Photo of Courtney Keith, BA, CAAP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Courtney Keith
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA, CAAP
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
For me, therapy is about throwing away the notion that there is something wrong with us that needs fixing and embarking on an honest journey of self-exploration that allows us to gain deeper insight and awareness. I work alongside you to explore the messages of your heart, mind, body and spirit. Every healing journey is unique, however, this work can look like ‘inner child work’ and reclaiming parts of yourself that have been forgotten or abandoned, identifying patterns of the mind and the body, unpacking your narrative, developing a spiritual practice that deepens your connection to spirit and creating a perception reframe.
For me, therapy is about throwing away the notion that there is something wrong with us that needs fixing and embarking on an honest journey of self-exploration that allows us to gain deeper insight and awareness. I work alongside you to explore the messages of your heart, mind, body and spirit. Every healing journey is unique, however, this work can look like ‘inner child work’ and reclaiming parts of yourself that have been forgotten or abandoned, identifying patterns of the mind and the body, unpacking your narrative, developing a spiritual practice that deepens your connection to spirit and creating a perception reframe.
(610) 298-9394 View (610) 298-9394
Photo of Jennifer Marie Jennifer Toplak-Kopp, LPC, MT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Marie Jennifer Toplak-Kopp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPC, MT
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
My name is Jennifer Toplak , LPC. I have been working in the mental health with families and children for 20 years. I specialize in family, parenting and ADHD with children. I love working with teens and helping resolve parent/child conflict. My primary focus is on improving interpersonal communication and practice the imago method for couple therapy and families. communication
My name is Jennifer Toplak , LPC. I have been working in the mental health with families and children for 20 years. I specialize in family, parenting and ADHD with children. I love working with teens and helping resolve parent/child conflict. My primary focus is on improving interpersonal communication and practice the imago method for couple therapy and families. communication
(610) 936-8119 View (610) 936-8119
Photo of Crysten Campbell, LPC, BSL, Licensed Professional Counselor
Crysten Campbell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, BSL
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611
Life is a continuum filled with daily stressors, life-altering events, happiness, joy, and everything in between. Where ever you might find yourself, I believe you are doing the very best that you can. It is my goal to walk beside you through your journey so that you or your loved one can achieve a purposeful life and overcome life's challenges. My nearly fifteen years of experience includes working with youth and adults who have experienced emotional and behavioral challenges, such as anxiety and depression, including working with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and intellectual disabilities.
Life is a continuum filled with daily stressors, life-altering events, happiness, joy, and everything in between. Where ever you might find yourself, I believe you are doing the very best that you can. It is my goal to walk beside you through your journey so that you or your loved one can achieve a purposeful life and overcome life's challenges. My nearly fifteen years of experience includes working with youth and adults who have experienced emotional and behavioral challenges, such as anxiety and depression, including working with individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and intellectual disabilities.
(610) 827-5935 View (610) 827-5935
Photo of Jess Adam, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jess Adam
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611  (Online Only)
What would it feel like to be unconditionally supported, the way you support others? What would change if you had someone that walked alongside you, offering skills, safety, and a healthy dose of humor along the way? If you’re curious about the answers to these questions, I invite you to schedule a consultation to see if we might be a good fit - especially if you are a caregiver yourself. I specialize in "supporting the supporters". Whether you are a parent, caring for a family member, or otherwise in a caregiving role - I understand the deep exhaustion that can come from all you give to others.
What would it feel like to be unconditionally supported, the way you support others? What would change if you had someone that walked alongside you, offering skills, safety, and a healthy dose of humor along the way? If you’re curious about the answers to these questions, I invite you to schedule a consultation to see if we might be a good fit - especially if you are a caregiver yourself. I specialize in "supporting the supporters". Whether you are a parent, caring for a family member, or otherwise in a caregiving role - I understand the deep exhaustion that can come from all you give to others.
(610) 795-5309 View (610) 795-5309
Photo of Crysten Campbell - Continuum Counseling and Clinical Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Continuum Counseling and Clinical Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611
Life is a continuum filled with daily stressors, life-altering events, happiness, joy, and everything in between. Where ever you might find yourself, we want to walk beside you through your journey so that you or your loved one can achieve a purposeful life and overcome life's challenges. Continuum Counseling and Clinical Services is a private practice located in Reading, PA established in May 2023. Our growing team of professionals includes both licensed professional counselors and licensed clinical social workers who are committed to effective and promising change within oneself and the community.
Life is a continuum filled with daily stressors, life-altering events, happiness, joy, and everything in between. Where ever you might find yourself, we want to walk beside you through your journey so that you or your loved one can achieve a purposeful life and overcome life's challenges. Continuum Counseling and Clinical Services is a private practice located in Reading, PA established in May 2023. Our growing team of professionals includes both licensed professional counselors and licensed clinical social workers who are committed to effective and promising change within oneself and the community.
(610) 827-5935 View (610) 827-5935
Photo of Katelyn Hernandez, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katelyn Hernandez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611
Whether you find yourself grappling with the echoes of past traumas or simply navigating life's complexities, I’m here to guide you through the healing process. You will have a safe haven where you can explore your thoughts, feelings and experiences without judgment. Together, we will work collaboratively to help you gain insight, develop coping strategies, and foster a sense of empowerment in your life. In my 7+ years of experience, I have worked with youth and adults in many of life's difficulties including complex trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, relationship and attachment issues, self-esteem, and mood disorders.
Whether you find yourself grappling with the echoes of past traumas or simply navigating life's complexities, I’m here to guide you through the healing process. You will have a safe haven where you can explore your thoughts, feelings and experiences without judgment. Together, we will work collaboratively to help you gain insight, develop coping strategies, and foster a sense of empowerment in your life. In my 7+ years of experience, I have worked with youth and adults in many of life's difficulties including complex trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, relationship and attachment issues, self-esteem, and mood disorders.
(610) 795-5384 View (610) 795-5384
Photo of Renee Donovan, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Renee Donovan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I am passionate about working with couples and individuals. Toward excellence in serving couples, I have extensive training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), and am fully Certified by the International Center of Excellence in Emotionally Focused Therapy (www.ICEEFT.com). Having a heart for couples, I am able to utilize my unique skill set to help couples get out of negative cycles of interaction that leave them feeling distant and alone. I'm committed to helping partners find their way back to a loving and secure bond with one another. Please visit my website for more details.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I am passionate about working with couples and individuals. Toward excellence in serving couples, I have extensive training in Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), and am fully Certified by the International Center of Excellence in Emotionally Focused Therapy (www.ICEEFT.com). Having a heart for couples, I am able to utilize my unique skill set to help couples get out of negative cycles of interaction that leave them feeling distant and alone. I'm committed to helping partners find their way back to a loving and secure bond with one another. Please visit my website for more details.
(484) 652-8246 View (484) 652-8246
Photo of Mary Kate Wynne, Pre-Licensed Professional
Mary Kate Wynne
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
There are many hardships and challenges throughout our life that have a direct impact on our mental health. Counseling can be a rewarding experience, increase self-awareness, and create positive change in one’s life. Mary Kate seeks to assist clients in processing and regulating emotions, changing behaviors, and reducing symptoms that stem from mental health disorders. Mary Kate utilizes interventions that focus on helping individuals identify psychological roadblocks, reframe thought patterns, and shift toward an increased awareness of oneself.
There are many hardships and challenges throughout our life that have a direct impact on our mental health. Counseling can be a rewarding experience, increase self-awareness, and create positive change in one’s life. Mary Kate seeks to assist clients in processing and regulating emotions, changing behaviors, and reducing symptoms that stem from mental health disorders. Mary Kate utilizes interventions that focus on helping individuals identify psychological roadblocks, reframe thought patterns, and shift toward an increased awareness of oneself.
(610) 665-3480 View (610) 665-3480
Photo of Allison Nagler, MSS, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Allison Nagler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611
Waitlist for new clients
With a focus on family dynamics, I enjoy supporting my clients in setting boundaries and improving their relationships by highlighting existing personal strengths. I see clients of all ages, but especially love working with clients through times of transition in their life, be it a transition through adolescence or a transition through older adulthood. Past clients have appreciated my realistic approach to addressing their needs, giving tangible tools to use outside of session. I have a great love for my job and I believe strongly in people's ability to grow and change.
With a focus on family dynamics, I enjoy supporting my clients in setting boundaries and improving their relationships by highlighting existing personal strengths. I see clients of all ages, but especially love working with clients through times of transition in their life, be it a transition through adolescence or a transition through older adulthood. Past clients have appreciated my realistic approach to addressing their needs, giving tangible tools to use outside of session. I have a great love for my job and I believe strongly in people's ability to grow and change.
(610) 347-5506 View (610) 347-5506
Photo of Audrey Snyder, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Audrey Snyder
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611
An important role of mine is to cultivate a safe space where you feel seen and heard so you can freely share what is weighing on you. As social beings, we learn and heal best through connection with others. In fact, the brain is hardwired for relationship. I operate from a Systems perspective in order to fully understand the complexity of your life, honoring both your inner and outer worlds.
An important role of mine is to cultivate a safe space where you feel seen and heard so you can freely share what is weighing on you. As social beings, we learn and heal best through connection with others. In fact, the brain is hardwired for relationship. I operate from a Systems perspective in order to fully understand the complexity of your life, honoring both your inner and outer worlds.
(610) 569-0609 View (610) 569-0609
Photo of Roger Lavine, MA, LPC, MBA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Roger Lavine
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MBA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Reading, PA 19611
I utilize a person-centered approach to counseling which allows the individual to experience a sense of empowerment and involvement throughout the therapeutic process. I believe that establishing a positive, non-judgmental, and trusting relationship between client and therapist is the key to initiating change and working towards solutions. Whether you're feeling anxious, depressed, stressed, misunderstood, unheard, or just stuck and feeling as if there's no way out, we can work together to find workable, realistic alternatives to improve your feeling, thinking, and behaving, as you move towards overall healthy and authentic living.
I utilize a person-centered approach to counseling which allows the individual to experience a sense of empowerment and involvement throughout the therapeutic process. I believe that establishing a positive, non-judgmental, and trusting relationship between client and therapist is the key to initiating change and working towards solutions. Whether you're feeling anxious, depressed, stressed, misunderstood, unheard, or just stuck and feeling as if there's no way out, we can work together to find workable, realistic alternatives to improve your feeling, thinking, and behaving, as you move towards overall healthy and authentic living.
(610) 463-1097 View (610) 463-1097
Photo of Angelina DeLong - HayCreek Healing LLC, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
HayCreek Healing LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
Just add another item to the never-ending “to-do list”- you’ll have to find a way to get it done. Being a mother and partner is so much harder than you ever expected, and most of the time you feel like you’re going it alone. You can’t seem to find the right words to ask for help. Not to mention the pressure society puts on us to do it all. So focused on tasks & your family’s needs, but wondering where you lost yourself as a person along the way. You know to be the best mom and partner you can you need to find time for yourself, you just aren’t sure how to get there on your own. Or how to drop the overwhelm, guilt, & shame for good.
Just add another item to the never-ending “to-do list”- you’ll have to find a way to get it done. Being a mother and partner is so much harder than you ever expected, and most of the time you feel like you’re going it alone. You can’t seem to find the right words to ask for help. Not to mention the pressure society puts on us to do it all. So focused on tasks & your family’s needs, but wondering where you lost yourself as a person along the way. You know to be the best mom and partner you can you need to find time for yourself, you just aren’t sure how to get there on your own. Or how to drop the overwhelm, guilt, & shame for good.
(610) 550-8032 View (610) 550-8032
Photo of Kelly NixonSchultz - Kelly Nixon Schultz-Arrowhead Emotional Wellness, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kelly Nixon Schultz-Arrowhead Emotional Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
You know that, “whatever this is…isn’t working for me!”, to quote one of my favorite comedies. Sometimes that is all you know. You know that you need and want to change the things that are no longer working for you but have no idea where to begin or who to trust with your story. The overwhelm of where to go and who to talk to can keep you stuck. But then as they say, if nothing changes, nothing changes and that causes fear. Or, one can get so comfortable being uncomfortable that it is where they stay. Allow yourself the opportunity to connect to yourself and others, living your life in a whole new way, with peace and joy.
You know that, “whatever this is…isn’t working for me!”, to quote one of my favorite comedies. Sometimes that is all you know. You know that you need and want to change the things that are no longer working for you but have no idea where to begin or who to trust with your story. The overwhelm of where to go and who to talk to can keep you stuck. But then as they say, if nothing changes, nothing changes and that causes fear. Or, one can get so comfortable being uncomfortable that it is where they stay. Allow yourself the opportunity to connect to yourself and others, living your life in a whole new way, with peace and joy.
(610) 298-0459 View (610) 298-0459
Photo of Julie Gabriel, MSW, LCSW, RYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Gabriel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, RYT
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611  (Online Only)
Using teletherapy, I practice a holistic multi-faceted approach, helping people deal with trauma, depression, anxiety, and relationships. With compassion and resourcefulness, I help identify my clients’ inherent strengths, which can be the key to healing.
Using teletherapy, I practice a holistic multi-faceted approach, helping people deal with trauma, depression, anxiety, and relationships. With compassion and resourcefulness, I help identify my clients’ inherent strengths, which can be the key to healing.
(617) 600-6771 View (617) 600-6771
Dr. Katja M. Spradlin-McHugh, LLC
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
HEAL. Heal by Embracing Abundance of Life. Life is glorious. Life can get hard. We do our best to be our best. That's a lot of pressure. When we focus on falling short of that lofty goal, we tend to feel guilt, shame, depression, anxiety. We are not alone in life. Reach out for a helping hand in regaining the gloriousness of life. I invite you to accept help and to embrace the abundance of life in healing your SELF. If you would like to reach out, email or call for a time to meet. I wish you peace.
HEAL. Heal by Embracing Abundance of Life. Life is glorious. Life can get hard. We do our best to be our best. That's a lot of pressure. When we focus on falling short of that lofty goal, we tend to feel guilt, shame, depression, anxiety. We are not alone in life. Reach out for a helping hand in regaining the gloriousness of life. I invite you to accept help and to embrace the abundance of life in healing your SELF. If you would like to reach out, email or call for a time to meet. I wish you peace.
(610) 756-0124 View (610) 756-0124
Photo of Giannina Reyes, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Giannina Reyes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works effectively with adolescents and adults. I am a bilingual counselor that understands and has worked with multicultural issues. My goal is to help you achieve your own goals in a safe an I will like to offer you a safe and non judgmental environment in which we can both work together towards healing, recovery and growth. I am eager to help you and/or a loved one rebuild healthy and rewarding relationships; helping you discover your own strengths and abilities.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works effectively with adolescents and adults. I am a bilingual counselor that understands and has worked with multicultural issues. My goal is to help you achieve your own goals in a safe an I will like to offer you a safe and non judgmental environment in which we can both work together towards healing, recovery and growth. I am eager to help you and/or a loved one rebuild healthy and rewarding relationships; helping you discover your own strengths and abilities.
View
Photo of Jenny Kirn, MA, LPC, MH, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenny Kirn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, MH
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Reading, PA 19611
I am a bilingual marriage and family therapist with twenty years experience working with individuals, couples, and families of various age groups and diversities. One of my primary focuses is Relationship counseling which teaches effective communication skills. Relationship counseling offers an excellent approach between parent and child to understand the stages of development and needs of the children. Another method that has been successful in my practice is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. MBSR incorporates techniques such as meditation, gentle yoga and mind-body exercises to help people learn how to cope with stress.
I am a bilingual marriage and family therapist with twenty years experience working with individuals, couples, and families of various age groups and diversities. One of my primary focuses is Relationship counseling which teaches effective communication skills. Relationship counseling offers an excellent approach between parent and child to understand the stages of development and needs of the children. Another method that has been successful in my practice is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction. MBSR incorporates techniques such as meditation, gentle yoga and mind-body exercises to help people learn how to cope with stress.
(754) 225-6418 View (754) 225-6418
Photo of Mihtesham Janjua - Horizonz LLC, MD
Horizonz LLC
MD
Verified Verified
West Reading, PA 19611
Horizonz LLC is an outpatient treatment facility, which provides psychiatric and counseling services for persons experiencing mental health concerns. A psychiatrist is available for medication management, and there are English & Spanish Speaking counseling professionals experienced in helping patients enhance the quality of their lives. Our staff specializes in depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety, anger management, child & family therapy, and couples counseling.
Horizonz LLC is an outpatient treatment facility, which provides psychiatric and counseling services for persons experiencing mental health concerns. A psychiatrist is available for medication management, and there are English & Spanish Speaking counseling professionals experienced in helping patients enhance the quality of their lives. Our staff specializes in depression, bipolar disorders, anxiety, anger management, child & family therapy, and couples counseling.
(610) 880-0127 View (610) 880-0127
Photo of Elizabeth S Heffner, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Elizabeth S Heffner
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Reading, PA 19611  (Online Only)
I have a passion for guiding others through some of their toughest times, and assisting in their recovery. I also have a strength based approach, which has assisted in the success of my clients. My office is a safe place for clients of any race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, marital status, and disability.
I have a passion for guiding others through some of their toughest times, and assisting in their recovery. I also have a strength based approach, which has assisted in the success of my clients. My office is a safe place for clients of any race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, age, marital status, and disability.
(484) 209-5156 View (484) 209-5156
Photo of Migdalia Roman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Migdalia Roman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reading, PA 19611  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in postpartum depression, anxiety, major depression, relationship issues, and major life transitions.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in postpartum depression, anxiety, major depression, relationship issues, and major life transitions.
(610) 609-7064 View (610) 609-7064
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See more therapy options for 19611

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 19611

30+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in 19611 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
92% Depression
84% Stress
82% Self Esteem
79% Coping Skills
76% Life Transitions
66% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% Highmark
81% BlueCross and BlueShield
81% Capital Blue Cross

How Therapists in 19611 see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

92% Female
8% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 19611?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.