Teen Psychiatrists in Highland Village, TX

Photo of Louis E. Costello - DFW TMS and The Costello Clinic , MD, Psychiatrist
DFW TMS and The Costello Clinic
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Highland Village, TX 75077
Louis Costello obtained undergraduate degrees at Stanford University; his Doctor of Medicine from the University of Kentucky; and his General Psychiatry Residency and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Fellowship at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas.
The Costello Clinic and DFW TMS in Highland Village is a full service mental health clinic. We offer a complete array of therapeutic interventions from medication-psychotherapy combined sessions to Interventional Psychiatric care (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Esketamine (Spravato) care services when indicated). We use a lifestyle medicine approach in order to provide comprehensive care in collaboration with a team of caregivers and works to help each individual to create as joyful, meaningful, and functional a life as that person's strengths will allow.
Louis Costello obtained undergraduate degrees at Stanford University; his Doctor of Medicine from the University of Kentucky; and his General Psychiatry Residency and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Fellowship at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas.
The Costello Clinic and DFW TMS in Highland Village is a full service mental health clinic. We offer a complete array of therapeutic interventions from medication-psychotherapy combined sessions to Interventional Psychiatric care (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Esketamine (Spravato) care services when indicated). We use a lifestyle medicine approach in order to provide comprehensive care in collaboration with a team of caregivers and works to help each individual to create as joyful, meaningful, and functional a life as that person's strengths will allow.
(972) 810-7523 View (972) 810-7523
Photo of Dr. Riz Ahmad - Dr. Riz @ Evolve Psychiatry, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Riz @ Evolve Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Highland Village, TX 75077
Struggling with poor concentration, restless sleep, or irrational fears? Feeling hypersensitive or overwhelmed by a need for control? Tired of the relentless cycle of self-doubt, fatigue, and panic attacks? Which emotions stem from genetics and which are rooted in circumstances? How can you even begin to accurately express yourself? How much change is even possible? What if medications change you for the worse? These uncertainties can leave us in a never ending struggle that keeps us from achieving our true potential. If you’re finally ready to find out answers, then you need Evolve Psychiatry to navigate you out of this maze.
Struggling with poor concentration, restless sleep, or irrational fears? Feeling hypersensitive or overwhelmed by a need for control? Tired of the relentless cycle of self-doubt, fatigue, and panic attacks? Which emotions stem from genetics and which are rooted in circumstances? How can you even begin to accurately express yourself? How much change is even possible? What if medications change you for the worse? These uncertainties can leave us in a never ending struggle that keeps us from achieving our true potential. If you’re finally ready to find out answers, then you need Evolve Psychiatry to navigate you out of this maze.
(972) 853-6219 View (972) 853-6219
Photo of Sheila Trish Morgan-Freeman, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Sheila Trish Morgan-Freeman
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Highland Village, TX 75077
Quality driven psychiatric care provided with compassion. I specialize in providing evidence-based treatments for a wide spectrum of mental health conditions including ADHD, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, mood disorders, OCD, psychosis, traumatic stress and more. My goal is to empower my patients and equip them with the tools and strategies they need to improve their mental health and achieve their goals.
Quality driven psychiatric care provided with compassion. I specialize in providing evidence-based treatments for a wide spectrum of mental health conditions including ADHD, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, mood disorders, OCD, psychosis, traumatic stress and more. My goal is to empower my patients and equip them with the tools and strategies they need to improve their mental health and achieve their goals.
(972) 736-8223 View (972) 736-8223
Photo of Alejandro Perez - Dr Perez @ Evolve Psychiatry, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr Perez @ Evolve Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Highland Village, TX 75077
Struggling with poor concentration, restless sleep, or irrational fears? Feeling hypersensitive or overwhelmed by a need for control? Tired of the relentless cycle of self-doubt, fatigue, and panic attacks? Which emotions stem from genetics and which are rooted in circumstances? How can you even begin to accurately express yourself? How much change is even possible? What if medications change you for the worse? These uncertainties can leave us in a never ending struggle that keeps us from achieving our true potential. If you’re finally ready to find out answers, then you need Evolve Psychiatry to navigate you out of this maze.
Struggling with poor concentration, restless sleep, or irrational fears? Feeling hypersensitive or overwhelmed by a need for control? Tired of the relentless cycle of self-doubt, fatigue, and panic attacks? Which emotions stem from genetics and which are rooted in circumstances? How can you even begin to accurately express yourself? How much change is even possible? What if medications change you for the worse? These uncertainties can leave us in a never ending struggle that keeps us from achieving our true potential. If you’re finally ready to find out answers, then you need Evolve Psychiatry to navigate you out of this maze.
(972) 846-9933 View (972) 846-9933

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Jacinta Madu - GOFAN Healthcare Services - Psychiatry , APRN, PMHNP-, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
GOFAN Healthcare Services - Psychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, PMHNP-, BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carrollton, TX 75010
I am a board-certified child, adolescent and adult Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) currently practicing in Frisco TX. I have a passion for mental health. As a PMHNP, I work with clients through compassion, empathy, respect, humility, and hope to restore dignity and reduce mental health stigma. I enjoy treating patients with all kinds of mental illness including but not limited to depression, anxiety, adhd, bipolar, and schizophrenia. My compassion and nonjudgmental approach working with individuals and families builds hope and reduces mental health sigma.
I am a board-certified child, adolescent and adult Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) currently practicing in Frisco TX. I have a passion for mental health. As a PMHNP, I work with clients through compassion, empathy, respect, humility, and hope to restore dignity and reduce mental health stigma. I enjoy treating patients with all kinds of mental illness including but not limited to depression, anxiety, adhd, bipolar, and schizophrenia. My compassion and nonjudgmental approach working with individuals and families builds hope and reduces mental health sigma.
(469) 457-3282 View (469) 457-3282
Photo of Shaneel Shah, MD, Psychiatrist
Shaneel Shah
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75028  (Online Only)
Hello, Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. I am a diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology, board certified in adult psychiatry since 2013 and child & adolescent psychiatry since 2014. For the last fourteen years, I have treated adults, children, and adolescents with mental health challenges. I have also served in the United States Army Reserve as a psychiatrist. I completed my medical school in India. I did my residency in psychiatry at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. After the residency, I did a child & adolescent psychiatry fellowship at Mt. Sinai in New York, NY.
Hello, Thank you for taking the time to read my profile. I am a diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology, board certified in adult psychiatry since 2013 and child & adolescent psychiatry since 2014. For the last fourteen years, I have treated adults, children, and adolescents with mental health challenges. I have also served in the United States Army Reserve as a psychiatrist. I completed my medical school in India. I did my residency in psychiatry at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. After the residency, I did a child & adolescent psychiatry fellowship at Mt. Sinai in New York, NY.
(972) 458-3963 View (972) 458-3963
Photo of Ajijala Nanna, RN, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ajijala Nanna
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, RN, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Roanoke, TX 76262  (Online Only)
Ajijala is a board-certified PMHNP in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry. She has 12 years of nursing experience in Rehabilitation and psychiatric. Ajijala’s focus is to treat the whole person, not just individual symptoms. Every person is unique, with differing circumstances, motivations, experiences, and life factors.
Ajijala is a board-certified PMHNP in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry. She has 12 years of nursing experience in Rehabilitation and psychiatric. Ajijala’s focus is to treat the whole person, not just individual symptoms. Every person is unique, with differing circumstances, motivations, experiences, and life factors.
(737) 299-0923 View (737) 299-0923
Photo of Aminur Rahman, MD, Psychiatrist
Aminur Rahman
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
The Colony, TX 75056
Mental health is essential for leading a happy life. As a Child, Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist, I work with patients and their families to help alleviate suffering and improve quality of life so they are able to function at their full potential. My background includes understanding family functioning, development, social, academic, occupational functioning and psychiatric challenges. I aim to understand my patients so that I can help improve their mental conditions. My approach is to discuss with my patient and their family treatment options based on the biopsychosocial model.
Mental health is essential for leading a happy life. As a Child, Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist, I work with patients and their families to help alleviate suffering and improve quality of life so they are able to function at their full potential. My background includes understanding family functioning, development, social, academic, occupational functioning and psychiatric challenges. I aim to understand my patients so that I can help improve their mental conditions. My approach is to discuss with my patient and their family treatment options based on the biopsychosocial model.
(972) 402-6457 View (972) 402-6457
Photo of Gene Fletcher - Neogen Psychiatry, DO, Psychiatrist
Neogen Psychiatry
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Southlake, TX 76092
Being both Adult and Child/Adolescent Fellowship trained, I can provide services for a large age range.
Compassionate and Empathetic Adult and Child Psychiatrist who provides evidence based Psychiatric solutions for patients seeking to balance and normalize their mental health. Patients may be seeking help with Depression, Anxiety, Adjusting to Situational Stressors, ADHD, Psychosis, Bipolar D/O, recent trauma or mental health issues related to substance abuse. (Not Addiction Medicine Fellowship trained)
Being both Adult and Child/Adolescent Fellowship trained, I can provide services for a large age range.
Compassionate and Empathetic Adult and Child Psychiatrist who provides evidence based Psychiatric solutions for patients seeking to balance and normalize their mental health. Patients may be seeking help with Depression, Anxiety, Adjusting to Situational Stressors, ADHD, Psychosis, Bipolar D/O, recent trauma or mental health issues related to substance abuse. (Not Addiction Medicine Fellowship trained)
(817) 241-4010 View (817) 241-4010
Photo of Arif Mirza - VPP Clinic | Dr Arif Mirza MD, MD, Psychiatrist
VPP Clinic | Dr Arif Mirza MD
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Irving, TX 75063  (Online Only)
ADHD All Meds -Stimulants/Non Stimulants, ADHD Testing (All Ages) Panic Attacks Anxiety Disorder Meds, Insomnia Sleep Disorders Prescriptions, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Erectile Dysfunction, Autism Testing (Child Adolescent), ADHD Extended Time Help (School/College) Emotional Support Animal Assist FMLA & Disability Paperwork Help, Sick Slip Doctor Note.
Welcome to VPPclinic.com ... As an experienced Psychiatrist in private practice, inpatient and telehealth settings, I'm here to offer authentic, compassionate care. Time is precious, especially for busy students, parents, and working professionals. I look forward to collaborate to reach your goals ASAP! ... Same week Video appointments are available statewide (Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio). Text 469-770-7750 for quick booking assist.
ADHD All Meds -Stimulants/Non Stimulants, ADHD Testing (All Ages) Panic Attacks Anxiety Disorder Meds, Insomnia Sleep Disorders Prescriptions, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Erectile Dysfunction, Autism Testing (Child Adolescent), ADHD Extended Time Help (School/College) Emotional Support Animal Assist FMLA & Disability Paperwork Help, Sick Slip Doctor Note.
Welcome to VPPclinic.com ... As an experienced Psychiatrist in private practice, inpatient and telehealth settings, I'm here to offer authentic, compassionate care. Time is precious, especially for busy students, parents, and working professionals. I look forward to collaborate to reach your goals ASAP! ... Same week Video appointments are available statewide (Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio). Text 469-770-7750 for quick booking assist.
(817) 646-8725 View (817) 646-8725
Photo of Elizabeth Ucheoma-Cofield, MD, Psychiatrist
Elizabeth Ucheoma-Cofield
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Southlake, TX 76092
I am a double board certified Child/Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist with over a decade of experience in managing both simple and complex child, adolescent, and adult cases in a variety of clincal settings ranging from hospital based to telemedicine. My practice focuses on providing holistic mental health care to the entire family by utilizing nutrition, exercise, therapeutic modalities, and psychiatric medication management to optimize outcomes. I provide easily accessible psychiatric care utilizing a telepsychiatry based platform, and my hours of service provision are tailored to fit comfortably within your family's schedule.
I am a double board certified Child/Adolescent and Adult Psychiatrist with over a decade of experience in managing both simple and complex child, adolescent, and adult cases in a variety of clincal settings ranging from hospital based to telemedicine. My practice focuses on providing holistic mental health care to the entire family by utilizing nutrition, exercise, therapeutic modalities, and psychiatric medication management to optimize outcomes. I provide easily accessible psychiatric care utilizing a telepsychiatry based platform, and my hours of service provision are tailored to fit comfortably within your family's schedule.
(817) 915-9223 View (817) 915-9223
Photo of Clayton L. Allison, MD, Psychiatrist
Clayton L. Allison
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Southlake, TX 76092
Training and experience in adult, child and adolescent, and forensic psychiatry provide me the opportunity to manage a variety of conditions. I have particular interest working with children and adolescents of any age. I also enjoy working with adults, including those pursuing medication assisted treatment for substance use disorders.
Training and experience in adult, child and adolescent, and forensic psychiatry provide me the opportunity to manage a variety of conditions. I have particular interest working with children and adolescents of any age. I also enjoy working with adults, including those pursuing medication assisted treatment for substance use disorders.
(817) 623-4940 View (817) 623-4940
Photo of Joseph Micci, MSN, APRN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Joseph Micci
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Southlake, TX 76092
Joseph Micci is an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse that has been board certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) in Psychiatry to serve pediatric, adolescent, and adult clients. He graduated with his Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Texas Christian University where he then worked at John Peter Smith Hospital’s Department of Psychiatry for 6 years. He then completed his Master of Science in Nursing from Walden University. Joe works with clients experiencing mood disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, psychotic disorders, and addiction disorders. He focuses on providing a calm and supportive environment.
Joseph Micci is an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse that has been board certified by the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) in Psychiatry to serve pediatric, adolescent, and adult clients. He graduated with his Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Texas Christian University where he then worked at John Peter Smith Hospital’s Department of Psychiatry for 6 years. He then completed his Master of Science in Nursing from Walden University. Joe works with clients experiencing mood disorders, anxiety disorders, trauma, psychotic disorders, and addiction disorders. He focuses on providing a calm and supportive environment.
(817) 952-1654 View (817) 952-1654
Christopher Chee
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Southlake, TX 76092  (Online Only)
Welcome to my practice. I am a psychiatrist with dual board certifications in General Psychiatry, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. My training at UT Southwestern and UC San Francisco is diverse, patient-centered, and evidence-based. These experiences have given me an understanding and appreciation of people from all walks of life.
Welcome to my practice. I am a psychiatrist with dual board certifications in General Psychiatry, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. My training at UT Southwestern and UC San Francisco is diverse, patient-centered, and evidence-based. These experiences have given me an understanding and appreciation of people from all walks of life.
(817) 241-3579 View (817) 241-3579
Photo of Paul Wright - IntegrityMind Psychiatry - Paul Wright MD, MD, Psychiatrist
IntegrityMind Psychiatry - Paul Wright MD
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Southlake, TX 76092
Dr. Paul Wright has specialized in Adult Psychiatry and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. He utilizes a unique, holistic approach that factors in lifestyle, environment, sleep habits, diet/exercise along with experiences, trauma, diagnoses and symptoms of mental illness. As well as medication management, Dr. Wright is fully committed to allocating the investment and attention that is required in giving individual and family psychotherapy.
Dr. Paul Wright has specialized in Adult Psychiatry and Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. He utilizes a unique, holistic approach that factors in lifestyle, environment, sleep habits, diet/exercise along with experiences, trauma, diagnoses and symptoms of mental illness. As well as medication management, Dr. Wright is fully committed to allocating the investment and attention that is required in giving individual and family psychotherapy.
(817) 631-6366 View (817) 631-6366
Photo of Ifeoma Irokwe - Effulgence Psychiatry, PMHNP, -BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Effulgence Psychiatry
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, -BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carrollton, TX 75010
Welcome to Effulgence Psychiatry, where your journey to mental wellness is honored with compassion, expertise, and a commitment to holistic care. My name is Ifeoma Irokwe, a mental health nurse practitioner, I envision my clients as individuals with unique struggles, seeking solace in their darkest moments. Understanding their needs for compassionate care, I strive to empower them to reclaim their lives, overcome obstacles, and achieve personal growth. My goal is to foster an environment where clients feel heard, valued, and supported, paving the way for them to pursue a future filled with hope, resilience, and fulfillment.
Welcome to Effulgence Psychiatry, where your journey to mental wellness is honored with compassion, expertise, and a commitment to holistic care. My name is Ifeoma Irokwe, a mental health nurse practitioner, I envision my clients as individuals with unique struggles, seeking solace in their darkest moments. Understanding their needs for compassionate care, I strive to empower them to reclaim their lives, overcome obstacles, and achieve personal growth. My goal is to foster an environment where clients feel heard, valued, and supported, paving the way for them to pursue a future filled with hope, resilience, and fulfillment.
(940) 286-4548 View (940) 286-4548
Photo of Dr. Farah Ali, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Farah Ali
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Little Elm, TX 75068
As a board certified psychiatrist, I provide psychiatric care for individual adults and adolescents between ages 16 to 65, in a safe and welcoming private office. My work is devoted to helping people like you improve relationships with yourself, family, colleagues, and community. My services include a thorough evaluation, medication management, and patient education. I begin the initial assessment by review of your current physical, mental, and relationship strengths and areas of potential improvement.
As a board certified psychiatrist, I provide psychiatric care for individual adults and adolescents between ages 16 to 65, in a safe and welcoming private office. My work is devoted to helping people like you improve relationships with yourself, family, colleagues, and community. My services include a thorough evaluation, medication management, and patient education. I begin the initial assessment by review of your current physical, mental, and relationship strengths and areas of potential improvement.
(469) 778-3597 View (469) 778-3597
Photo of Dr. Joy Ichie - A-1 Behavioral Health Services, PMHNP, BC, DNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
A-1 Behavioral Health Services
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, BC, DNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carrollton, TX 75007
I am a family psychiatric/ mental health nurse practitioner with extensive experience with children, adults, and the elderly who are struggling with a variety of mental health challenges in different care settings. I obtained a Bachelor of Science, a Masters degree in nursing from the University of Texas at Arlington, and a Doctorate from Briar Cliff University, Sioux City, Iowa. As a doctoral-prepared practitioner, I will complete a thorough evaluation and partner with you to develop an individualized and holistic treatment plan based on the right diagnosis.
I am a family psychiatric/ mental health nurse practitioner with extensive experience with children, adults, and the elderly who are struggling with a variety of mental health challenges in different care settings. I obtained a Bachelor of Science, a Masters degree in nursing from the University of Texas at Arlington, and a Doctorate from Briar Cliff University, Sioux City, Iowa. As a doctoral-prepared practitioner, I will complete a thorough evaluation and partner with you to develop an individualized and holistic treatment plan based on the right diagnosis.
(469) 813-9224 View (469) 813-9224
Photo of Stella Apari - Star Legacy Behavioral Health PLLC, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-C, FNP-C, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Star Legacy Behavioral Health PLLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, APRN, PMHNP-C, FNP-C
Verified Verified
Carrollton, TX 75007
A peaceful mind is a blessing in disguise. We are here to help all those looking to achieve a sound, happy, and productive state of mind. We truly believe all issues are treatable and we take pride in being by your side during the journey. At Star Legacy we diagnose, educate, and treat psychiatric disorders with consultation and medication management. Our goal is to provide evidence based care in efforts to give patients the necessary tools to achieve optimal mental health function.
A peaceful mind is a blessing in disguise. We are here to help all those looking to achieve a sound, happy, and productive state of mind. We truly believe all issues are treatable and we take pride in being by your side during the journey. At Star Legacy we diagnose, educate, and treat psychiatric disorders with consultation and medication management. Our goal is to provide evidence based care in efforts to give patients the necessary tools to achieve optimal mental health function.
(469) 382-3625 View (469) 382-3625
Photo of Oladele A Adebogun - PsychiatryMD - Frisco & Flower Mound, MD, FAPA, FASAM, Psychiatrist
PsychiatryMD - Frisco & Flower Mound
Psychiatrist, MD, FAPA, FASAM
Verified Verified
Flower Mound, TX 75022
Mind Matters PsychiatryMD brings forth Interventional Psychiatry & Evidence Based Psychiatric Treatments in ADHD in Adult and Children, Neuro-Addiction, Ketamine & TMS Neuro-Stimulation. Dr. Oladele Adebogun, Medical Director of Mind Matters PsychiatryMD, partnered management by his wife Ashley Adebogun. He moved from England to complete Residency at Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. He holds distinguished appointments as Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and Fellow American Society of Addiction Medicine.
Mind Matters PsychiatryMD brings forth Interventional Psychiatry & Evidence Based Psychiatric Treatments in ADHD in Adult and Children, Neuro-Addiction, Ketamine & TMS Neuro-Stimulation. Dr. Oladele Adebogun, Medical Director of Mind Matters PsychiatryMD, partnered management by his wife Ashley Adebogun. He moved from England to complete Residency at Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. He holds distinguished appointments as Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and Fellow American Society of Addiction Medicine.
(972) 221-7900 View (972) 221-7900

See more therapy options for Highland Village

Teen Psychiatrists
Adolescence describes the teenage years between 13 and 19 and can be considered the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood. However the physical and psychological changes that occur in adolescence can start earlier, and it can be a time of both disorientation and discovery. The transitional period can bring up issues of independence and self-identity. Sometimes teens may be experimenting with drugs and alcohol or sexuality. During this time, peer groups and external appearance tend to increase in importance.

For help with adolescents or for a Highland Village adolescent psychiatrist these professionals provide help for adolescent development and adolescent education. They include adolescent psychiatrists in Highland Village, adolescent psychologists, and adolescent counselors. They can help with adolescent behavior, adolescent learning and adolescent discipline.

Highland Village teen Psychiatrists also provide help for troubled teens in Highland Village or troubled teen boys and girls. For parents of out-of-control teens, Highland Village psychiatrists can help with communicating and understanding your teen. And psychiatrists in Highland Village can help with teenager behavior and teen learning issues.