Teen Psychiatrists in Utah

Photo of Melissa Lopez-Larson, MD, Psychiatrist
Melissa Lopez-Larson
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84060
Don't wait 2 weeks, appointments available! Dr. Lopez-Larson is a board certified child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist and received her MD from the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine. She performed her adult and child psychiatry training at Harvard Medical School training sites including Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital and Cambridge Hospital, respectively. She has been practicing for almost 20 years in a variety of settings including academic research, inpatient, residential and outpatient psychiatric services.
Don't wait 2 weeks, appointments available! Dr. Lopez-Larson is a board certified child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist and received her MD from the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine. She performed her adult and child psychiatry training at Harvard Medical School training sites including Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital and Cambridge Hospital, respectively. She has been practicing for almost 20 years in a variety of settings including academic research, inpatient, residential and outpatient psychiatric services.
(435) 236-2915 View (435) 236-2915
Photo of Alyssa Anne Lee, MSN, APRN, PMHNPBC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Alyssa Anne Lee
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNPBC
Verified Verified
Lehi, UT 84043  (Online Only)
Alyssa is nationally board certified in psychiatry, skilled in comprehensive psychiatric evaluations, medication management, and psychotherapy. Her expertise is in child and adolescent psychiatry, but she has training across the lifespan. Alyssa enjoys an integrative approach and doesn’t believe that “one size fits all.” She is aware of social, economic, family, biological, behavioral, and community factors that play into treating each individual. Many modalities are available in treatment of psychiatric disorders and she is committed to finding the best combination for her patients and families.
Alyssa is nationally board certified in psychiatry, skilled in comprehensive psychiatric evaluations, medication management, and psychotherapy. Her expertise is in child and adolescent psychiatry, but she has training across the lifespan. Alyssa enjoys an integrative approach and doesn’t believe that “one size fits all.” She is aware of social, economic, family, biological, behavioral, and community factors that play into treating each individual. Many modalities are available in treatment of psychiatric disorders and she is committed to finding the best combination for her patients and families.
(801) 876-5708 View (801) 876-5708
Photo of Dr. Marianne Haines, DNP, APRN, NNP-BC, PCNS-BC, PMHNPBC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dr. Marianne Haines
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, NNP-BC, PCNS-BC, PMHNPBC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lehi, UT 84043
By specializing in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Family Psychiatry, and Women's Mental Health I have the unique opportunity to diagnose and treat mental health issues at an early stage and improve overall quality of life outcomes.
Dr. Haines has over 25 years of clinical experience, the majority of which has been spent treating children and families. She is nationally board-certified in Neonatology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry specialties. In both clinical and residential treatment settings, Dr. Haines has worked extensively with individuals suffering from a variety of traumas and mental health disorders. She specializes in Child, Adolescent and Family Psychiatry and provides diagnosis, medication management, psychotherapy, as well as collaboration with other psychiatrists, therapists, and healthcare providers to optimize the patient's treatment plan.
By specializing in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Family Psychiatry, and Women's Mental Health I have the unique opportunity to diagnose and treat mental health issues at an early stage and improve overall quality of life outcomes.
Dr. Haines has over 25 years of clinical experience, the majority of which has been spent treating children and families. She is nationally board-certified in Neonatology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry specialties. In both clinical and residential treatment settings, Dr. Haines has worked extensively with individuals suffering from a variety of traumas and mental health disorders. She specializes in Child, Adolescent and Family Psychiatry and provides diagnosis, medication management, psychotherapy, as well as collaboration with other psychiatrists, therapists, and healthcare providers to optimize the patient's treatment plan.
(385) 336-0572 View (385) 336-0572
Photo of John G Ellis, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
John G Ellis
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
John is a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who earned his Doctorate in Nursing Practice from the University of Utah. He has 7 years of experience working in mental health with an emphasis in anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and adolescent psychiatry. His doctoral thesis focused of lifestyle modifications to improve mental wellness and resilience. He understands that everyone is unique, requiring personalized treatment plans.
John is a board certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner who earned his Doctorate in Nursing Practice from the University of Utah. He has 7 years of experience working in mental health with an emphasis in anxiety, depression, ADHD, OCD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and adolescent psychiatry. His doctoral thesis focused of lifestyle modifications to improve mental wellness and resilience. He understands that everyone is unique, requiring personalized treatment plans.
(801) 406-3731 View (801) 406-3731
Photo of Tanner Manwaring, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Tanner Manwaring
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Verified Verified
Holladay, UT 84121
I chose to focus my career on mental health because all aspects of health and wellness improve with the promotion and maintenance of a healthy, balanced mind. For the past ten years, I’ve worked in the mental health field. I mentored at a residential treatment facility for teen-age boys focusing on self-esteem through fitness and mental awareness before starting nursing school. . When I heard about Serenity and their progressive mental health care, I jumped at the chance to join their team.
I chose to focus my career on mental health because all aspects of health and wellness improve with the promotion and maintenance of a healthy, balanced mind. For the past ten years, I’ve worked in the mental health field. I mentored at a residential treatment facility for teen-age boys focusing on self-esteem through fitness and mental awareness before starting nursing school. . When I heard about Serenity and their progressive mental health care, I jumped at the chance to join their team.
(801) 893-9183 View (801) 893-9183
Photo of Adam Ellis, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Adam Ellis
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Lehi, UT 84043
Adam Ellis is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. He has earned degrees from the University of California, Irvine, The George Washington University, and most recently, a Master of Science in Nursing from The University of Pennsylvania. He has worked with both adult and adolescent psychiatric populations since 2015, and he enjoys engaging with diverse patients who have a broad range of mental health needs. If interested in group therapy for insomnia sign up now! While serving 20 years as a naval officer, Adam developed strong active listening skills and a high level of consideration and respect for others.
Adam Ellis is a board-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. He has earned degrees from the University of California, Irvine, The George Washington University, and most recently, a Master of Science in Nursing from The University of Pennsylvania. He has worked with both adult and adolescent psychiatric populations since 2015, and he enjoys engaging with diverse patients who have a broad range of mental health needs. If interested in group therapy for insomnia sign up now! While serving 20 years as a naval officer, Adam developed strong active listening skills and a high level of consideration and respect for others.
(206) 312-7679 x2 View (206) 312-7679 x2
P. Soni, MD, PLLC
Psychiatrist, MD, DFAACAP, DFAPA, FAAP
Verified Verified
Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics (FAAP); Distinguished Fellow of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (DFAACAP) and the American Psychiatric Association (DFAPA).
I am a board-certified Child & Adolescent and Adult psychiatrist with more than 30 years experience providing conservative medication management and individual psychotherapy. I have 6 years of training through the C. G. Jung Institute in Chicago. Therapy is Jungian-based and sometimes utilizes dreams, active imagination, sand tray, play therapy, even the tarot . Self-pay only; no insurance, medicaid, or medicare as my practice is small. NOTE: It takes approximately 2 months to schedule a new medication evaluation, usually less time for new therapy patients, no exceptions. You must leave a message to receive a return call.
Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics (FAAP); Distinguished Fellow of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (DFAACAP) and the American Psychiatric Association (DFAPA).
I am a board-certified Child & Adolescent and Adult psychiatrist with more than 30 years experience providing conservative medication management and individual psychotherapy. I have 6 years of training through the C. G. Jung Institute in Chicago. Therapy is Jungian-based and sometimes utilizes dreams, active imagination, sand tray, play therapy, even the tarot . Self-pay only; no insurance, medicaid, or medicare as my practice is small. NOTE: It takes approximately 2 months to schedule a new medication evaluation, usually less time for new therapy patients, no exceptions. You must leave a message to receive a return call.
(801) 436-8471 View (801) 436-8471
Photo of Dr. Amy Allen, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dr. Amy Allen
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Murray, UT 84107
Amy is a psychiatric nurse practitioner. She has a Doctorate of Nursing Practice from the University of Utah. She has worked as a mental health nurse for the last 10 years. She spent 3 years working on an inpatient adolescent unit in Utah county and then worked another 3 years in an outpatient clinic. Most recently, she lived in New York City and worked with the chronically homeless. She has extensive experience working with individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, ADHD, and trauma.
Amy is a psychiatric nurse practitioner. She has a Doctorate of Nursing Practice from the University of Utah. She has worked as a mental health nurse for the last 10 years. She spent 3 years working on an inpatient adolescent unit in Utah county and then worked another 3 years in an outpatient clinic. Most recently, she lived in New York City and worked with the chronically homeless. She has extensive experience working with individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, ADHD, and trauma.
(385) 993-4442 View (385) 993-4442
Photo of Dr. Brian Berrett, MD, MPH, Psychiatrist
Dr. Brian Berrett
Psychiatrist, MD, MPH
Verified Verified
Lehi, UT 84043
Hello, my name is Brian Berrett. I am a child, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist who is committed to providing high quality care in a timely manner - we will get you in within 2 weeks guaranteed. I specialize in depression, anxiety, eating disorders, ADHD, autism, trauma, and other mental health conditions. If we work together, I will enjoy finding solutions to help you live your best life -- a life built on striving towards your values, or the things you hold most dear in life. I take great joy when such achievements are more prevalent or poignant in your life due to the improved capacity you have gained.
Hello, my name is Brian Berrett. I am a child, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist who is committed to providing high quality care in a timely manner - we will get you in within 2 weeks guaranteed. I specialize in depression, anxiety, eating disorders, ADHD, autism, trauma, and other mental health conditions. If we work together, I will enjoy finding solutions to help you live your best life -- a life built on striving towards your values, or the things you hold most dear in life. I take great joy when such achievements are more prevalent or poignant in your life due to the improved capacity you have gained.
(801) 921-5935 View (801) 921-5935
Photo of Kenny S Hirschi, DO, MHSA, DABPN, Psychiatrist
Kenny S Hirschi
Psychiatrist, DO, MHSA, DABPN
Verified Verified
Saint George, UT 84770
I am a fellowship trained and board certified Child/ Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist. I believe in a holistic care model, recognizing the 3 essential parts that contribute to overall health and wellness: the Mind, Body & Spirit. I believe that if any one of these elements are out of sync it can negatively impact the other systems as well. During your appointment I will focus on these areas in order to set up a treatment plan that is as individualized and unique as you are.
I am a fellowship trained and board certified Child/ Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist. I believe in a holistic care model, recognizing the 3 essential parts that contribute to overall health and wellness: the Mind, Body & Spirit. I believe that if any one of these elements are out of sync it can negatively impact the other systems as well. During your appointment I will focus on these areas in order to set up a treatment plan that is as individualized and unique as you are.
(435) 447-4013 View (435) 447-4013
Photo of Dr. Kara Applegate - Clear Sky Psychiatry & Therapy, MD, Psychiatrist
Clear Sky Psychiatry & Therapy
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Farmington, UT 84025
Our team is led by Kara Applegate, MD — a board certified adult, child, and adolescent psychiatrist who offers comprehensive psychiatric and therapy services to her patients.
Clear Sky Psychiatry & Therapy: Dedicated to Your Mental Well-being. At Clear Sky, we understand the profound impact of mental health on your overall quality of life. Our experienced team of therapists and psychiatrists is committed to providing practical and effective treatments tailored to your unique needs. With a focus on evidence-based approaches, we offer a safe and non-judgmental environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Whatever your mental health concerns, let us guide you towards a brighter tomorrow.
Our team is led by Kara Applegate, MD — a board certified adult, child, and adolescent psychiatrist who offers comprehensive psychiatric and therapy services to her patients.
Clear Sky Psychiatry & Therapy: Dedicated to Your Mental Well-being. At Clear Sky, we understand the profound impact of mental health on your overall quality of life. Our experienced team of therapists and psychiatrists is committed to providing practical and effective treatments tailored to your unique needs. With a focus on evidence-based approaches, we offer a safe and non-judgmental environment where you can explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Whatever your mental health concerns, let us guide you towards a brighter tomorrow.
(385) 832-7506 View (385) 832-7506
Photo of Landon Moyers, DNP, APRN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Landon Moyers
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Murray, UT 84107
As a nurse and resident he has worked with forensic, adult, adolescent and pediatric populations.
Dr. Moyers is a graduate of the University of Utah's top-ranked Doctor of Nursing Practice program in Psychiatry and Mental Health where he was an R. Harold Burton Fellow. He has worked in all levels of psychiatric care over the last 12 years. His experience began as a psychiatric technician working with pediatric and adolescent patients, as a nurse with young adults in addiction recovery, and then as a charge nurse at the Utah State Hospital pediatric unit. Doctorate-level internships were completed at Polizzi Clinic, the Utah State Hospital, the VA Hospital, and West Ridge Academy.
As a nurse and resident he has worked with forensic, adult, adolescent and pediatric populations.
Dr. Moyers is a graduate of the University of Utah's top-ranked Doctor of Nursing Practice program in Psychiatry and Mental Health where he was an R. Harold Burton Fellow. He has worked in all levels of psychiatric care over the last 12 years. His experience began as a psychiatric technician working with pediatric and adolescent patients, as a nurse with young adults in addiction recovery, and then as a charge nurse at the Utah State Hospital pediatric unit. Doctorate-level internships were completed at Polizzi Clinic, the Utah State Hospital, the VA Hospital, and West Ridge Academy.
(385) 323-8549 View (385) 323-8549
Photo of Beth Pembroke, PMHNPBC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Beth Pembroke
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNPBC
Verified Verified
Salt Lake City, UT 84132  (Online Only)
My patient age range is adolescent to geriatric, age 16 and above.
Serving all of Utah via telehealth. Offering medications to alleviate symptoms, and talk therapy to help identify and change negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
My patient age range is adolescent to geriatric, age 16 and above.
Serving all of Utah via telehealth. Offering medications to alleviate symptoms, and talk therapy to help identify and change negative thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
(623) 263-1747 View (623) 263-1747
Photo of William Bunn - Embark Behavioral Health Virtual IOP, DO, Psychiatrist
Embark Behavioral Health Virtual IOP
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
Our Virtual IOP is a convenient way for your teen or young adult to receive intensive, healing care.
We know how tough it is to watch your teen or young adult struggle with severe mental health conditions like anxiety or depression. Our virtual intensive outpatient program (VIOP) is here to help teens, young adults, and college students ages 12-34. We provide flexible, accessible online therapy in Utah and other states across the U.S. that fits seamlessly into the busy academic schedules of young people and families and helps them achieve lasting change.
Our Virtual IOP is a convenient way for your teen or young adult to receive intensive, healing care.
We know how tough it is to watch your teen or young adult struggle with severe mental health conditions like anxiety or depression. Our virtual intensive outpatient program (VIOP) is here to help teens, young adults, and college students ages 12-34. We provide flexible, accessible online therapy in Utah and other states across the U.S. that fits seamlessly into the busy academic schedules of young people and families and helps them achieve lasting change.
(385) 469-2997 View (385) 469-2997
Photo of Dr. Jessica Jones, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Jessica Jones
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Highland, UT 84003
I am dually board certified in general psychiatry as well as child and adolescent psychiatry.
I have a passion for helping individuals of all ages reach their goals and thrive through each chapter of their lives. I provide compassionate, patient-centered, and evidence-based psychiatric care. I like to understand the contributors to your mental health condition(s) and then take a holistic approach and help you with a plan to address the contributors in a healthy way. I love that at Ampelis Health I work with experts in psychiatry, positive psychology, marriage and family relations, nutrition, mindfulness, and wellness. This gives my patients access to the tools they need to overcome and manage their mental health concerns.
I am dually board certified in general psychiatry as well as child and adolescent psychiatry.
I have a passion for helping individuals of all ages reach their goals and thrive through each chapter of their lives. I provide compassionate, patient-centered, and evidence-based psychiatric care. I like to understand the contributors to your mental health condition(s) and then take a holistic approach and help you with a plan to address the contributors in a healthy way. I love that at Ampelis Health I work with experts in psychiatry, positive psychology, marriage and family relations, nutrition, mindfulness, and wellness. This gives my patients access to the tools they need to overcome and manage their mental health concerns.
(385) 503-3817 View (385) 503-3817
Photo of Erika Bales, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Erika Bales
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Salt Lake City, UT 84111  (Online Only)
I am accepting new teen and adult patients in Utah.
Accepting new patients! Are you feeling overwhelmed? Taking the first step towards healing can be daunting, but you're not alone on this journey. I am here to help guide you towards a more fulfilling life with symptom relief. I believe in fostering a strong therapeutic alliance built on trust and respect. Together, we will create an effective treatment plan tailored to you. I combine evidence-based techniques with a holistic approach, taking into account your physical, emotional, and mental well-being. My goal is to support you in restoring and maintaining a healthier state of mind.
I am accepting new teen and adult patients in Utah.
Accepting new patients! Are you feeling overwhelmed? Taking the first step towards healing can be daunting, but you're not alone on this journey. I am here to help guide you towards a more fulfilling life with symptom relief. I believe in fostering a strong therapeutic alliance built on trust and respect. Together, we will create an effective treatment plan tailored to you. I combine evidence-based techniques with a holistic approach, taking into account your physical, emotional, and mental well-being. My goal is to support you in restoring and maintaining a healthier state of mind.
(385) 327-8023 View (385) 327-8023
Photo of Brayden Willis, DO, Psychiatrist
Brayden Willis
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Provo, UT 84601
Accepting NEW patients! With appointments IN-PERSON or TELE-HEALTH. Dr. Willis is a Physician Psychiatrist, dual board-certified in general and child & adolescent psychiatry. He is a real advocate for his patients, and they respond well to his approach. Parents value that Dr. Willis gives adequate time to: build rapport/trust, allow for all participants' voices to be heard, resolve concerns, provide therapy when possible, establish accurate diagnoses, implement effective individualized treatment plans, & safely manage any medications. The result is that all involved feel confident that they are receiving the highest quality of care.
Accepting NEW patients! With appointments IN-PERSON or TELE-HEALTH. Dr. Willis is a Physician Psychiatrist, dual board-certified in general and child & adolescent psychiatry. He is a real advocate for his patients, and they respond well to his approach. Parents value that Dr. Willis gives adequate time to: build rapport/trust, allow for all participants' voices to be heard, resolve concerns, provide therapy when possible, establish accurate diagnoses, implement effective individualized treatment plans, & safely manage any medications. The result is that all involved feel confident that they are receiving the highest quality of care.
(816) 323-6124 View (816) 323-6124
Photo of Sutapa Dube, MD, Psychiatrist
Sutapa Dube
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Highland, UT 84003
Dr. Dube is a quadruple board-certified psychiatrist based in Arizona. She trained in Adult, Child & Adolescent, and Forensic psychiatry at the University of Arizona. She completed further fellowships in Integrative Medicine with the Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, and in Integrative Psychiatry at the Integrative Psychiatry Institute. Dr. Dube has experience in community mental health, hospital, residential, and private outpatient settings with both children and adults.
Dr. Dube is a quadruple board-certified psychiatrist based in Arizona. She trained in Adult, Child & Adolescent, and Forensic psychiatry at the University of Arizona. She completed further fellowships in Integrative Medicine with the Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, and in Integrative Psychiatry at the Integrative Psychiatry Institute. Dr. Dube has experience in community mental health, hospital, residential, and private outpatient settings with both children and adults.
(520) 341-2053 View (520) 341-2053
Photo of Sean M. Erickson, PMHNP, CARN-AP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Sean M. Erickson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, CARN-AP
Verified Verified
Park City, UT 84098
Sean has been practicing as a Psychiatric & Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for over 10 years, is a Certified Addiction Registered Nurse-Advanced Practice, and has a strong passion for his work. Through his experience working with school systems, athletes, foster care, juvenile justice, unhoused/homeless health care, farm workers, Native Americans, and Veterans, he has developed a Solid framework for serving, wanting to connect, grow, and thrive.
Sean has been practicing as a Psychiatric & Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for over 10 years, is a Certified Addiction Registered Nurse-Advanced Practice, and has a strong passion for his work. Through his experience working with school systems, athletes, foster care, juvenile justice, unhoused/homeless health care, farm workers, Native Americans, and Veterans, he has developed a Solid framework for serving, wanting to connect, grow, and thrive.
(435) 246-7449 View (435) 246-7449
Photo of Mandi Joy Christensen, MPAS, PA-C, BSRT, Physician Assistant
Mandi Joy Christensen
Physician Assistant, MPAS, PA-C, BSRT
Verified Verified
Simply put, in my practice my patients get better. People need to feel seen and heard. They are looking for acceptance, hope and individualism. While you are in my care this will provided for each of you. Each treatment plan will be uniquely designed for you, taking into account the mind body connection to achieve individual remission. We will utilize blood work, lab/genetic testing to objectively treat both body and mind. This holistic approach also encompasses tools like therapy, mindfulness, spirituality, authenticity and connection. With the combination of the correct meds and these tools, remission can and will be achieved.
Simply put, in my practice my patients get better. People need to feel seen and heard. They are looking for acceptance, hope and individualism. While you are in my care this will provided for each of you. Each treatment plan will be uniquely designed for you, taking into account the mind body connection to achieve individual remission. We will utilize blood work, lab/genetic testing to objectively treat both body and mind. This holistic approach also encompasses tools like therapy, mindfulness, spirituality, authenticity and connection. With the combination of the correct meds and these tools, remission can and will be achieved.
(385) 438-3530 View (385) 438-3530
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Teen Psychiatrists
Adolescence describes the teenage years between 13 and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood. However the physical and psychological changes that occur in adolescence can start earlier, and it can be a time of both disorientation and discovery. The transitional period can bring up issues of independence and self-identity. Sometimes teens may be experimenting with drugs and alcohol or sexuality. During this time, peer groups and external appearance tend to increase in importance.

For help with adolescents or for an Utah adolescent psychiatrist these professionals provide help for adolescent development and adolescent education. They include adolescent psychiatrists in Utah, adolescent psychologists, and adolescent counselors. They can help with adolescent behavior, adolescent learning and adolescent discipline.

Utah teen Psychiatrists also provide help for troubled teens in Utah or troubled teen boys and girls. For parents of out-of-control teens, Utah psychiatrists can help with communicating and understanding your teen. And psychiatrists in Utah can help with teenager behavior and teen learning issues.