of their goals. I love to watch people succeed!
Hello! My name is Sharekia Tunstull and I love engaging with others. My sole goal is to help! I have always wanted to make a difference in the lives of others and it excites me when I see them progress! I love to help others conquer life's transitions, and sort through obstacles that may get in the way of their goals. I love to watch people succeed!
(859) 765-1147 View (859) 765-1147
Photo of Margaret Martinez, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margaret Martinez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475  (Online Only)
Hello, my name is Margaret Martinez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in the state of Kentucky, via telehealth. I work with adolescent and adult individuals who experience depression, anxiety, and trauma using Cognitive Behavioral and Processing Therapy to assist my clients with overcoming mental health and emotional challenges. My approach to therapy depends on what each client needs. I often use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Solution-Focused Therapy because they help us understand the client's situation together and find a way forward.
Hello, my name is Margaret Martinez, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in the state of Kentucky, via telehealth. I work with adolescent and adult individuals who experience depression, anxiety, and trauma using Cognitive Behavioral and Processing Therapy to assist my clients with overcoming mental health and emotional challenges. My approach to therapy depends on what each client needs. I often use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and Solution-Focused Therapy because they help us understand the client's situation together and find a way forward.
(323) 643-8569 View (323) 643-8569
Photo of Jana Faye Wilson, LCPC
Jana Faye Wilson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Richmond, KY 40475
Hello, My name is Jana Wilson. I am Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) licensed in the state of Kentucky by the National Board of Professional Counselors to provide mental health counseling. I graduated from Mid-Continent University receiving a B.A. in Missions and Evangelism. I obtained my M.Ed., in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Murray State University, Ky. I have over 9 years of experience and extensive training in treating adolescent and adult behavior concerns. As well as, 4.5 years training and experience in suicide crisis prevention and intervention.
Hello, My name is Jana Wilson. I am Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) licensed in the state of Kentucky by the National Board of Professional Counselors to provide mental health counseling. I graduated from Mid-Continent University receiving a B.A. in Missions and Evangelism. I obtained my M.Ed., in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Murray State University, Ky. I have over 9 years of experience and extensive training in treating adolescent and adult behavior concerns. As well as, 4.5 years training and experience in suicide crisis prevention and intervention.
(859) 666-6715 View (859) 666-6715
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 40475

100+

Average cost per session

$100

Therapists in 40475 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
72% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
65% Self Esteem
50% Grief
45% Behavioral Issues

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% Aetna
90% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
86% Elevance

How Therapists in 40475 see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 40475?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.