Photo of Cledicianne Dorvil, PsyD, Psychologist
Cledicianne Dorvil
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, NJ 08610
I am a multilingual (Haitian Creole, French, English ) psychologist licensed in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania (PSYPACT). I have provided direct service in multiple settings including working as a clinical psychologist, school psychologist, behavior modification specialist, and crisis counselor. I also conduct cognitive, personality, neuropsychological, and risk assessments of children and adolescents. My work also extends to adults with trauma histories, severe mental illness, and legal issues. My approach to therapy is tailored to an individual's presenting needs.
I am a multilingual (Haitian Creole, French, English ) psychologist licensed in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania (PSYPACT). I have provided direct service in multiple settings including working as a clinical psychologist, school psychologist, behavior modification specialist, and crisis counselor. I also conduct cognitive, personality, neuropsychological, and risk assessments of children and adolescents. My work also extends to adults with trauma histories, severe mental illness, and legal issues. My approach to therapy is tailored to an individual's presenting needs.
(609) 642-1475 View (609) 642-1475
Photo of Alice Garcia, DSW, LCSW, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alice Garcia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Trenton, NJ 08610  (Online Only)
My ideal client would be an adult with issues with anxiety and depression related to trauma. I work primarily at helping clients manage stress and develop coping skills. I have worked with teenagers and young adults over the last 15 years and am comfortable with all ages. I have a license as a drug and alcohol counselor and as a clinical social work and also have a doctorate in clinical social work. I have worked in many areas of practice, including inpatient mental health and with the Latino population.
My ideal client would be an adult with issues with anxiety and depression related to trauma. I work primarily at helping clients manage stress and develop coping skills. I have worked with teenagers and young adults over the last 15 years and am comfortable with all ages. I have a license as a drug and alcohol counselor and as a clinical social work and also have a doctorate in clinical social work. I have worked in many areas of practice, including inpatient mental health and with the Latino population.
(609) 916-8431 View (609) 916-8431
Photo of Melissa Cramutolo, LCSW, LCADC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Cramutolo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
Are you tired of experiencing the same patterns and want to heal at the root of your symptoms? I specialize in treating trauma, addictions, and self esteem issues - in particularly with women and teenagers. When my clients first come in, their lives are overrun by fear and insecurities. They carry around deep shame about who they are and never feel quite “good enough”. They want to be confident and heal the patterns that are holding them back but do not know where to start.
Are you tired of experiencing the same patterns and want to heal at the root of your symptoms? I specialize in treating trauma, addictions, and self esteem issues - in particularly with women and teenagers. When my clients first come in, their lives are overrun by fear and insecurities. They carry around deep shame about who they are and never feel quite “good enough”. They want to be confident and heal the patterns that are holding them back but do not know where to start.
(640) 224-9809 View (640) 224-9809
Photo of Diana Cofsky, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Diana Cofsky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
(609) 834-4935 View (609) 834-4935
Photo of Nevolia Estelle Ogletree, EdS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nevolia Estelle Ogletree
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in individual and couples therapy, working effectively with clients from diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. My focus is on helping couples develop strong communication skills to ensure long-term, successful relationships. Pre-marital counseling is an area of expertise, wherein couples learn new tools and strategies to address common challenges and avoid pitfalls that are obstacles to healthy relationships. Couples find that my ability to analyze and help them to understand their personality styles enables them to experience harmony within their differences.
As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I specialize in individual and couples therapy, working effectively with clients from diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. My focus is on helping couples develop strong communication skills to ensure long-term, successful relationships. Pre-marital counseling is an area of expertise, wherein couples learn new tools and strategies to address common challenges and avoid pitfalls that are obstacles to healthy relationships. Couples find that my ability to analyze and help them to understand their personality styles enables them to experience harmony within their differences.
(609) 642-1412 View (609) 642-1412
Photo of Courtney Madden, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Courtney Madden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610  (Online Only)
Hi, I'm Courtney! Thank you so much for considering me for your mental health needs! First and foremost, I hope that you are proud of yourself for taking this step toward improving your mental health. Investing in your mental health is one of the most rewarding things you can do for yourself! Let me share with you a bit about myself. I received my Masters of Social Work with a clinical concentration from Widener University in Pennsylvania. After receiving my degree I began my career in a behavioral health hospital working with individuals and their loved ones following a crisis.
Hi, I'm Courtney! Thank you so much for considering me for your mental health needs! First and foremost, I hope that you are proud of yourself for taking this step toward improving your mental health. Investing in your mental health is one of the most rewarding things you can do for yourself! Let me share with you a bit about myself. I received my Masters of Social Work with a clinical concentration from Widener University in Pennsylvania. After receiving my degree I began my career in a behavioral health hospital working with individuals and their loved ones following a crisis.
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Photo of Andie Loiseau, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andie Loiseau
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
My ideal client is the client that has an idea of what they want in life but is overwhelmed with life stressors such as anxiety and depression. This client needs a safe space to explore their life options and the triggers that are causing negative thinking patterns, self-doubt, and low self-confidence. This client needs support, encouragement, and a non-judgmental approach to achieve their goals.
My ideal client is the client that has an idea of what they want in life but is overwhelmed with life stressors such as anxiety and depression. This client needs a safe space to explore their life options and the triggers that are causing negative thinking patterns, self-doubt, and low self-confidence. This client needs support, encouragement, and a non-judgmental approach to achieve their goals.
(609) 795-3023 View (609) 795-3023
Photo of Richard Smith, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Richard Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
Richard is licensed by the State of New Jersey as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and is a National Board Certified Counselor (NBCC). Richard has over eight years of experience working with a wide range of adults and families in the mental health field settings at the Outpatient, Intensive Outpatient, Residential, Intensive In-Community Settings. Richard has experience with various issues, including Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Grief, Stress, Substance Abuse, Peer Relationships, Anger Management, Men’s Issues, and Domestic Violence.
Richard is licensed by the State of New Jersey as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and is a National Board Certified Counselor (NBCC). Richard has over eight years of experience working with a wide range of adults and families in the mental health field settings at the Outpatient, Intensive Outpatient, Residential, Intensive In-Community Settings. Richard has experience with various issues, including Depression, Anxiety, Trauma, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Grief, Stress, Substance Abuse, Peer Relationships, Anger Management, Men’s Issues, and Domestic Violence.
(640) 500-3733 View (640) 500-3733
Photo of Judd Zachary Charmoy - Zack Charmoy, LPC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Zack Charmoy, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Hamilton, NJ 08610
Not accepting new clients
Therapy is a uniquely individual experience. Therefore, I work directly with the client to find an approach that best suits every individuals needs. My goal as a therapist is to provide clients with a safe and supportive space, free of judgement. I work with couples and adults over the age of 18.
Therapy is a uniquely individual experience. Therefore, I work directly with the client to find an approach that best suits every individuals needs. My goal as a therapist is to provide clients with a safe and supportive space, free of judgement. I work with couples and adults over the age of 18.
(609) 642-4912 View (609) 642-4912
Photo of Shams Elbedeiwy, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Shams Elbedeiwy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
My ideal client is a young adult under the age of 35 who may have difficulty with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, adjusting to new circumstances, stress, family strain, relationship issues, and cultural stress.
My ideal client is a young adult under the age of 35 who may have difficulty with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, adjusting to new circumstances, stress, family strain, relationship issues, and cultural stress.
(609) 403-3173 View (609) 403-3173
Photo of Sophie Hans, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sophie Hans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
My ideal client is someone who comes to therapy in a time of need. They might be experiencing anxiety due to life changes and transitions or they might be experiencing symptoms of anxiety for the first time and be concerne as to where the anxiety came from. The client might be processing loss or grief from a loved one or past friendships and or relationships. My ideal client will have needs such as needing to identify coping skills to get through life stressors, assistance with reaching goals. As a therapist I would be able to provide the client with a objective perspective to bounce their ideas and situations off of.
My ideal client is someone who comes to therapy in a time of need. They might be experiencing anxiety due to life changes and transitions or they might be experiencing symptoms of anxiety for the first time and be concerne as to where the anxiety came from. The client might be processing loss or grief from a loved one or past friendships and or relationships. My ideal client will have needs such as needing to identify coping skills to get through life stressors, assistance with reaching goals. As a therapist I would be able to provide the client with a objective perspective to bounce their ideas and situations off of.
(609) 798-7586 View (609) 798-7586
Photo of Melanie Pacheco, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melanie Pacheco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
I love working with all different types of clients, and I find that I learn from those that I work with. I love working with anyone who wants to make a change or achieve a goal.
I love working with all different types of clients, and I find that I learn from those that I work with. I love working with anyone who wants to make a change or achieve a goal.
(609) 795-7835 View (609) 795-7835
Photo of Angelina Radice, LPC, LCADC, CCS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Angelina Radice
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCADC, CCS, NCC
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610  (Online Only)
My commitment is to assist clients in navigating this path, fostering positive transformations through informed decision-making. Focused in guiding individuals through transitions and adjustments—be it in substance use, anger-management, self-esteem, career, relationships, or family planning. Collaboratively with clients, sessions are typically dedicated to goal setting, development and practicing of communication skills, boundaries and emotional regulation. In my work with children and adolescents, I strive to create a safe and nurturing environment where they can explore their emotions, thoughts, and experiences.
My commitment is to assist clients in navigating this path, fostering positive transformations through informed decision-making. Focused in guiding individuals through transitions and adjustments—be it in substance use, anger-management, self-esteem, career, relationships, or family planning. Collaboratively with clients, sessions are typically dedicated to goal setting, development and practicing of communication skills, boundaries and emotional regulation. In my work with children and adolescents, I strive to create a safe and nurturing environment where they can explore their emotions, thoughts, and experiences.
(609) 293-3493 View (609) 293-3493
Photo of Moradeyo Adeyi, LSW, LMSW, SIFI, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Moradeyo Adeyi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, LMSW, SIFI
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
My ideal client is someone who understands the areas of their life that need improvement. They have an idea of potential treatment goals for therapy and is open to the process. Additionally, they believe there are many ways to address previous traumas and can identify preferences for treatment. For example, a client who is open to incorporating journaling, meditation, or other holistic practices in addition to traditional talk therapy. My ideal client intentionally commits to the therapeutic process and is open to collaboration in the therapeutic space.
My ideal client is someone who understands the areas of their life that need improvement. They have an idea of potential treatment goals for therapy and is open to the process. Additionally, they believe there are many ways to address previous traumas and can identify preferences for treatment. For example, a client who is open to incorporating journaling, meditation, or other holistic practices in addition to traditional talk therapy. My ideal client intentionally commits to the therapeutic process and is open to collaboration in the therapeutic space.
(609) 293-3947 View (609) 293-3947
Photo of Dale Mooney - Dale Mooney LCSW, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dale Mooney LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610  (Online Only)
HI! I am an LCSW and have an additional therapist available in Northern Ocean County. I have been very successful with working with individual grief therapy, anxiety and depression, OCD, bi-polar disorder and everyday stress management. I can offer life coaching and have experience with health issues and end of life care. I also work with behavioral change. The key is to promote positive change and work on life management skills. Some treatment options are cognitive behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, and brief therapy.
HI! I am an LCSW and have an additional therapist available in Northern Ocean County. I have been very successful with working with individual grief therapy, anxiety and depression, OCD, bi-polar disorder and everyday stress management. I can offer life coaching and have experience with health issues and end of life care. I also work with behavioral change. The key is to promote positive change and work on life management skills. Some treatment options are cognitive behavioral therapy, client centered therapy, and brief therapy.
(732) 598-5124 View (732) 598-5124
Photo of Joanne deRosa - Joanne deRosa, LCSW Psychotherapy, LCSW, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joanne deRosa, LCSW Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Hamilton, NJ 08610
Sometimes we find ourselves stuck in life and we just cannot figure it out-"what am I doing wrong?... Why do I end up in the same place over and over ?..." Mistaken beliefs about yourself as well as ingrained patterns of feeling and thinking impact your self esteem, relationships and work life. Sometimes trauma ,that occurs during the formative years of childhood ,can result in persistent fear, worry ,and depression . Substances, food , sex, money and work can be misused in attempts to find relief from the unrelenting emotional pain or numbness that untreated traumas create.Trauma therapies are designed to help with these struggles
Sometimes we find ourselves stuck in life and we just cannot figure it out-"what am I doing wrong?... Why do I end up in the same place over and over ?..." Mistaken beliefs about yourself as well as ingrained patterns of feeling and thinking impact your self esteem, relationships and work life. Sometimes trauma ,that occurs during the formative years of childhood ,can result in persistent fear, worry ,and depression . Substances, food , sex, money and work can be misused in attempts to find relief from the unrelenting emotional pain or numbness that untreated traumas create.Trauma therapies are designed to help with these struggles
(646) 759-1615 View (646) 759-1615
Photo of Kimberly Hoff, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kimberly Hoff
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Hamilton, NJ 08610
Welcome to my page! I am a queer therapist and a therapist in eating disorder recovery who specializes in trauma, sexual/gender identity and eating disorders/body image issues with a Health at Every Size (HAES) and trauma informed lense. I realize one single therapeutic approach does not fit every clients needs, which is why I rely on an eclectic model of Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing, Person-Centered and Humanistic therapies. The most important approach I emphasis is the therapeutic relationship. I take time to foster connection to help with each of my clients journeys and help them feel as comfortable as possible.
Welcome to my page! I am a queer therapist and a therapist in eating disorder recovery who specializes in trauma, sexual/gender identity and eating disorders/body image issues with a Health at Every Size (HAES) and trauma informed lense. I realize one single therapeutic approach does not fit every clients needs, which is why I rely on an eclectic model of Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing, Person-Centered and Humanistic therapies. The most important approach I emphasis is the therapeutic relationship. I take time to foster connection to help with each of my clients journeys and help them feel as comfortable as possible.
(267) 459-9180 View (267) 459-9180
Photo of Justin Kahn - Main Street Counseling, LPC, LCSW, LCADC, LAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Main Street Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCSW, LCADC, LAC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hamilton, NJ 08610
We can all benefit from talking to a therapist! Someone who can listen objectively without judgment and help us work through life's difficult issues. My name is Justin Kahn, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and the owner of Main Street Counseling. Our therapists have many years of experience and success treating a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, PTSD/trauma, ADHD, behavioral issues, anger management, substance abuse, grief, and more.
We can all benefit from talking to a therapist! Someone who can listen objectively without judgment and help us work through life's difficult issues. My name is Justin Kahn, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and the owner of Main Street Counseling. Our therapists have many years of experience and success treating a variety of issues including anxiety, depression, PTSD/trauma, ADHD, behavioral issues, anger management, substance abuse, grief, and more.
(908) 731-6572 View (908) 731-6572
Photo of Carol G Quick, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carol G Quick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hamilton, NJ 08610
I work with individuals of all ages, couples, and families. Couples come to me for help managing their conflict. My goal is to provide a safe space for clients, and couples to be heard, to facilitate ownership of their part of the relationship energy. This is a process of creating intention and consciousness. I help clients understand what they bring to their relationships and ways to make changes in a non-judgmental, accepting, caring way. I am a trained Imago Relationship therapist. I am also a Certified Trainer of the Nurtured Heart Approach to parenting when working with family conflict.
I work with individuals of all ages, couples, and families. Couples come to me for help managing their conflict. My goal is to provide a safe space for clients, and couples to be heard, to facilitate ownership of their part of the relationship energy. This is a process of creating intention and consciousness. I help clients understand what they bring to their relationships and ways to make changes in a non-judgmental, accepting, caring way. I am a trained Imago Relationship therapist. I am also a Certified Trainer of the Nurtured Heart Approach to parenting when working with family conflict.
(215) 874-3803 View (215) 874-3803
Photo of Brian L'Oiseau, MA, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH, Licensed Professional Counselor
Brian L'Oiseau
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
Trenton, NJ 08610
At KNIC Counseling we believe that 'Knowledge is Necessary for the Improvement of our Communities.' We are community oriented and use knowledge from the theoretical perspective of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in our implementation of professional counseling services. Our goal is to empower clients to overcome life issues through clinical therapy. BRIAN L'OISEAU, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH manages KNIC Counseling & Consulting Services, LLC. Brian L'Oiseau received his Bachelors in Psychology from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. He received his Masters in Counselor Education from Kean University.
At KNIC Counseling we believe that 'Knowledge is Necessary for the Improvement of our Communities.' We are community oriented and use knowledge from the theoretical perspective of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in our implementation of professional counseling services. Our goal is to empower clients to overcome life issues through clinical therapy. BRIAN L'OISEAU, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH manages KNIC Counseling & Consulting Services, LLC. Brian L'Oiseau received his Bachelors in Psychology from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. He received his Masters in Counselor Education from Kean University.
(609) 812-2101 View (609) 812-2101
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 08610

30+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in 08610 who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
89% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
69% Stress
63% Coping Skills
60% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% Aetna
71% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield
68% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 08610 see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 08610?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.