Photo of David Bove - David R Bove, LCSWR, LCSWR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David R Bove, LCSWR
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
My specialty is working with individuals (18yo and up), couples and family members. My focus is to improve your relationships with one another, and work on your individual growth. I am very successful at engaging those of you who historically have had difficulty connecting to therapy or to therapists. My demeanor is very warm, relaxed and nurturing, inviting a safe environment for you to challenge yourself to be honest and to grow. Although I work very well with couples, I also challenge individuals to remove the blocks which have been very disruptive in their lives, at work, home or in their social life.
My specialty is working with individuals (18yo and up), couples and family members. My focus is to improve your relationships with one another, and work on your individual growth. I am very successful at engaging those of you who historically have had difficulty connecting to therapy or to therapists. My demeanor is very warm, relaxed and nurturing, inviting a safe environment for you to challenge yourself to be honest and to grow. Although I work very well with couples, I also challenge individuals to remove the blocks which have been very disruptive in their lives, at work, home or in their social life.
(845) 477-5706 View (845) 477-5706
Photo of Laura Spinks, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laura Spinks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
Are you ready to transform your emotional landscape and reclaim your life? I'm Laura, a dedicated therapist specializing in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Anxiety, Depression, and Anger Management. With over 6 years of experience in clinical social work, I am passionate about empowering individuals to navigate through life's challenges with resilience and grace. Choosing the right therapist is crucial to your journey towards mental well-being. My commitment to your progress is unwavering; I believe in fostering a therapeutic alliance built on trust and mutual respect.
Are you ready to transform your emotional landscape and reclaim your life? I'm Laura, a dedicated therapist specializing in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Anxiety, Depression, and Anger Management. With over 6 years of experience in clinical social work, I am passionate about empowering individuals to navigate through life's challenges with resilience and grace. Choosing the right therapist is crucial to your journey towards mental well-being. My commitment to your progress is unwavering; I believe in fostering a therapeutic alliance built on trust and mutual respect.
(845) 552-2871 View (845) 552-2871
Photo of Emily Buono, LMHC
Emily Buono
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924  (Online Only)
I believe we all want to wake up feeling happy and fulfilled each day, but sometimes life throws a wrench in our plans. Have you been feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or lost lately? Are you trying to find meaning in your current situation? Or, perhaps you need a dedicated space to explore and get a deeper understanding of your life's experiences? If you're looking to build skills to manage stress, gain insight into your innermost processes, and recognize patterns in your interpersonal relationships, all while learning how to be kinder to yourself, I want to provide you with a supportive environment to help you achieve those goals.
I believe we all want to wake up feeling happy and fulfilled each day, but sometimes life throws a wrench in our plans. Have you been feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or lost lately? Are you trying to find meaning in your current situation? Or, perhaps you need a dedicated space to explore and get a deeper understanding of your life's experiences? If you're looking to build skills to manage stress, gain insight into your innermost processes, and recognize patterns in your interpersonal relationships, all while learning how to be kinder to yourself, I want to provide you with a supportive environment to help you achieve those goals.
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Photo of Meghan E Arfsten, LMHC, Counselor
Meghan E Arfsten
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
I am a dedicated and compassionate mental health therapist with a deep commitment to your mental and emotional wellness. With an integrative approach to therapy, I offer you a unique and personalized experience that blends various therapeutic modalities, tailored to meet your specific needs. In our safe and non-judgmental space, we will embark on a collaborative journey to explore the intricate layers of your thoughts, emotions, and experiences.
I am a dedicated and compassionate mental health therapist with a deep commitment to your mental and emotional wellness. With an integrative approach to therapy, I offer you a unique and personalized experience that blends various therapeutic modalities, tailored to meet your specific needs. In our safe and non-judgmental space, we will embark on a collaborative journey to explore the intricate layers of your thoughts, emotions, and experiences.
(845) 415-1943 View (845) 415-1943
Photo of Amanda Bruno, LMSW
Amanda Bruno
Licensed Master Social Work, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges? Seeking a safe space to explore your emotions? As a dedicated mental health counselor, I am passionate about helping individuals navigate life's difficulties and achieve emotional well-being. With a compassionate and empathetic approach, my goal is to create a supportive environment where clients feel heard, understood, and seen. Together, we can work towards healing and personal growth, empowering you to live a fulfilling and balanced life.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges? Seeking a safe space to explore your emotions? As a dedicated mental health counselor, I am passionate about helping individuals navigate life's difficulties and achieve emotional well-being. With a compassionate and empathetic approach, my goal is to create a supportive environment where clients feel heard, understood, and seen. Together, we can work towards healing and personal growth, empowering you to live a fulfilling and balanced life.
(845) 493-2633 View (845) 493-2633
Photo of Lauren Miranda, LMHC, C-DBT, Counselor
Lauren Miranda
Counselor, LMHC, C-DBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
As a mental health professional, I prioritize the creation of a safe, warm, and non-judgmental environment to help with building a strong therapeutic relationship. I believe everyone has their own story that should be heard without judgment. Through a strength-based and integrative approach, I assist my clients through the journey of self-growth, empowerment, and self-acceptance. I enjoy integrating mindfulness skills, meditation, and journaling into therapeutic approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Accelerated Resolution Therapy and Cognitive Processing.
As a mental health professional, I prioritize the creation of a safe, warm, and non-judgmental environment to help with building a strong therapeutic relationship. I believe everyone has their own story that should be heard without judgment. Through a strength-based and integrative approach, I assist my clients through the journey of self-growth, empowerment, and self-acceptance. I enjoy integrating mindfulness skills, meditation, and journaling into therapeutic approaches such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Accelerated Resolution Therapy and Cognitive Processing.
(845) 377-9264 View (845) 377-9264
Photo of Lisa M Moranz, LCSW, MS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa M Moranz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MS
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
It is an honor and a privilege to partner with individuals struggling with a wide range of challenges in everyday life. The work I do with those individuals helps to bring forth the beauty, strength and power within each one of us. This shift allows an individual to overcome issues and begin to thrive. I am passionate about this work and hope that passion enhances the quality of the relationships built with everyone I serve.
It is an honor and a privilege to partner with individuals struggling with a wide range of challenges in everyday life. The work I do with those individuals helps to bring forth the beauty, strength and power within each one of us. This shift allows an individual to overcome issues and begin to thrive. I am passionate about this work and hope that passion enhances the quality of the relationships built with everyone I serve.
(845) 723-3577 View (845) 723-3577
Photo of Sarah Jean White - Sarah Jean White, LMHC, LMHC, CYT, ADHDCSP, Counselor
Sarah Jean White, LMHC
Counselor, LMHC, CYT, ADHDCSP
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
My gift as a counselor is that I am truly passionate about my work. We are never broken. We are always doing our personal best with the tools that we have. Often we lack the tools or they get lost when challenges arise, leaving us with ineffective, destructive coping mechanisms. Seeking counseling is a courageous step in showing up for yourself. Its important to find the right therapist. I provide a safe, trusting and judgment free setting so my clients can begin to understand their life through a lens free of old defenses that no longer work.
My gift as a counselor is that I am truly passionate about my work. We are never broken. We are always doing our personal best with the tools that we have. Often we lack the tools or they get lost when challenges arise, leaving us with ineffective, destructive coping mechanisms. Seeking counseling is a courageous step in showing up for yourself. Its important to find the right therapist. I provide a safe, trusting and judgment free setting so my clients can begin to understand their life through a lens free of old defenses that no longer work.
(845) 443-4559 View (845) 443-4559
Photo of Liza Bove' - Liza Bove LCSW-R - Psychotherapy PLLC , LCSW-R, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Liza Bove LCSW-R - Psychotherapy PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
My focus is on assessing the entire person holistically. I want to acknowledge you for taking this brave and difficult step. Getting to this place has not been easy, but I assure you, you will get through this. Most importantly, you should not feel ashamed for seeking help. We are all imperfect, flawed in our own way. Only we control our journey to realizing our own best self. We need to listen and hear our higher self, clearing the noise and emotional interference that keeps us from achieving mental and spiritual peace. As a therapist, my purpose is to mirror, mentor and persist in helping you transform your soul.
My focus is on assessing the entire person holistically. I want to acknowledge you for taking this brave and difficult step. Getting to this place has not been easy, but I assure you, you will get through this. Most importantly, you should not feel ashamed for seeking help. We are all imperfect, flawed in our own way. Only we control our journey to realizing our own best self. We need to listen and hear our higher self, clearing the noise and emotional interference that keeps us from achieving mental and spiritual peace. As a therapist, my purpose is to mirror, mentor and persist in helping you transform your soul.
(845) 262-2051 View (845) 262-2051
Photo of Rosangela Alicea - Rosangela Alicea LCSW, PLLC., MSW, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rosangela Alicea LCSW, PLLC.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924  (Online Only)
Hello, I have a great passion for serving Youth, Adults and Families. Sometimes we are faced with adversities or changes within our life that can be difficult to deal with and/or ask for help. School, work, relationship and life expectations may cause us to feel stressed, overwhelmed, disconnected or just overall tired. When this happens, we often experience an increase in symptoms of depression, anxiety or past trauma. I work to lessen the stigma and empower individuals to seek help for these concerns in hopes to help to heal & strengthen the person & family.
Hello, I have a great passion for serving Youth, Adults and Families. Sometimes we are faced with adversities or changes within our life that can be difficult to deal with and/or ask for help. School, work, relationship and life expectations may cause us to feel stressed, overwhelmed, disconnected or just overall tired. When this happens, we often experience an increase in symptoms of depression, anxiety or past trauma. I work to lessen the stigma and empower individuals to seek help for these concerns in hopes to help to heal & strengthen the person & family.
(845) 275-0381 View (845) 275-0381
Photo of Amy Wohl, LMSW, CPT
Amy Wohl
LMSW, CPT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
I embrace a multifaceted approach moving you forward in life and build on your strengths. I specialize in adolescents, women, family, marriage, relationships and couple's counseling." Please visit my website innerventure.net
I embrace a multifaceted approach moving you forward in life and build on your strengths. I specialize in adolescents, women, family, marriage, relationships and couple's counseling." Please visit my website innerventure.net
(845) 687-3396 View (845) 687-3396
Photo of Dr. Debra Klinger-Rosenfeld, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Debra Klinger-Rosenfeld
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Goshen, NY 10924
Not accepting new clients
Letting someone know you need help is brave. People enter therapy looking for solutions to problems, seeking healthier ways to manage stress, wanting to change behaviors, process unpleasant past events or learn to communicate with others more effectively. Having feelings is normal, but when our emotions become too big, too intense or even too scary to face alone; therapy can be a safe place to unpack what's underneath those feelings.
Letting someone know you need help is brave. People enter therapy looking for solutions to problems, seeking healthier ways to manage stress, wanting to change behaviors, process unpleasant past events or learn to communicate with others more effectively. Having feelings is normal, but when our emotions become too big, too intense or even too scary to face alone; therapy can be a safe place to unpack what's underneath those feelings.
(845) 232-2316 View (845) 232-2316
Photo of Catherine Kelly Marquet, DC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Catherine Kelly Marquet
Marriage & Family Therapist, DC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFT) are the mental health professionals specifically trained to work from a systems perspective while focusing on both the internal/personal and the inter-relational dynamics. For me it's all about appreciating the capacity in each person to live a vital Self-led life....integrating emotional, physical and spiritual well-being.
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFT) are the mental health professionals specifically trained to work from a systems perspective while focusing on both the internal/personal and the inter-relational dynamics. For me it's all about appreciating the capacity in each person to live a vital Self-led life....integrating emotional, physical and spiritual well-being.
(845) 481-1261 View (845) 481-1261
Photo of Lisa Schneider, LCSW, CCM, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Schneider
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCM
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you expecting amazing and meaningful times in your relationships, friendships and family life but instead feel lonely, guilt-ridden, stressed or overwhelmed, even snapping at loved ones? Maybe you have thoughts of not being good enough. Imagine a life free from anxiety's grip where you are equipped to conquer stress and find the relationships you crave. You can step into a world full of possibilities, where happiness and connection are at the center. You deserve relief from stress and anxiety. Today, begin the journey towards support and relief—I'm here to help make your tomorrow brighter.
Are you expecting amazing and meaningful times in your relationships, friendships and family life but instead feel lonely, guilt-ridden, stressed or overwhelmed, even snapping at loved ones? Maybe you have thoughts of not being good enough. Imagine a life free from anxiety's grip where you are equipped to conquer stress and find the relationships you crave. You can step into a world full of possibilities, where happiness and connection are at the center. You deserve relief from stress and anxiety. Today, begin the journey towards support and relief—I'm here to help make your tomorrow brighter.
(845) 318-1131 View (845) 318-1131
Photo of Lisa Whitenight, MA, CMM, RMT, CYT
Lisa Whitenight
MA, CMM, RMT, CYT
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
I am truly passionate about my work and believe it is important to find the right match. My goal is to meet everyone where they are at in their readiness and insights, and I work with a wide range of clients from various backgrounds. I have over a decade of experience in working with others, and will bring a comprehensive and eclectic approach to our time together.
I am truly passionate about my work and believe it is important to find the right match. My goal is to meet everyone where they are at in their readiness and insights, and I work with a wide range of clients from various backgrounds. I have over a decade of experience in working with others, and will bring a comprehensive and eclectic approach to our time together.
(845) 253-9104 View (845) 253-9104
Photo of Diane Marsin-Furst, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Diane Marsin-Furst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
Not accepting new clients
During these unprecedented times, it is more important than ever to take care of your mental and emotional well being. Most have been dealing with multiple challenges, every small task involves layers of decisions and every decision has had to have the flexibility to be changed at the last minute. If there was ever a time where assistance in navigating back to healthy coping strategies and quality of life was warranted- this is that time. I understand the apprehension to return to therapy or begin therapy for the first time and am able to guide you through that process.
During these unprecedented times, it is more important than ever to take care of your mental and emotional well being. Most have been dealing with multiple challenges, every small task involves layers of decisions and every decision has had to have the flexibility to be changed at the last minute. If there was ever a time where assistance in navigating back to healthy coping strategies and quality of life was warranted- this is that time. I understand the apprehension to return to therapy or begin therapy for the first time and am able to guide you through that process.
(845) 294-1635 View (845) 294-1635
Photo of Minerva Torres-Orta, LCSW-R, TCTSY-F, RYT-200, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Minerva Torres-Orta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, TCTSY-F, RYT-200
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924  (Online Only)
“There is a voice that doesn’t use words. Listen.” – Rumi... I am here to listen to your words, to what you haven't been able to say and to what needs to find a way to be expressed. I offer traditional talk therapy, mindfulness, trauma sensitive yoga (TCTSY), art, play, CBT, etc... I know that you are unique and deserve to be seen. Respect and compassion are the foundations of my practice.
“There is a voice that doesn’t use words. Listen.” – Rumi... I am here to listen to your words, to what you haven't been able to say and to what needs to find a way to be expressed. I offer traditional talk therapy, mindfulness, trauma sensitive yoga (TCTSY), art, play, CBT, etc... I know that you are unique and deserve to be seen. Respect and compassion are the foundations of my practice.
(845) 250-9600 View (845) 250-9600
Photo of Shonika Nazaire, MHC-LP
Shonika Nazaire
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
I offer empathy and compassion In a world where it can be hard to navigate through life. Life is hard and we as humans need help getting through it. I am here to help you cope with stressors in life, deal with depression and anxiety. Together we can delve into ways that will help you become a better you by utilizing some effective therapeutic tools and techniques.
I offer empathy and compassion In a world where it can be hard to navigate through life. Life is hard and we as humans need help getting through it. I am here to help you cope with stressors in life, deal with depression and anxiety. Together we can delve into ways that will help you become a better you by utilizing some effective therapeutic tools and techniques.
(845) 460-0905 View (845) 460-0905
Photo of Anthony Moscatello, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anthony Moscatello
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
Anthony Moscatello, LCSWR is the Owner/Operator and Supervising Clinician of Moscatello Therapy located in Goshen, NY where he maintains his own caseload of clients and oversees the therapy of the practice's other clinicians. At Moscatello Therapy, we conduct Individual, Couples, and Family Therapy. Our therapists have backgrounds in Mood Disorders (Anxiety, Panic, Depression, Anger Management, Bipolar), Adjustment Disorders (grief, stress management) and Substance Use Disorders. Moscatello Therapy accepts clients ages 5 and up for both in person and remote treatment.
Anthony Moscatello, LCSWR is the Owner/Operator and Supervising Clinician of Moscatello Therapy located in Goshen, NY where he maintains his own caseload of clients and oversees the therapy of the practice's other clinicians. At Moscatello Therapy, we conduct Individual, Couples, and Family Therapy. Our therapists have backgrounds in Mood Disorders (Anxiety, Panic, Depression, Anger Management, Bipolar), Adjustment Disorders (grief, stress management) and Substance Use Disorders. Moscatello Therapy accepts clients ages 5 and up for both in person and remote treatment.
(845) 477-5455 View (845) 477-5455
Photo of Mariah Hoffman, LMHC, Counselor
Mariah Hoffman
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Goshen, NY 10924
We are born innately curious, equipped with tools and perseverance to succeed in life. We are so strong and capable, full of great intuition and instincts. As babies and young children, we know our own truth and speak it confidently. As we grow, in order to fit in with life and society around us, we compromise our needs and ideals. We want to please others and feel acceptance. As a result, we may sacrifice our own beliefs. Trauma and oppression become obstacles in our path to healthy relationships, with our self and others. We feel individual, collective, and societal pain.
We are born innately curious, equipped with tools and perseverance to succeed in life. We are so strong and capable, full of great intuition and instincts. As babies and young children, we know our own truth and speak it confidently. As we grow, in order to fit in with life and society around us, we compromise our needs and ideals. We want to please others and feel acceptance. As a result, we may sacrifice our own beliefs. Trauma and oppression become obstacles in our path to healthy relationships, with our self and others. We feel individual, collective, and societal pain.
(845) 286-4830 View (845) 286-4830
1

See more therapy options for 10924

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 10924

90+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in 10924 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
91% Depression
82% Coping Skills
80% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
76% Trauma and PTSD
73% Stress

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
54% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 10924 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 10924?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.