Emotionally Focused Therapists in 23321
![Photo of Bertresh London Nunez - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Chesapeake, Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/943bf518-c4ff-44e0-8058-acd005fc736a/1/320x400.jpeg)
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
Popular approaches include CBT, DBT, EMDR, Christian Counseling, PCT, Motivational Interviewing, EFT, Positive Psychology, Psychodynamic therapy, Relational therapy, Narrative therapy, and more.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
![Photo of John McAnulty, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d1ff12c0-fa8a-4b69-b519-541d34510fc2/1/320x400.jpeg)
John McAnulty
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
John McAnulty is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC), Internationally Certified Alcohol/Drug Counselor (ICADC), and a Certified Grief Recovery Specialist (CGRS) in the state of Virginia. He has 20 years of experience partnering with adults and couples seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, men’s issues, women's issues, grief, loss, bereavement, healthcare professionals, and relationship issues.
John McAnulty is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC), Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC), Internationally Certified Alcohol/Drug Counselor (ICADC), and a Certified Grief Recovery Specialist (CGRS) in the state of Virginia. He has 20 years of experience partnering with adults and couples seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, men’s issues, women's issues, grief, loss, bereavement, healthcare professionals, and relationship issues.
![Photo of Karen Todaro, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/bb1eb97f-7070-4611-a058-fc7bd5b3c2ba/3/320x400.jpeg)
Karen utilizes cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, relational, emotionally focused, and life coaching approaches to therapy while maintaining the flexibility, awareness, and creativity to best meet the unique needs of each client.
Karen Todaro is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Virginia who has 41 years of experience working with adults, couples, teens, and children experiencing anxiety, depression, life transitions, unwanted behavior, and relationship issues. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Sociology from the University of South Florida and her Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling from Nova Southeastern University.
Karen utilizes cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused, relational, emotionally focused, and life coaching approaches to therapy while maintaining the flexibility, awareness, and creativity to best meet the unique needs of each client.
Karen Todaro is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Virginia who has 41 years of experience working with adults, couples, teens, and children experiencing anxiety, depression, life transitions, unwanted behavior, and relationship issues. She completed her Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Sociology from the University of South Florida and her Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling from Nova Southeastern University.
![Photo of Gwendolyn Fisher, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/0967d2d0-ee8d-431d-893b-54e25c159bc1/2/320x400.jpeg)
Gwendolyn Fisher
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Gwendolyn Fisher is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has over 3 years of experience helping children and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders, bipolar, oppositional defiance, trauma, PTSD, family relationships, and crisis stabilization. Gwendolyn earned her Bachelor's degree from Virginia Wesleyan University and her Master's degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University.
Gwendolyn Fisher is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has over 3 years of experience helping children and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, psychotic disorders, bipolar, oppositional defiance, trauma, PTSD, family relationships, and crisis stabilization. Gwendolyn earned her Bachelor's degree from Virginia Wesleyan University and her Master's degree in Professional Counseling from Liberty University.
![Photo of Kelly DiGuilio - Healing Path, LCSW, MAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/08e8b7ed-1eb9-4659-bf80-68ef2b6708a6/1/320x400.jpeg)
Healing Path
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MAC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Welcome to Healing Path Counseling. The first steps of change is awareness and courage. As it takes self-awareness to know you need help and courage to accept help and start the journey of healing. You do not need to do it alone, together we will start your journey towards healing and self-discovery. I specialize in integrating a variety of therapeutic modalities my goal is to provide you with personalized care. I am able to help if you struggle with anxiety, depression, communication, trauma, grief, chronic pain or any major life changes. . Some of the therapies I utilize include, EMDR, Solution focused, DBT, and ACT therapy.
Welcome to Healing Path Counseling. The first steps of change is awareness and courage. As it takes self-awareness to know you need help and courage to accept help and start the journey of healing. You do not need to do it alone, together we will start your journey towards healing and self-discovery. I specialize in integrating a variety of therapeutic modalities my goal is to provide you with personalized care. I am able to help if you struggle with anxiety, depression, communication, trauma, grief, chronic pain or any major life changes. . Some of the therapies I utilize include, EMDR, Solution focused, DBT, and ACT therapy.
![Photo of Karen M Johnston, LPC-R](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/9c87353e-187d-48ba-a387-d99882c03bc5/2/320x400.jpeg)
“Probably the biggest insight… is that happiness is not just a place, but also a process. Happiness is an ongoing process of fresh challenges, and it takes the right attitudes and activities to continue to be happy.” –Ed Diener Wherever you are in your life currently and whatever you’ve faced in the past, my philosophy is to meet you right where you are at and work together to find the right tools to set you traveling down the path to a happier and more content future I believe in using an eclectic approach in counseling because one size does not fit all.
“Probably the biggest insight… is that happiness is not just a place, but also a process. Happiness is an ongoing process of fresh challenges, and it takes the right attitudes and activities to continue to be happy.” –Ed Diener Wherever you are in your life currently and whatever you’ve faced in the past, my philosophy is to meet you right where you are at and work together to find the right tools to set you traveling down the path to a happier and more content future I believe in using an eclectic approach in counseling because one size does not fit all.
![Photo of Anthony Wayne Bates - Fountain of Hope Counseling Center](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c4460cab-d134-4eeb-bbab-13e87ba982ab/1/320x400.jpeg)
Fountain of Hope Counseling Center
Resident in Marriage and Family Therapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
An idea client can be answered different depending on each therapist, but I would have to say that my idea client is one that is motivated and are ready to work, Open-minded, flexible, adaptable and are curious about themselves. Also, the idea client is consistent (with payment & appointments) and will tolerate pain for growth if necessary. Through therapy, we ask clients to step beyond where they are, and what limits them. Defining my ideal client is simply me as a therapist, asking myself to do the same thing. As a therapist, I should be able to do what my client, through therapy, will be doing. Without fear.
An idea client can be answered different depending on each therapist, but I would have to say that my idea client is one that is motivated and are ready to work, Open-minded, flexible, adaptable and are curious about themselves. Also, the idea client is consistent (with payment & appointments) and will tolerate pain for growth if necessary. Through therapy, we ask clients to step beyond where they are, and what limits them. Defining my ideal client is simply me as a therapist, asking myself to do the same thing. As a therapist, I should be able to do what my client, through therapy, will be doing. Without fear.
![Photo of Anam Therapy Counseling Inc. Group Practice- Heather Whitney, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4654de8f-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Anam Therapy Counseling Inc. Group Practice- Heather Whitney
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Anam Therapy Counseling, Inc is a group practice that was formed as I expanded my business in response to the growing need in our field. Please note, we are a TeleMH practice (online). We have spent the past 26+ years helping clients to lead happier, healthier, and more fulfilling lives. Our goal is to provide a stress free, nonjudgmental environment where you can feel supported, comfortable, and free to express yourself. We have clinicians at our practice that are EMDR certified, Trauma focused, and work with DBT and CBT. We also run numerous groups including Parenting, DBT, Grief/Loss, Anxiety/ Depression and a Men's support group
Anam Therapy Counseling, Inc is a group practice that was formed as I expanded my business in response to the growing need in our field. Please note, we are a TeleMH practice (online). We have spent the past 26+ years helping clients to lead happier, healthier, and more fulfilling lives. Our goal is to provide a stress free, nonjudgmental environment where you can feel supported, comfortable, and free to express yourself. We have clinicians at our practice that are EMDR certified, Trauma focused, and work with DBT and CBT. We also run numerous groups including Parenting, DBT, Grief/Loss, Anxiety/ Depression and a Men's support group
![Photo of Andrea Stephen, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d8441226-3484-4438-8431-2d8e610964bd/1/320x400.png)
Andrea Stephen is a Resident in Counseling in the State of Virginia who specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, sexual abuse, relationship issues, grief, stress management, PTSD, Christian counseling, and academic/work issues. She is passionate about meeting others where they are and helping them to navigate through the challenges of life. Andrea is a graduate of Old Dominion University with an Ed. S in Counseling. She also holds a master’s degree in Human Services Counseling certified in Psychological First Aid and Collaborative Assessment Management of Suicidality (CAMS), life coaching, and wellness coaching.
Andrea Stephen is a Resident in Counseling in the State of Virginia who specializes in depression, anxiety, trauma, sexual abuse, relationship issues, grief, stress management, PTSD, Christian counseling, and academic/work issues. She is passionate about meeting others where they are and helping them to navigate through the challenges of life. Andrea is a graduate of Old Dominion University with an Ed. S in Counseling. She also holds a master’s degree in Human Services Counseling certified in Psychological First Aid and Collaborative Assessment Management of Suicidality (CAMS), life coaching, and wellness coaching.
![Photo of Alise Stults, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cb099e42-e32e-4adf-b723-1573835a55c3/1/320x400.jpeg)
Alise Stults is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has been providing therapy services for more than 4 years. She is passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families address challenges, overcome barriers to success and improve their well-being. Alise specializes in identity exploration, depression, anxiety, trauma, relational issues, and emotional regulation.
Alise Stults is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who has been providing therapy services for more than 4 years. She is passionate about helping children, adolescents, adults, and families address challenges, overcome barriers to success and improve their well-being. Alise specializes in identity exploration, depression, anxiety, trauma, relational issues, and emotional regulation.
![Photo of Monica A Smith, LPC-I, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/27b2926b-d918-409e-a4c3-a1f5ab21d981/2/320x400.jpeg)
Monica A Smith
Pre-Licensed Professional, LPC-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
I am glad that YOU have decided to stop by! Have you been feeling anxious, angry, depressed, or frustrated? Perhaps you have experienced loss, trauma, grief or relational issues. Maybe life has just become too overwhelming for you and you're trying to navigate through the peaks and valleys. Soliciting the help of others is not always easy. But I am happy that you were courageous enough to take bold steps towards creating change for yourself.
I am glad that YOU have decided to stop by! Have you been feeling anxious, angry, depressed, or frustrated? Perhaps you have experienced loss, trauma, grief or relational issues. Maybe life has just become too overwhelming for you and you're trying to navigate through the peaks and valleys. Soliciting the help of others is not always easy. But I am happy that you were courageous enough to take bold steps towards creating change for yourself.
15 Second Videos
Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Chesapeake
Andrea Stephen
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![Photo of Tracy Barbee, LMFT, MS, MBC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/415d6565-1cf1-4e02-a95b-8d6146cd6215/1/320x400.jpeg)
Tracy Barbee
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MS, MBC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321
Do you feel like you are on "auto-pilot" and just going through the motions in your life? Well, for over 15 years, I have been assisting individuals, couples, and families to become more engaged and fulfilled in their relationships, goals, and dreams. I am an engaged, flexible, and active therapist, trained in many approaches to partner with you to help you proactively strengthen your relationships and personal well-being.
Do you feel like you are on "auto-pilot" and just going through the motions in your life? Well, for over 15 years, I have been assisting individuals, couples, and families to become more engaged and fulfilled in their relationships, goals, and dreams. I am an engaged, flexible, and active therapist, trained in many approaches to partner with you to help you proactively strengthen your relationships and personal well-being.
![Photo of Chris Torre, LMFT, CCTP, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4b6144a1-26d9-449a-9781-e84068e97033/2/320x400.jpeg)
My passion is working to help children and their families who are struggling with conflict, emotional/ behavioral problems, and trauma. It is my pleasure to help my clients learn about themselves and discover their own personal and family strengths through engaging and interactive therapy. I use a variety of tools in session, including play/ drama, music, art, and sand tray to help individuals express themselves. Being a child, teenager, or caregiver is hard! I can provide the knowledge and tools to help my clients learn how to overcome life's challenges by channeling their own personal strengths.
My passion is working to help children and their families who are struggling with conflict, emotional/ behavioral problems, and trauma. It is my pleasure to help my clients learn about themselves and discover their own personal and family strengths through engaging and interactive therapy. I use a variety of tools in session, including play/ drama, music, art, and sand tray to help individuals express themselves. Being a child, teenager, or caregiver is hard! I can provide the knowledge and tools to help my clients learn how to overcome life's challenges by channeling their own personal strengths.
I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with a variety of clients and bring decades of experience to your therapy. I have taught at colleges and am a published author. My private practice focuses on individual therapy with adults, with a special emphasis on PTSD and other anxiety disorders. I believe every client and his or her situation is unique. I do not believe a one-size fit all approach to therapy. I may use EMDR, cognitive-behavioral, solution-oriented and even plain old common sense and humor in our work together. I consider therapy a joint effort, a partnership, a "We're in this together" experience.
I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings with a variety of clients and bring decades of experience to your therapy. I have taught at colleges and am a published author. My private practice focuses on individual therapy with adults, with a special emphasis on PTSD and other anxiety disorders. I believe every client and his or her situation is unique. I do not believe a one-size fit all approach to therapy. I may use EMDR, cognitive-behavioral, solution-oriented and even plain old common sense and humor in our work together. I consider therapy a joint effort, a partnership, a "We're in this together" experience.
![Photo of LeAnn Ward, EdS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/402568b1-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
LeAnn Ward
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chesapeake, VA 23321
At Wishing Well Counseling Center, wellness isn't just a wish; it's a way of life. I am committed to assisting you on your journey to wellness, and offer a variety of treatment options to further your progress. Therapy is a powerful tool for all who are struggling or in situations where they feel overwhelmed and unable to face life challenges.I use a person centered approach to therapy, tailoring the process to meet the needs of my clients.
At Wishing Well Counseling Center, wellness isn't just a wish; it's a way of life. I am committed to assisting you on your journey to wellness, and offer a variety of treatment options to further your progress. Therapy is a powerful tool for all who are struggling or in situations where they feel overwhelmed and unable to face life challenges.I use a person centered approach to therapy, tailoring the process to meet the needs of my clients.
![Photo of Matthew Parvis, LMFT, PhD, LPC, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2bcff9d7-eeb5-4c91-9ee1-51aca322fae1/2/320x400.jpeg)
Matthew Parvis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Dr. Matthew Parvis has over 30 years of experience in practice as both a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) helping thousands of individuals and couples create positive and lasting changes in their lives. He specializes in working with adults and seniors who are coping with grief, loss, depression, anxiety, couples issues, and dysfunctional family dynamics. Dr. Parvis has the clinical expertise to apply any tool at his disposal that helps you move toward your goal.
Dr. Matthew Parvis has over 30 years of experience in practice as both a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) helping thousands of individuals and couples create positive and lasting changes in their lives. He specializes in working with adults and seniors who are coping with grief, loss, depression, anxiety, couples issues, and dysfunctional family dynamics. Dr. Parvis has the clinical expertise to apply any tool at his disposal that helps you move toward your goal.
![Photo of Julie Kramer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/04f8df6d-06da-4d51-89e0-c1e250e4a002/1/320x400.jpeg)
Julie Kramer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Julie Kramer has been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for the past 30 years, licensed in Missouri and now Virginia. Her clients of choice are between the ages of 20 to 65 years old. She enjoys working with individuals and couples. She has worked in alcoholism, codependency, dual diagnosis, marriage counseling, and as an OB/GYN with babies born positive for drugs. Every area can be rewarding or an area to learn from in order to increase your knowledge base.
Julie Kramer has been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for the past 30 years, licensed in Missouri and now Virginia. Her clients of choice are between the ages of 20 to 65 years old. She enjoys working with individuals and couples. She has worked in alcoholism, codependency, dual diagnosis, marriage counseling, and as an OB/GYN with babies born positive for drugs. Every area can be rewarding or an area to learn from in order to increase your knowledge base.
![Photo of Patricia Colby, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d2557768-2f2b-402f-aec3-9476a76dc205/1/320x400.png)
Dr. Patricia Colby is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 37 years of experience working as a mental health professional. She specializes in treating adults and seniors who are suffering from concerns or conditions related to addiction, anxiety, depression, career issues, divorce, eating disorders, stress, pregnancy, prenatal and postpartum-related issues, low self-esteem, sexual abuse, substance use, trauma, and PTSD.
Dr. Patricia Colby is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over 37 years of experience working as a mental health professional. She specializes in treating adults and seniors who are suffering from concerns or conditions related to addiction, anxiety, depression, career issues, divorce, eating disorders, stress, pregnancy, prenatal and postpartum-related issues, low self-esteem, sexual abuse, substance use, trauma, and PTSD.
![Photo of Anthony Vecchio, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/09a82703-1e61-45ec-813d-0f0df6a36889/1/320x400.jpeg)
Anthony Vecchio
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chesapeake, VA 23321 (Online Only)
Anthony Vecchio is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia with over 20 years of experience in mental health. He specializes in anxiety, depression, life adjustment, and stress management, and supports military families facing unique challenges. Anthony's ideal clients seek to overcome personal hurdles and achieve a balanced, happier life. He creates a safe, non-judgmental environment for adults and adolescents to explore personal growth and healing. Anthony’s commitment to trust and understanding enables him to create a deeply empathetic and effective therapeutic environment, facilitating transformation and healing.
Anthony Vecchio is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia with over 20 years of experience in mental health. He specializes in anxiety, depression, life adjustment, and stress management, and supports military families facing unique challenges. Anthony's ideal clients seek to overcome personal hurdles and achieve a balanced, happier life. He creates a safe, non-judgmental environment for adults and adolescents to explore personal growth and healing. Anthony’s commitment to trust and understanding enables him to create a deeply empathetic and effective therapeutic environment, facilitating transformation and healing.
![Photo of Tedra Ballard, LMSW, Pre-Licensed Professional](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/af5d7fa9-f84d-46ad-bd75-581748db8e25/1/320x400.png)
Tedra is a master-level Clinical Social Worker at Thriveworks under licensed supervision. She holds over 5 years of experience across various roles within the human services field. In her career, she’s worked primarily with female clients with generalized/social anxiety, depression, ADD/ADHD, adjustment difficulties, childhood trauma, sexual trauma, low self-esteem, strained parent-child relationships, exposure to narcissistic abuse, and transitions to adulthood. Tedra earned her dual Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Human Services from Old Dominion University and her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University.
Tedra is a master-level Clinical Social Worker at Thriveworks under licensed supervision. She holds over 5 years of experience across various roles within the human services field. In her career, she’s worked primarily with female clients with generalized/social anxiety, depression, ADD/ADHD, adjustment difficulties, childhood trauma, sexual trauma, low self-esteem, strained parent-child relationships, exposure to narcissistic abuse, and transitions to adulthood. Tedra earned her dual Bachelor of Science in Psychology and Human Services from Old Dominion University and her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University.
See more therapy options for 23321
Emotionally Focused Therapists
Who is emotionally focused therapy for?
Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) is for couples who are emotionally distressed, stuck in an unsatisfying relationship pattern or feeling deeply alienated. They may even believe the relationship is beyond repair. Very often, the partners display intense anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal in the relationship. In addition, EFT is helpful to couples and individuals who have difficulty expressing emotions and those who have trouble regulating emotions.
Why do people need emotionally focused therapy?
People need emotionally focused therapy because the need for others is built into the brain, but the pressures of daily life can erode feelings of love, and couples often do not have the skills to find their way back to the comfort of each other. Instead, they may be stuck in repetitive patterns of anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal. Emotionally focused therapy regards such strong negative feelings as expressions of protest over the loss of connection and turns them into pathways of reconnection.
What happens in emotionally focused therapy?
Over the course of eight to 20 weekly sessions, couples de-escalate their negative emotional reactivity to one another so that they can listen to each other and be responsive to each other’s needs. Then the deep emotional and physical bond is restored, giving partners a sense of comfort and security, which they can use to solve whatever problems come their way. The therapist plays an active role, helping partners understand how anger and withdrawal are actually misguided cries for connection.
What problems does emotionally focused therapy treat?
EFT is designed to help couples stuck in dysfunctional relationship patterns regain closeness and rebuild their relationship. Typically, such couples experience considerable distress, with partners feeling alienated and distrustful of one another, not certain their relationship can survive. EFT is also helpful to individuals experiencing attachment-related fears of loss; it helps them learn to use their fears as a way of eliciting the closeness they desire.