Therapists in 22807
![Photo of Marie Danner](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/fdfe7989-1c84-405e-9675-8ee7b45baab8/1/320x400.jpeg)
Accepting Virtual Clients! Today is a perfect day to decide to make a change. Whether you need help navigating life's challenges, having someone to keep you accountable with the habits you want to implement in your life, or are ready to jump into exploring all the parts that make you your unique self, I am ready to work alongside you to help you get wherever the therapy journey takes you. Please reach out for a free consult to see if I would be the best fit for you:)
Accepting Virtual Clients! Today is a perfect day to decide to make a change. Whether you need help navigating life's challenges, having someone to keep you accountable with the habits you want to implement in your life, or are ready to jump into exploring all the parts that make you your unique self, I am ready to work alongside you to help you get wherever the therapy journey takes you. Please reach out for a free consult to see if I would be the best fit for you:)
![Photo of Sarah Campbell, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/03722c37-f559-422e-b9a0-417aaa67ec4d/2/320x400.png)
I currently have limited daytime availability. I work with clients who are struggling with themselves in some way. Perhaps trying to stop anxiety from running away with them. Perhaps trying to find meaning in what is happening to them and how to manage it. Perhaps fighting their body on weight, shape, or food. I want to end that struggle by building tools to discern and meet needs, replace negative and self-critical thoughts, and support healthier, compassionate beliefs about the self and the world around them.
I currently have limited daytime availability. I work with clients who are struggling with themselves in some way. Perhaps trying to stop anxiety from running away with them. Perhaps trying to find meaning in what is happening to them and how to manage it. Perhaps fighting their body on weight, shape, or food. I want to end that struggle by building tools to discern and meet needs, replace negative and self-critical thoughts, and support healthier, compassionate beliefs about the self and the world around them.
![Photo of Sarah Cooper, LCSW, SEP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/6582075f-9bd9-4336-be32-c3824f0c5601/1/320x400.jpeg)
Sarah Cooper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807
Do you appear to have it together on the outside but on the inside feel uncertain or broken? Do you put on a mask before going out into the world but in reality you are struggling to move through your day? Are you fearful others may see the real you? These experiences are common and you don't have to go through it alone. If you want to start to trust yourself, to find your inner wisdom, and to thrive rather than survive, then working with me in a body-based, trauma informed approach may be the missing piece of your puzzle.
Do you appear to have it together on the outside but on the inside feel uncertain or broken? Do you put on a mask before going out into the world but in reality you are struggling to move through your day? Are you fearful others may see the real you? These experiences are common and you don't have to go through it alone. If you want to start to trust yourself, to find your inner wisdom, and to thrive rather than survive, then working with me in a body-based, trauma informed approach may be the missing piece of your puzzle.
![Photo of Christin Long - Pathways to Wellness Counseling , LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f3a2199a-3f4e-44a9-87bc-086f2c331c0b/3/320x400.jpeg)
Pathways to Wellness Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807
NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS!!! Do you feel like you have tried everything and it still isn't working? Are you tired of existing in life and not fully living life? Do you feel stuck, depressed, or anxious? I provide a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere so you can feel free to express your needs and work together on a plan that best fits your needs. I have worked in emergency crisis services, crisis management services, and trauma for years and this has brought with it the experience to be able to quickly meet and address your immediate needs and then work toward addressing the long-term needs.
NOW ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS!!! Do you feel like you have tried everything and it still isn't working? Are you tired of existing in life and not fully living life? Do you feel stuck, depressed, or anxious? I provide a safe, non-judgmental atmosphere so you can feel free to express your needs and work together on a plan that best fits your needs. I have worked in emergency crisis services, crisis management services, and trauma for years and this has brought with it the experience to be able to quickly meet and address your immediate needs and then work toward addressing the long-term needs.
![Photo of Cait Price, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/be8af561-dda9-4cf9-b1cc-d25c4e0230c0/1/320x400.png)
Welcome! Beginning therapy is a courageous step in the healing process. I have seen firsthand the transformative results of psychotherapy. I practice counseling from a relational depth perspective. This means focusing on the relationship I build with clients as a cornerstone of treatment and working with the unconscious, which is the root of most distress. I help clients work through symptoms which are causing conflict in their lives, keeping them from achieving their goals, and preventing them from feeling a sense of overall well-being.
Welcome! Beginning therapy is a courageous step in the healing process. I have seen firsthand the transformative results of psychotherapy. I practice counseling from a relational depth perspective. This means focusing on the relationship I build with clients as a cornerstone of treatment and working with the unconscious, which is the root of most distress. I help clients work through symptoms which are causing conflict in their lives, keeping them from achieving their goals, and preventing them from feeling a sense of overall well-being.
![Photo of Vonda LaToyisha Warren-Lilly - VWL Counseling & Consulting LLC, LPC, LSATP, ACS, CCTP, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f23fa706-b7db-4fb7-8741-2b57acf5b376/1/320x400.jpeg)
VWL Counseling & Consulting LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LSATP, ACS, CCTP
Verified Verified
Harrisonburg, VA 22807
Within the 23yrs of working in mental health, Vonda have striven to bring an effective blend of experience, expertise, clarity, concern and action to the therapy process in order to maximize outcomes and provide genuine healing and wholeness to individuals, marriages and families. She knows that life isn’t always easy and sometimes, even the strongest people need a little bit of help to work through some of life’s challenging problems. She also knows that everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point and the only difference between you and another is "how" you choose to handle "what" has or is happening to you.
Within the 23yrs of working in mental health, Vonda have striven to bring an effective blend of experience, expertise, clarity, concern and action to the therapy process in order to maximize outcomes and provide genuine healing and wholeness to individuals, marriages and families. She knows that life isn’t always easy and sometimes, even the strongest people need a little bit of help to work through some of life’s challenging problems. She also knows that everyone has battles to fight and hurdles to overcome at some point and the only difference between you and another is "how" you choose to handle "what" has or is happening to you.
![Photo of Kellie Zundel-Flores, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/949fe547-3816-4fbb-b389-a5ba426c37e6/3/320x400.jpeg)
Kellie Zundel-Flores
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
Society bombards us with expectations of how we should look, act, and feel in order to belong. We endlessly search for the next diet, workout routine, relationship, promotion, house, car, etc to fill this emptiness inside that's saying, "I'm not enough". We feel distant from our emotions, our bodies, and our true selves in this pursuit of external validation. This "not enough" feeling sits deeply below protective patterns that might appear as an eating disorder, body shame, substance abuse, toxic relationships, anxiety, depression, OCD, etc.
Society bombards us with expectations of how we should look, act, and feel in order to belong. We endlessly search for the next diet, workout routine, relationship, promotion, house, car, etc to fill this emptiness inside that's saying, "I'm not enough". We feel distant from our emotions, our bodies, and our true selves in this pursuit of external validation. This "not enough" feeling sits deeply below protective patterns that might appear as an eating disorder, body shame, substance abuse, toxic relationships, anxiety, depression, OCD, etc.
![Photo of Paul Pohto - Bluestone Psychological Services, LLC, PsyD, LCP, HSP, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/add571d2-24de-46fc-8fd6-92a1a5c14ffe/1/320x400.jpeg)
Bluestone Psychological Services, LLC
Psychologist, PsyD, LCP, HSP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
Limited Availability For New Telehealth Clients! Welcome, I am Dr. Paul Pohto. I offer specialized therapy services that lend support, guidance, and direction for when life may have you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. I strive to offer affirming and supportive therapeutic services to the Harrisonburg community and Shenandoah Valley. My approach to counseling is rooted in a warm and strong therapeutic bond. A good therapeutic fit allows for aligning on client goals and getting you closer to where you want to be.
Limited Availability For New Telehealth Clients! Welcome, I am Dr. Paul Pohto. I offer specialized therapy services that lend support, guidance, and direction for when life may have you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. I strive to offer affirming and supportive therapeutic services to the Harrisonburg community and Shenandoah Valley. My approach to counseling is rooted in a warm and strong therapeutic bond. A good therapeutic fit allows for aligning on client goals and getting you closer to where you want to be.
![Photo of Taylor - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2ecc2861-1fd5-40b0-bfc2-99f5f6364858/1/320x400.jpeg)
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Harrisonburg, VA 22807
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
![Photo of Traci Ballou-Broadnax, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/615d4b01-d21d-4327-b62b-a392906f886b/1/320x400.jpeg)
Far too often, life does not go as we hope or plan. It is at those times that we can truly benefit from supportive others showing us that we are not alone, and the powerful experience of someone validating, while also empowering us to overcome, our challenges. I believe that therapy is a space that can offer this support, and I value the chance to help individuals navigate life's transitions and obstacles. Through my training and work experiences, I have learned to empathize, and work effectively, with college students and individuals across the lifespan, from diverse backgrounds, and with a wide-range of concerns.
Far too often, life does not go as we hope or plan. It is at those times that we can truly benefit from supportive others showing us that we are not alone, and the powerful experience of someone validating, while also empowering us to overcome, our challenges. I believe that therapy is a space that can offer this support, and I value the chance to help individuals navigate life's transitions and obstacles. Through my training and work experiences, I have learned to empathize, and work effectively, with college students and individuals across the lifespan, from diverse backgrounds, and with a wide-range of concerns.
![Photo of Audrey Liddle, LPC, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d7063d2c-5f1e-4f44-a9da-d766ba47a469/1/320x400.jpeg)
Audrey Liddle
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
I'm amazed and moved by the process of healing and growth in this life, and it feels like an honor that I get to partner with others within their own processes. I offer a warm, genuine, and practical approach to therapy that centers your human needs and emotions alongside your unique identity and values. My work is grounded in deep personal curiosity, training and application of mindfulness, the Internal Family Systems model, and positive neuroplasticity. I've seen the power of bringing a supportive awareness to one's patterns and burdens and turning towards experiences of safety, satisfaction and connection that affirm you.
I'm amazed and moved by the process of healing and growth in this life, and it feels like an honor that I get to partner with others within their own processes. I offer a warm, genuine, and practical approach to therapy that centers your human needs and emotions alongside your unique identity and values. My work is grounded in deep personal curiosity, training and application of mindfulness, the Internal Family Systems model, and positive neuroplasticity. I've seen the power of bringing a supportive awareness to one's patterns and burdens and turning towards experiences of safety, satisfaction and connection that affirm you.
15 Second Videos
Marie Danner
Kellie Zundel-Flores
Samantha Newton
![Photo of Taylor, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8d344aa1-83cf-44c2-a145-3c9f6e863363/1/320x400.jpeg)
Greetings! I'm Taylor Taylor, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, bringing expertise from both outpatient therapy and inpatient hospital settings. I hold a BSW from James Madison University (Go DUKES!) and an MSW from George Mason University, recently obtaining my LCSW in Virginia. My dedication lies in assisting clients grappling with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, PTSD, grief/loss, and life transitions. It's a privilege to journey with clients as they entrust me with their stories.
Greetings! I'm Taylor Taylor, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, bringing expertise from both outpatient therapy and inpatient hospital settings. I hold a BSW from James Madison University (Go DUKES!) and an MSW from George Mason University, recently obtaining my LCSW in Virginia. My dedication lies in assisting clients grappling with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, PTSD, grief/loss, and life transitions. It's a privilege to journey with clients as they entrust me with their stories.
![Photo of Britt Lindon, PhD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/856fdb1e-b77e-4f51-858c-65b9dd0d4284/2/320x400.png)
Did something happen at work, life, or in your relationship that shook things up or shattered you? I'm extremely good at helping ambitious women & MEN who might otherwise NOT want to be in counseling. I specialize in treating fellow doctors, lawyers or high-net worth individuals who require a therapist that can match their intellect and caliber. If you’re here, you may feel like you are surviving instead of living life. It’s disappointing when you have gotten so far in life, and yet, your world starts to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself.
Did something happen at work, life, or in your relationship that shook things up or shattered you? I'm extremely good at helping ambitious women & MEN who might otherwise NOT want to be in counseling. I specialize in treating fellow doctors, lawyers or high-net worth individuals who require a therapist that can match their intellect and caliber. If you’re here, you may feel like you are surviving instead of living life. It’s disappointing when you have gotten so far in life, and yet, your world starts to resemble something you want to retreat from, not something you relish. It’s not surprising that you don’t feel like yourself.
![Photo of Dr. Helen Rathbun, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a575afc6-4491-4deb-9fea-fa6b3a1eb570/2/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Helen Rathbun
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
I see therapy as time dedicated to unpacking your thoughts and feelings. It's also a space to process past experiences that may have been confusing or painful. I believe it's crucial to have a trusting therapeutic relationship where you are genuinely seen and valued, allowing space for all your identities to be acknowledged and validated. Working with me, you will find an attentive, compassionate, and non-judgmental therapist. My clinical foundation is psychodynamic, relational, cognitive behavioral, and culturally attuned.
I see therapy as time dedicated to unpacking your thoughts and feelings. It's also a space to process past experiences that may have been confusing or painful. I believe it's crucial to have a trusting therapeutic relationship where you are genuinely seen and valued, allowing space for all your identities to be acknowledged and validated. Working with me, you will find an attentive, compassionate, and non-judgmental therapist. My clinical foundation is psychodynamic, relational, cognitive behavioral, and culturally attuned.
![Photo of Samantha Newton, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/eb227fb1-e8d4-4b2c-8abb-017271ff37a2/3/320x400.jpeg)
Samantha Newton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
On the outside, you are the picture of success. But inside, you are feeling anxious and insecure. Despite being successful, hardworking, and seemingly happy, life is really hard for you. You constantly overthink and replay past conversations and situations over and over again in your head. You find yourself saying "yes" to people, when you really want to say "no" and get frustrated and resentful. Your fear of failure drives you to throw yourself into work/school, but you're exhausted and unhappy. You have FOMO, but are sometimes so full of self doubt that you avoid social interactions. You just want to feel more confident.
On the outside, you are the picture of success. But inside, you are feeling anxious and insecure. Despite being successful, hardworking, and seemingly happy, life is really hard for you. You constantly overthink and replay past conversations and situations over and over again in your head. You find yourself saying "yes" to people, when you really want to say "no" and get frustrated and resentful. Your fear of failure drives you to throw yourself into work/school, but you're exhausted and unhappy. You have FOMO, but are sometimes so full of self doubt that you avoid social interactions. You just want to feel more confident.
![Photo of Olga Zurita - Olga Zurita, LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d23ab3db-ea26-43cd-8f37-165137b2dcd2/1/320x400.jpeg)
Olga Zurita, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients in Virginia for telehealth therapy. I help women who struggle with traumatic past, life transitions and daily stressors to be the best version of themselves and to start living a more productive and fulfilling life. My goal is to help you reconnect with what you want for yourself rather than what others want for you. We will focus on your strengths as we work together, so that you can start seeking validation from within yourself rather than from those around you. We will partner to create a life where you feel strong, independent and equipped to handle life stressors on your own.
Currently accepting new clients in Virginia for telehealth therapy. I help women who struggle with traumatic past, life transitions and daily stressors to be the best version of themselves and to start living a more productive and fulfilling life. My goal is to help you reconnect with what you want for yourself rather than what others want for you. We will focus on your strengths as we work together, so that you can start seeking validation from within yourself rather than from those around you. We will partner to create a life where you feel strong, independent and equipped to handle life stressors on your own.
![Photo of Catherine Crowe, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c0ca0cd3-373b-4d0e-983f-4da3aa2e2178/1/320x400.jpeg)
Catherine Crowe
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Harrisonburg, VA 22807 (Online Only)
Are you struggling right now? Do you crave relief from anxiety, frustration, anger, overwhelm or even the heavy mental load you carry? Is your relationship with your partner, children, friends, parents, employer, or even yourself more stressful than it should be? With my genuine empathy, therapeutic skills, knowledge, and experience, I can teach you how to effectively cope with your distressing feelings and challenging situations. I will guide you to figuring out what you really want and how best to get there. The result will be a greater sense of ease and overall happiness with your life.
Are you struggling right now? Do you crave relief from anxiety, frustration, anger, overwhelm or even the heavy mental load you carry? Is your relationship with your partner, children, friends, parents, employer, or even yourself more stressful than it should be? With my genuine empathy, therapeutic skills, knowledge, and experience, I can teach you how to effectively cope with your distressing feelings and challenging situations. I will guide you to figuring out what you really want and how best to get there. The result will be a greater sense of ease and overall happiness with your life.
See more therapy options for 22807
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in 22807
10+
Average cost per session
$150
Therapists in 22807 who prioritize treating:
100% | Anxiety |
94% | Relationship Issues |
94% | Self Esteem |
88% | Trauma and PTSD |
88% | Coping Skills |
88% | Stress |
81% | Depression |
Average years in practice
10 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
93% | Elevance |
79% | BlueCross and BlueShield |
71% | Aetna |
How Therapists in 22807 see their clients
57% | In Person and Online | |
43% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
94% | Female | |
6% | Male |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in 22807?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.