Photo of Ann Benner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann Benner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Howertons, VA 22454
I am Ann Bohr Benner, LCSW. I like to work with adults of all ages who are dealing with depression, anxiety, life transitions, and/or grief. We start with and come back to client goals. I think holistically about people who are in distress. Sleep, diet, relaxation, exercise, social support, and spiritual life all can contribute to change. Then self-awareness, insight, and intentional behavior change are important. I endeavor to create a safe space in which each person can be exactly where they are, and eventually, the natural inclination to heal and grow can flourish.
I am Ann Bohr Benner, LCSW. I like to work with adults of all ages who are dealing with depression, anxiety, life transitions, and/or grief. We start with and come back to client goals. I think holistically about people who are in distress. Sleep, diet, relaxation, exercise, social support, and spiritual life all can contribute to change. Then self-awareness, insight, and intentional behavior change are important. I endeavor to create a safe space in which each person can be exactly where they are, and eventually, the natural inclination to heal and grow can flourish.
(540) 210-1187 View (540) 210-1187
Photo of Erin Janovec, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Erin Janovec
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Howertons, VA 22454
Hello! My name is Erin Janovec. I am a licensed professional counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is a humanistic and integrated approach that considers each individual's unique needs. I am certified in EMDR and trained in TF-CBT. I have worked with clients ranging from young to old with varying diagnoses. I have experience working with individuals with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, and more.
Hello! My name is Erin Janovec. I am a licensed professional counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is a humanistic and integrated approach that considers each individual's unique needs. I am certified in EMDR and trained in TF-CBT. I have worked with clients ranging from young to old with varying diagnoses. I have experience working with individuals with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, and more.
(804) 373-2360 View (804) 373-2360

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Christina Urcinas, PhD, Psychologist
Christina Urcinas
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
King William, VA 23086  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist with over a decade of work in national and regional hospital systems, multi-disciplinary long-term care and rehabilitation facilities, and community clinics. I collaborate with adults experiencing a variety of mental health concerns including symptoms of depression, panic disorder, generalized and social anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, adjustment and self-esteem issues, and caregiver stress. I provide individual teletherapy services only at this time with a clinical foundation primarily consisting of cognitive-behavioral interventions.
I am a licensed Clinical Psychologist with over a decade of work in national and regional hospital systems, multi-disciplinary long-term care and rehabilitation facilities, and community clinics. I collaborate with adults experiencing a variety of mental health concerns including symptoms of depression, panic disorder, generalized and social anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, adjustment and self-esteem issues, and caregiver stress. I provide individual teletherapy services only at this time with a clinical foundation primarily consisting of cognitive-behavioral interventions.
(757) 520-2011 View (757) 520-2011
Photo of Roxianna Johnson, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Roxianna Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montross, VA 22520
Hi, I’m Roxi, a Licensed Professional Counselor. I’m a compassionate and approachable human and social services professional with more than thirty (30) years of experience supporting folks with disabilities including, mental health, substance abuse, social difficulties, and people in other special needs populations. I’ve assisted individuals, families, and couples as they navigate through trauma, depression, anxiety, and homelessness to a more functional way of life. I understand that we are all unique and experience life’s challenges in our own unique ways.
Hi, I’m Roxi, a Licensed Professional Counselor. I’m a compassionate and approachable human and social services professional with more than thirty (30) years of experience supporting folks with disabilities including, mental health, substance abuse, social difficulties, and people in other special needs populations. I’ve assisted individuals, families, and couples as they navigate through trauma, depression, anxiety, and homelessness to a more functional way of life. I understand that we are all unique and experience life’s challenges in our own unique ways.
(757) 929-9689 View (757) 929-9689
Photo of Robert Phillips, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Robert Phillips
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, VA 22503
My name is Robert Phillips. I hold an LPC license from the state of Virginia and am a Certified Substance Abuse Professional with CSAC - A certificate. My approach is to build a strong therapeutic relationship, stay focused on the client in the present moment without judgment, help people gain skills and tools for managing complicated situations, and encourage a spirit of openness, curiosity, and acceptance to help individuals understand they can choose to respond rationally and control behaviors
My name is Robert Phillips. I hold an LPC license from the state of Virginia and am a Certified Substance Abuse Professional with CSAC - A certificate. My approach is to build a strong therapeutic relationship, stay focused on the client in the present moment without judgment, help people gain skills and tools for managing complicated situations, and encourage a spirit of openness, curiosity, and acceptance to help individuals understand they can choose to respond rationally and control behaviors
(804) 374-0740 View (804) 374-0740
Photo of Pamela Minor, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Pamela Minor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
King And Queen C, VA 23085  (Online Only)
Making the decision to seek counseling is not always an easy decision. However, making that decision is the first tool in building your resilience to overcome current and future obstacles. I believe therapy is most beneficial when it is based on a collaborative therapeutic relationship that builds on individual strengths and my Person-Centered counseling style represents that.
Making the decision to seek counseling is not always an easy decision. However, making that decision is the first tool in building your resilience to overcome current and future obstacles. I believe therapy is most beneficial when it is based on a collaborative therapeutic relationship that builds on individual strengths and my Person-Centered counseling style represents that.
(804) 589-5155 View (804) 589-5155
Photo of Dr. Bryan A. Jones, DMin, LPC, LSTAP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Bryan A. Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, DMin, LPC, LSTAP
Verified Verified
Urbanna, VA 23175  (Online Only)
Are you experiencing difficulties as a result of life challenges. Are you struggling with major life's decisions? Are you experiencing the loss of a loved one, spouse or partner? Does your child need help with behavioral modifications ? Do you need empowerment and spiritual healing from a broken relationship? Do you just need spiritual and emotional support in a open, safe and nonjudgmental environment?
Are you experiencing difficulties as a result of life challenges. Are you struggling with major life's decisions? Are you experiencing the loss of a loved one, spouse or partner? Does your child need help with behavioral modifications ? Do you need empowerment and spiritual healing from a broken relationship? Do you just need spiritual and emotional support in a open, safe and nonjudgmental environment?
(804) 581-1237 View (804) 581-1237
Photo of Sade Patterson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sade Patterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Water View, VA 23180  (Online Only)
About Sade' Patterson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 10 years of experience in mental health. Within her time of service, 5 Years have been focused on Military Service Members & Families. Currently as a psychotherapist, Sade' provides services to both, civilians and service members. Sade' is dedicated to continuing to grow, enjoys discovering innovative ways to serve those in need and considers herself as a dedicated lifelong learner. Her clients describe her as an authentic, compassionate, and encouraging therapist who educates, provides a safe space for them to express themselves, and be understood.
About Sade' Patterson is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 10 years of experience in mental health. Within her time of service, 5 Years have been focused on Military Service Members & Families. Currently as a psychotherapist, Sade' provides services to both, civilians and service members. Sade' is dedicated to continuing to grow, enjoys discovering innovative ways to serve those in need and considers herself as a dedicated lifelong learner. Her clients describe her as an authentic, compassionate, and encouraging therapist who educates, provides a safe space for them to express themselves, and be understood.
(757) 280-4592 View (757) 280-4592
Photo of Sandi Wiggins, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sandi Wiggins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manquin, VA 23106  (Online Only)
I'm here to help you grow and change on your passage through life! Sometimes people have challenges to start with like thinking differently, or a difficult family. We may have questions about whether we still fit into a social or religious group. Challenges are harder if depression or anxiety hold us back or if we feel like we're stuck. Finding an empathetic, experienced therapist can be a connection to taking you out of isolation and uncovering your innate ability to change. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I have done my own work to grow and I look forward to helping you!
I'm here to help you grow and change on your passage through life! Sometimes people have challenges to start with like thinking differently, or a difficult family. We may have questions about whether we still fit into a social or religious group. Challenges are harder if depression or anxiety hold us back or if we feel like we're stuck. Finding an empathetic, experienced therapist can be a connection to taking you out of isolation and uncovering your innate ability to change. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I have done my own work to grow and I look forward to helping you!
(804) 793-9904 View (804) 793-9904
Photo of Milov Sonnier, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Milov Sonnier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Caret, VA 22436
I am Milov Sonnier a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Virginia. I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in women's issues, trauma, PTSD, thought disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues and more. I use integrative approaches to help my clients make progress and to begin to feel better. I have found that my style and approach is a good fit for adults who are experiencing transition periods in their lives, and have traumatic memories that surface due to a current life stressor's.
I am Milov Sonnier a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Virginia. I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in women's issues, trauma, PTSD, thought disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues and more. I use integrative approaches to help my clients make progress and to begin to feel better. I have found that my style and approach is a good fit for adults who are experiencing transition periods in their lives, and have traumatic memories that surface due to a current life stressor's.
(757) 801-5421 View (757) 801-5421
Photo of Erin Janovec, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Erin Janovec
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Church View, VA 23032
Hello! My name is Erin Janovec. I am a licensed professional counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is a humanistic and integrated approach that considers each individual's unique needs. I am certified in EMDR and trained in TF-CBT. I have worked with clients ranging from young to old with varying diagnoses. I have experience working with individuals with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, and more.
Hello! My name is Erin Janovec. I am a licensed professional counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is a humanistic and integrated approach that considers each individual's unique needs. I am certified in EMDR and trained in TF-CBT. I have worked with clients ranging from young to old with varying diagnoses. I have experience working with individuals with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, and more.
(540) 264-9592 View (540) 264-9592
Photo of Megan Wills, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan Wills
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Mattaponi, VA 23110
My name is Megan Wills and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LSCW) and certified trauma therapist working with clients statewide via telehealth. I primarily work with young adults and specialize in clients with anxiety, trauma responses, depression, and life transitions. I am certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and also use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, as well as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to help clients gain specific skills and make tangible progress.
My name is Megan Wills and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LSCW) and certified trauma therapist working with clients statewide via telehealth. I primarily work with young adults and specialize in clients with anxiety, trauma responses, depression, and life transitions. I am certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and also use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, as well as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy to help clients gain specific skills and make tangible progress.
(540) 616-2365 View (540) 616-2365
Photo of Marina Read, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marina Read
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lancaster, VA 22503
Mrs. Read is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience working with adults, children, adolescents, and individuals with diverse backgrounds. Marina specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and more. She is also dually credentialed as a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Clinical Substance Abuse Counselor and is able to address mental health and substance use concerns as well. She obtained her degrees from UW-Whitewater and Concordia University.
Mrs. Read is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience working with adults, children, adolescents, and individuals with diverse backgrounds. Marina specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and more. She is also dually credentialed as a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Clinical Substance Abuse Counselor and is able to address mental health and substance use concerns as well. She obtained her degrees from UW-Whitewater and Concordia University.
(757) 919-3936 View (757) 919-3936
Photo of Keshawna Tiggle, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Keshawna Tiggle
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Warsaw, VA 22572
My name is Keshawna Tiggle and I'm a Licensed Professional Counseling (LPC) in Virginia. My approach to therapy is very much person-centered. Clients are in control of their lives and treatment and I'm here to support through the use of various empathetic interventions. I have years of experience working with individuals, who struggle with various mood disorders, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, depression, life changes, school challenges, self-esteem, etc.
My name is Keshawna Tiggle and I'm a Licensed Professional Counseling (LPC) in Virginia. My approach to therapy is very much person-centered. Clients are in control of their lives and treatment and I'm here to support through the use of various empathetic interventions. I have years of experience working with individuals, who struggle with various mood disorders, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, depression, life changes, school challenges, self-esteem, etc.
(434) 474-2473 View (434) 474-2473
Photo of Arsheia Jones, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Arsheia Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Indian Neck, VA 23148
I'm so glad you're here! I believe that we all have the potential to be our best selves, and it is my honor and privilege to help you get there. I am a licensed professional counselor with 16 years of experience in the mental health field. I am also a licensed Substance Abuse practitioner and certified sex offender treatment provider. I have extensive training and experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. My therapy practice is based on cognitive-behavioral principles from a client-centered perspective. As a therapist, I aim to help you rediscover your life's balance.
I'm so glad you're here! I believe that we all have the potential to be our best selves, and it is my honor and privilege to help you get there. I am a licensed professional counselor with 16 years of experience in the mental health field. I am also a licensed Substance Abuse practitioner and certified sex offender treatment provider. I have extensive training and experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. My therapy practice is based on cognitive-behavioral principles from a client-centered perspective. As a therapist, I aim to help you rediscover your life's balance.
(703) 270-0551 View (703) 270-0551
Photo of Mayah Taylor, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Mayah Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Center Cross, VA 22437
I believe that anyone seeking help can find peace, wellness, and strength in a warm, supportive therapeutic environment. I have worked in mental health since 2017. My professional experience includes providing individual and group therapy in a private practice setting and working in the hospital setting to provide crisis intervention, discharge planning, and conducting behavioral health assessments as part of treatment planning. I serve clients experiencing various mental health issues and problems surrounding anger management, anxiety, coping skills, depression, grief/loss, stress, and self-esteem.
I believe that anyone seeking help can find peace, wellness, and strength in a warm, supportive therapeutic environment. I have worked in mental health since 2017. My professional experience includes providing individual and group therapy in a private practice setting and working in the hospital setting to provide crisis intervention, discharge planning, and conducting behavioral health assessments as part of treatment planning. I serve clients experiencing various mental health issues and problems surrounding anger management, anxiety, coping skills, depression, grief/loss, stress, and self-esteem.
(540) 930-4365 View (540) 930-4365
Photo of Brittany Williams, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brittany Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
My name is Brittany Williams. I am an LPC in Virginia and I mostly use cognitive-behavioral therapy. I enjoy working with a wide range of people of all ages and conditions from kids to teenagers to adults to older adults, who are experiencing anything from depression to anxiety to life changes such as grief and loss or anything in between! I look forward to working with you! I have worked with clients of all ages but enjoy mostly working with kids and teenagers. I feel like they have a lot going on in life that is very difficult to navigate and can have a lot of depression and anxiety on top of everything else.
My name is Brittany Williams. I am an LPC in Virginia and I mostly use cognitive-behavioral therapy. I enjoy working with a wide range of people of all ages and conditions from kids to teenagers to adults to older adults, who are experiencing anything from depression to anxiety to life changes such as grief and loss or anything in between! I look forward to working with you! I have worked with clients of all ages but enjoy mostly working with kids and teenagers. I feel like they have a lot going on in life that is very difficult to navigate and can have a lot of depression and anxiety on top of everything else.
(804) 251-3723 View (804) 251-3723
Photo of Jennifer Russell, LMSW
Jennifer Russell
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Point, VA 23181
I specialize in early childhood mental health and social emotional development with children ages 0-10 and the adults who love them. My clients are typically children struggling with anxiety, school-related issues, working through complex trauma, or demonstrating behavioral concerns. I offer a perspective of lived-experience for neurodiverse and military families.
I specialize in early childhood mental health and social emotional development with children ages 0-10 and the adults who love them. My clients are typically children struggling with anxiety, school-related issues, working through complex trauma, or demonstrating behavioral concerns. I offer a perspective of lived-experience for neurodiverse and military families.
(757) 654-2193 View (757) 654-2193
Photo of Alicia Hardin Carter - Alicia Carter/Excel Intervention, EdD, LPC-R, MSPSY, MEd, Pre-Licensed Professional
Alicia Carter/Excel Intervention
Pre-Licensed Professional, EdD, LPC-R, MSPSY, MEd
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560
Excel Intervention and Therapeutic Services offers a warm inviting atmosphere with Licensed Therapists, Residents in Counseling, Counseling Interns and QMHP’s. Alicia H. Carter is a Resident in Counseling with experience in child, adolescent and adult outpatient treatment. She completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Liberty University. Alicia utilizes relational, collaborative, cognitive behavioral, and person-centered approaches to build relationships and to meet the needs of each unique individual.
Excel Intervention and Therapeutic Services offers a warm inviting atmosphere with Licensed Therapists, Residents in Counseling, Counseling Interns and QMHP’s. Alicia H. Carter is a Resident in Counseling with experience in child, adolescent and adult outpatient treatment. She completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Clinical Mental Health Counseling at Liberty University. Alicia utilizes relational, collaborative, cognitive behavioral, and person-centered approaches to build relationships and to meet the needs of each unique individual.
(804) 589-4491 View (804) 589-4491
Photo of Bridget Kanz, CP, Psychologist
Bridget Kanz
Psychologist, CP
Verified Verified
My name is Bridget Kanz and I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I believe that every person has the desire and capacity to live a full and healthy life. My goal as a therapist is to provide you with the support and skills needed to realize your potential. I have worked with a wide variety of clients throughout my career and am very comfortable treating many conditions including anxiety/panic, PTSD, bipolar, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, substance use, personality disorders, and depression.
My name is Bridget Kanz and I am a licensed clinical psychologist. I believe that every person has the desire and capacity to live a full and healthy life. My goal as a therapist is to provide you with the support and skills needed to realize your potential. I have worked with a wide variety of clients throughout my career and am very comfortable treating many conditions including anxiety/panic, PTSD, bipolar, schizophrenia, schizoaffective, substance use, personality disorders, and depression.
(571) 605-6421 View (571) 605-6421

See more therapy options for 22454

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 22454

< 10

Therapists in 22454 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Grief
100% Coping Skills
100% Self Esteem
100% Life Transitions
50% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 22454 see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 22454?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.