Photo of Jessica Fleeger, MSCC, LPC, Counselor
Jessica Fleeger
Counselor, MSCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
I am here to help you take the first steps toward changing your life for the better. Even though change can be difficult, we will do this together. I have a Master's Degree in Counseling as well as a degree in Psychology and Sociology. I have over 20 years experience in working with adults, couples, teenagers, and families. My clinical interests include working with individuals who are experiencing anxiety, depressed mood, obsessive compulsive disorder, anger issues, bipolar disorder, stress management concerns, self-esteem issues, grief and loss, relationship problems, and trauma-related concerns.
I am here to help you take the first steps toward changing your life for the better. Even though change can be difficult, we will do this together. I have a Master's Degree in Counseling as well as a degree in Psychology and Sociology. I have over 20 years experience in working with adults, couples, teenagers, and families. My clinical interests include working with individuals who are experiencing anxiety, depressed mood, obsessive compulsive disorder, anger issues, bipolar disorder, stress management concerns, self-esteem issues, grief and loss, relationship problems, and trauma-related concerns.
(215) 515-5713 View (215) 515-5713
Photo of Casey M Baginski, MSW, MPH, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Casey M Baginski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MPH, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
I specialize in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). I am a DBT-Linehan Board of Certification, Certified DBT Clinician. I am also intensively trained in exposure-based treatment for anxiety disorders.
I specialize in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). I am a DBT-Linehan Board of Certification, Certified DBT Clinician. I am also intensively trained in exposure-based treatment for anxiety disorders.
(215) 584-4146 View (215) 584-4146
Photo of Finn Siepser, MEd, MFA, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Finn Siepser
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, MFA, MA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148
Let’s get you to where you want to be. I believe my clients are the experts in their own lives and I bring to the work: lived experience, training, and a sincere commitment to you living your best life. I follow your lead while also speaking up when something sounds like it might be harmful internalized messaging. I am invested in working with people of a wide range of relationship models and social identities including polyamorous/non-monogamous, trans and nonbinary, Black, Indigenous, and people of color, fat, disabled, neurodivergent, and sex workers. I come to therapy as a second career from the art and education worlds.
Let’s get you to where you want to be. I believe my clients are the experts in their own lives and I bring to the work: lived experience, training, and a sincere commitment to you living your best life. I follow your lead while also speaking up when something sounds like it might be harmful internalized messaging. I am invested in working with people of a wide range of relationship models and social identities including polyamorous/non-monogamous, trans and nonbinary, Black, Indigenous, and people of color, fat, disabled, neurodivergent, and sex workers. I come to therapy as a second career from the art and education worlds.
(215) 709-0379 View (215) 709-0379
Photo of Antonia Cianfrani, MA, ATR-BC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Antonia Cianfrani
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, ATR-BC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148
As an art therapist, I value the innate creativity within each person, viewing art not only as a means of communication but also as a vehicle for self-discovery and growth. I approach healing through a feminist lens, recognizing and addressing the intersectional dynamics that influence mental health. I integrate CBT, mindfulness techniques, and talk therapy, tailoring my approach to meet your individual needs. Recognizing the potential intimidation and anxiety associated with therapy, I prioritize fostering a warm, non-judgmental environment where humor is not just welcomed but embraced.
As an art therapist, I value the innate creativity within each person, viewing art not only as a means of communication but also as a vehicle for self-discovery and growth. I approach healing through a feminist lens, recognizing and addressing the intersectional dynamics that influence mental health. I integrate CBT, mindfulness techniques, and talk therapy, tailoring my approach to meet your individual needs. Recognizing the potential intimidation and anxiety associated with therapy, I prioritize fostering a warm, non-judgmental environment where humor is not just welcomed but embraced.
(267) 310-1434 View (267) 310-1434
Photo of Olivia Bijou Snyder, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Olivia Bijou Snyder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Finding a therapist that's a good fit for you is essential. My specific approach to counseling is empowerment-based, process oriented, and solutions-focused. I find that learning about one's own motivations, strengthening the empathy response, facing fears, and dismantling barriers are what lead to healing, fulfillment, personal growth and freedom. My style is to be curious and challenging, is generally discussion-based, and always leaves room for humor and freedom of expression. I have been supervising MSW students for over a decade, and am currently building a supervision practice for PA LSWs seeking mentorship.
Finding a therapist that's a good fit for you is essential. My specific approach to counseling is empowerment-based, process oriented, and solutions-focused. I find that learning about one's own motivations, strengthening the empathy response, facing fears, and dismantling barriers are what lead to healing, fulfillment, personal growth and freedom. My style is to be curious and challenging, is generally discussion-based, and always leaves room for humor and freedom of expression. I have been supervising MSW students for over a decade, and am currently building a supervision practice for PA LSWs seeking mentorship.
(215) 774-5327 View (215) 774-5327
Photo of Amberlee Venti, Licensed Professional Counselor
Amberlee Venti
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
I have worked in mental health/social work for over 15 years. I am a problem solver and advocate by nature. I specialize in life transitions (including but not limited to graduating, getting married, having a child, changing careers), depression, anxiety and trauma. I am a cognitive behavior therapist by training. I work with individuals to identify thoughts and behaviors that are inhibiting their lives and to restructure these thoughts to be more beneficial. The ultimate goal is to find more helpful ways of thinking so you can live with more ease and happiness.
I have worked in mental health/social work for over 15 years. I am a problem solver and advocate by nature. I specialize in life transitions (including but not limited to graduating, getting married, having a child, changing careers), depression, anxiety and trauma. I am a cognitive behavior therapist by training. I work with individuals to identify thoughts and behaviors that are inhibiting their lives and to restructure these thoughts to be more beneficial. The ultimate goal is to find more helpful ways of thinking so you can live with more ease and happiness.
(215) 515-0343 View (215) 515-0343
Photo of Allison Dovi, Psychologist
Allison Dovi
Psychologist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Welcome to Reframe Tomorrow Behavioral Health! I am a licensed psychologist with years of experience working with youth and their families, as well as young adults. As a provider certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and trained in Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), I specialize in working with youth and adults with symptoms of trauma, anxiety, and depression. I am also certified in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) and enjoy working with young children with disruptive behaviors and their caregivers.
Welcome to Reframe Tomorrow Behavioral Health! I am a licensed psychologist with years of experience working with youth and their families, as well as young adults. As a provider certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and trained in Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), I specialize in working with youth and adults with symptoms of trauma, anxiety, and depression. I am also certified in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) and enjoy working with young children with disruptive behaviors and their caregivers.
(215) 608-0067 View (215) 608-0067
Photo of Lane DiFlavis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lane DiFlavis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148
I believe that all people are deserving of love & healing. All too often life does what life does and we lose sense of our self, our worth, & our belonging. Choosing to pursue therapy is a radical act of self love & a gift towards enriching your life, deepening your understanding of self, & improving your relationships. Congratulations on taking this courageous first step on a journey towards your most authentic self & more satisfying life.
I believe that all people are deserving of love & healing. All too often life does what life does and we lose sense of our self, our worth, & our belonging. Choosing to pursue therapy is a radical act of self love & a gift towards enriching your life, deepening your understanding of self, & improving your relationships. Congratulations on taking this courageous first step on a journey towards your most authentic self & more satisfying life.
(215) 883-4414 View (215) 883-4414
Photo of Joshua Schultz, PsyD, Psychologist
Joshua Schultz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148
Therapy is a series of conversations that change how you see yourself and the world. I work with ambitious people looking to change their lives in the most important ways. No matter the issue, I help people understand themselves more fully, build healthy habits, and make life changes. In the therapy room, I help people get to know and make friends with their minds. I also work extensively in business, performing executive coaching with founders, entrepreneurs, and corporate leaders, and career transition work for those looking to change jobs.
Therapy is a series of conversations that change how you see yourself and the world. I work with ambitious people looking to change their lives in the most important ways. No matter the issue, I help people understand themselves more fully, build healthy habits, and make life changes. In the therapy room, I help people get to know and make friends with their minds. I also work extensively in business, performing executive coaching with founders, entrepreneurs, and corporate leaders, and career transition work for those looking to change jobs.
(215) 608-5861 View (215) 608-5861
Photo of Leya Williams-Albert, MSS, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leya Williams-Albert
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Are you suffering from anxiety/panic or going through a stressful life transition? Or maybe you’re struggling with parenting or relationship difficulties or trying to navigate daily life after a loss? I am here to offer support in all of these areas, with a focus on providing a safe space where you can develop the insight and tools to live the life you want and deserve. My therapeutic style is warm, empathic, and compassionate, but I am also direct and care deeply about you finding the outcome you desire. I bring over 10 years of experience as a clinician supporting tweens/teens (10+) and adults.
Are you suffering from anxiety/panic or going through a stressful life transition? Or maybe you’re struggling with parenting or relationship difficulties or trying to navigate daily life after a loss? I am here to offer support in all of these areas, with a focus on providing a safe space where you can develop the insight and tools to live the life you want and deserve. My therapeutic style is warm, empathic, and compassionate, but I am also direct and care deeply about you finding the outcome you desire. I bring over 10 years of experience as a clinician supporting tweens/teens (10+) and adults.
(215) 607-2174 View (215) 607-2174
Photo of Cecelia Satterly, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cecelia Satterly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Do you ever feel that life is too overwhelming or that your relationships are difficult to navigate? If so, I would be honored to help you navigate through life’s challenges. As we collaborate, we will walk down the path toward discovering, understanding, and valuing who you are and all you want to do in your life. I want you to truly believe you are good enough and capable of having exactly what you envision for your life and your relationships.
Do you ever feel that life is too overwhelming or that your relationships are difficult to navigate? If so, I would be honored to help you navigate through life’s challenges. As we collaborate, we will walk down the path toward discovering, understanding, and valuing who you are and all you want to do in your life. I want you to truly believe you are good enough and capable of having exactly what you envision for your life and your relationships.
(215) 544-2066 View (215) 544-2066
Photo of Sam O'Neill, BA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sam O'Neill
Pre-Licensed Professional, BA
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I whole-heartedly believe that the most powerful personal growth is cultivated when we are equipped with support, compassion, and encouragement. My therapeutic approach is warm and non-judgmental, and I strive to be that source of support, compassion, and encouragement for my clients while also teaching them valuable skills that allow them to access these tools within themselves as well. I am eager to hold space to allow you to experience an openness to explore, and a willingness to produce real, raw, and vulnerable change.
I whole-heartedly believe that the most powerful personal growth is cultivated when we are equipped with support, compassion, and encouragement. My therapeutic approach is warm and non-judgmental, and I strive to be that source of support, compassion, and encouragement for my clients while also teaching them valuable skills that allow them to access these tools within themselves as well. I am eager to hold space to allow you to experience an openness to explore, and a willingness to produce real, raw, and vulnerable change.
(267) 214-9610 View (267) 214-9610
Photo of Mia Bezalel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mia Bezalel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Pursuing and going to therapy can be uncomfortable, scary, and exhausting. It takes a tremendous amount of courage and willingness. Living with and carrying emotional pain can be lonely and in therapy we will navigate this and work towards healing together. We will process how the past and unconscious resurface in the present causing distress in various areas including family, relationships, work, mental health, etc. As we do this work and build an open and trusting relationship, we can develop insights, bring about change, and further healing.
Pursuing and going to therapy can be uncomfortable, scary, and exhausting. It takes a tremendous amount of courage and willingness. Living with and carrying emotional pain can be lonely and in therapy we will navigate this and work towards healing together. We will process how the past and unconscious resurface in the present causing distress in various areas including family, relationships, work, mental health, etc. As we do this work and build an open and trusting relationship, we can develop insights, bring about change, and further healing.
(267) 310-3105 View (267) 310-3105
Photo of Julie Goldberg, MA, LPC, LAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Julie Goldberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
As a Licensed Therapist and EMDR specialist, I offer a unique, holistic approach to mental health and healing. I integrate Eastern and Western philosophies by mixing traditional therapy, coaching, and spirituality to help individuals better understand their inner world, befriend their nervous system (instead of working against it), and navigate changing relationships. I also specialize in Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) and offer psychedelic integration support. Through my years of professional practice and my own personal work, I have cultivated an approach that meets each person where they are on their healing journey.
As a Licensed Therapist and EMDR specialist, I offer a unique, holistic approach to mental health and healing. I integrate Eastern and Western philosophies by mixing traditional therapy, coaching, and spirituality to help individuals better understand their inner world, befriend their nervous system (instead of working against it), and navigate changing relationships. I also specialize in Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) and offer psychedelic integration support. Through my years of professional practice and my own personal work, I have cultivated an approach that meets each person where they are on their healing journey.
(720) 664-9862 View (720) 664-9862
Photo of Phil Gardner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Phil Gardner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
I believe in a strengths-based approach to treatment, which means I start by working to understand who my client is, what their concerns/goals are, and how they can best be approached. This allows me to collaborate with my clients to develop effective coping skills for substance use, anxiety, depression, adjustment to aging, grief, relationship stress and boundary setting, or reactions to trauma. I also have experience with queer populations (LGBTQ+). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Pennsylvania with 10 years of professional experience in nonprofit and an additional 4 years in therapy practice.
I believe in a strengths-based approach to treatment, which means I start by working to understand who my client is, what their concerns/goals are, and how they can best be approached. This allows me to collaborate with my clients to develop effective coping skills for substance use, anxiety, depression, adjustment to aging, grief, relationship stress and boundary setting, or reactions to trauma. I also have experience with queer populations (LGBTQ+). I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Pennsylvania with 10 years of professional experience in nonprofit and an additional 4 years in therapy practice.
(267) 754-9212 View (267) 754-9212
Photo of Marissa Adamczyk, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marissa Adamczyk
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Marissa. I have experience helping those struggling with anxiety, grief, navigating relationship challenges, and more. Maybe you are looking to get to know yourself a bit better, to strengthen your relationships, or to find ways to better manage the challenges you're facing. Emotions play a huge part in our daily lives and tell us what we need or are missing. Together, we can discover these. We will work together to discover your values, goals, and how we can achieve them.
Welcome! My name is Marissa. I have experience helping those struggling with anxiety, grief, navigating relationship challenges, and more. Maybe you are looking to get to know yourself a bit better, to strengthen your relationships, or to find ways to better manage the challenges you're facing. Emotions play a huge part in our daily lives and tell us what we need or are missing. Together, we can discover these. We will work together to discover your values, goals, and how we can achieve them.
(267) 377-4539 View (267) 377-4539
Photo of Sarah Marie Tronco, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Marie Tronco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148
I work to develop a strong therapeutic relationship with clients, which helps to create a secure place where individuals can achieve meaningful change. By using a person-centered approach, I partner with clients to identify goals and interventions that are in harmony with an individual's unique needs. In recognizing that each individual is the expert on their own life, I assist clients in identifying their innate wisdom in order to overcome obstacles and promote healing.
I work to develop a strong therapeutic relationship with clients, which helps to create a secure place where individuals can achieve meaningful change. By using a person-centered approach, I partner with clients to identify goals and interventions that are in harmony with an individual's unique needs. In recognizing that each individual is the expert on their own life, I assist clients in identifying their innate wisdom in order to overcome obstacles and promote healing.
(856) 452-8267 View (856) 452-8267
Photo of Alex Wasserman, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Alex Wasserman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19148
As a marriage and family therapist, I work with individuals, families, and people in relationships on a broad range of issues. I am here to listen, to understand, and to guide you towards the change you would like to see. I take time to learn about you, your history, and important life events in a process of co-discovery. During our work together, you will come to make links between the past and your current experience, while also discovering new tools and honing your own positive coping strategies.
As a marriage and family therapist, I work with individuals, families, and people in relationships on a broad range of issues. I am here to listen, to understand, and to guide you towards the change you would like to see. I take time to learn about you, your history, and important life events in a process of co-discovery. During our work together, you will come to make links between the past and your current experience, while also discovering new tools and honing your own positive coping strategies.
(267) 573-3872 View (267) 573-3872
Photo of Lauren Carbone, MA, CEC, CLC, CNLPC
Lauren Carbone
MA, CEC, CLC, CNLPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Sometimes in life our soul has the desire to evolve, but the chaos and repetition of our everyday lives leave us feeling unsure of where to start. I want to help you uncover and work through everything holding you back from achieving success, fulfillment and aligning with your true potential. I am a mental health, life and executive coach with a solution focused approach to help you achieve your goals. When people hear “mental health” they often associate the term with “mental illness” or a diagnosis. However, Mental health encompasses everything from stress management, trauma, anxieties, and your overall sense of well-being.
Sometimes in life our soul has the desire to evolve, but the chaos and repetition of our everyday lives leave us feeling unsure of where to start. I want to help you uncover and work through everything holding you back from achieving success, fulfillment and aligning with your true potential. I am a mental health, life and executive coach with a solution focused approach to help you achieve your goals. When people hear “mental health” they often associate the term with “mental illness” or a diagnosis. However, Mental health encompasses everything from stress management, trauma, anxieties, and your overall sense of well-being.
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Photo of Crystal Beckwith, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Crystal Beckwith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19148  (Online Only)
Are you or your child struggling worry, sadness, or trauma? Do you find emotions and coping with life overwhelming? When depression feels out of control, it can take a toll on every aspect of life. I help people struggling with depression, trauma, anxiety, stress, and low self-esteem. Whether you're an adult looking for relief from worry, or a parent of child with high stress levels; now is the time to get help. Let us work together to develop a plan tailored to your unique needs that allows you to get back to living life fully.
Are you or your child struggling worry, sadness, or trauma? Do you find emotions and coping with life overwhelming? When depression feels out of control, it can take a toll on every aspect of life. I help people struggling with depression, trauma, anxiety, stress, and low self-esteem. Whether you're an adult looking for relief from worry, or a parent of child with high stress levels; now is the time to get help. Let us work together to develop a plan tailored to your unique needs that allows you to get back to living life fully.
(267) 500-9562 View (267) 500-9562
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 19148

70+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in 19148 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
92% Depression
77% Self Esteem
73% Coping Skills
68% Relationship Issues
66% Life Transitions
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
66% Cigna and Evernorth
53% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in 19148 see their clients

54% Online Only
46% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 19148?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.