Photo of Michelle McCarthy, APN, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse
Michelle McCarthy
Psychiatric Nurse, APN, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
Michelle is passionate about delivering care to individuals suffering from anxiety, substance use, and depression. Client motivation and dedication are key to utilizing the tools provided during our sessions including medication management, implementing lifestyle interventions, and therapy to help develop and implement a successful treatment plan. Relief of the client's suffering in dealing with their mental health issues and striving for an improvement in their quality of life is key to treatment.
Michelle is passionate about delivering care to individuals suffering from anxiety, substance use, and depression. Client motivation and dedication are key to utilizing the tools provided during our sessions including medication management, implementing lifestyle interventions, and therapy to help develop and implement a successful treatment plan. Relief of the client's suffering in dealing with their mental health issues and striving for an improvement in their quality of life is key to treatment.
(484) 662-4040 View (484) 662-4040
Photo of Allen Masry - Harmony Bay, MD, Psychiatrist
Harmony Bay
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
Harmony Bay Wellness is a psychiatry and therapy office that provides primary mental health treatment programs for psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, and ADHD. We offer a clean, bright environment with a calming and positive tone. We offer programs and services for both therapy and psychiatry including individual therapy, group therapy, couples therapy, and medication management.
Harmony Bay Wellness is a psychiatry and therapy office that provides primary mental health treatment programs for psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, and ADHD. We offer a clean, bright environment with a calming and positive tone. We offer programs and services for both therapy and psychiatry including individual therapy, group therapy, couples therapy, and medication management.
(484) 348-4405 View (484) 348-4405
Photo of Dr. Andrea Papa-Molter, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Andrea Papa-Molter
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
I am double board-certified in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. I believe in using both medication when indicated as well as therapy. I was trained in CBT and was given the Excellence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during my residency program. I use supportive therapy with each client I see. During my residency I served as Chief Resident and was awarded the Overall Excellence in Psychiatry Award as well as the Clinical Excellence Award.
I am double board-certified in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. I believe in using both medication when indicated as well as therapy. I was trained in CBT and was given the Excellence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during my residency program. I use supportive therapy with each client I see. During my residency I served as Chief Resident and was awarded the Overall Excellence in Psychiatry Award as well as the Clinical Excellence Award.
(215) 309-9215 View (215) 309-9215
Photo of Dr. Allen Masry, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Allen Masry
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
I am Board Certified in Adult Psychiatry and have been practicing since 2005. I completed my residency from Tufts University in Boston, Massachusetts and my Fellowship in Addictions from the Robert Johnson Wood Foundation. In 2014, I was featured in SJ Magazine as one of New Jersey’s top psychiatrists. I have experience working with adults as well as adolescents suffering from both psychiatric diagnosis and substance use disorders and have extensive experience working in both out-patient and in-patient settings.
(484) 559-7561 View (484) 559-7561
Photo of Dr. Andrea Papa-Molter, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Andrea Papa-Molter
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
I am double board-certified in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. I believe in using both medication when indicated as well as therapy. I was trained in CBT and was given the Excellence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during my residency program. I use supportive therapy with each client I see. During my residency I served as Chief Resident and was awarded the Overall Excellence in Psychiatry Award as well as the Clinical Excellence Award.
I am double board-certified in Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine. I believe in using both medication when indicated as well as therapy. I was trained in CBT and was given the Excellence in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy during my residency program. I use supportive therapy with each client I see. During my residency I served as Chief Resident and was awarded the Overall Excellence in Psychiatry Award as well as the Clinical Excellence Award.
(484) 218-4398 View (484) 218-4398
Photo of Dr. Michael Rosen, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Michael Rosen
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
The ideal client is quite simply someone who truly wants help. Someone who is willing to work where the goal is to live the best life, reach the goals one seeks, and to enjoy the journey. The details of how that is done of course depends on the individual's station at the time one seeks help.
The ideal client is quite simply someone who truly wants help. Someone who is willing to work where the goal is to live the best life, reach the goals one seeks, and to enjoy the journey. The details of how that is done of course depends on the individual's station at the time one seeks help.
(484) 946-3864 View (484) 946-3864
Photo of Dr. Michael Rosen, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Michael Rosen
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Radnor, PA 19087
The ideal client is quite simply someone who truly wants help. Someone who is willing to work where the goal is to live the best life, reach the goals one seeks, and to enjoy the journey. The details of how that is done of course depends on the individual's station at the time one seeks help.
The ideal client is quite simply someone who truly wants help. Someone who is willing to work where the goal is to live the best life, reach the goals one seeks, and to enjoy the journey. The details of how that is done of course depends on the individual's station at the time one seeks help.
(484) 878-4551 View (484) 878-4551

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Jack Castro, MD, Psychiatrist
Jack Castro
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
com I treat psychiatric disorders such depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, OCD, ADHD, PTSD and psychotic disorders.
I am a psychiatrist who works with patients who are struggling with mental health problems. I provide comprehensive psychiatric evaluations as well as evidenced and empirically-based medication management. I consider my approach to be psychopharmacologically conservative and minimalist. What this means is that I aim to minimize the use of medication, and recommend that my patients have a psychotherapist as well. I have a network of excellent therapists that include social workers, counselors, coaches and psychologists with whom I work closely.
com I treat psychiatric disorders such depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, substance abuse, OCD, ADHD, PTSD and psychotic disorders.
I am a psychiatrist who works with patients who are struggling with mental health problems. I provide comprehensive psychiatric evaluations as well as evidenced and empirically-based medication management. I consider my approach to be psychopharmacologically conservative and minimalist. What this means is that I aim to minimize the use of medication, and recommend that my patients have a psychotherapist as well. I have a network of excellent therapists that include social workers, counselors, coaches and psychologists with whom I work closely.
(302) 231-0317 View (302) 231-0317
Photo of Nadine Nelson, CRNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Nadine Nelson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CRNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Drexel Hill, PA 19026  (Online Only)
I specializes in the field of psychiatry (ages 12+) with a focus on the treatment of ADHD, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, binge eating disorder, substance use disorders, personality disorders and other psychiatric diagnoses.
Hi there, my name is Nadine. I'm a psychiatric nurse practitioner whose mission is to help you live a balanced life. My goal is to meet you where you are in your journey to get to the goals that you have for your own life. I enjoy educating patients, their families, clinicians, and other prescribers on psychopharmacology, lifestyle modifications, nutritional support and pharmacogenomics. I value conservative but effective, medication management paired with thorough evaluation and rapport-building with my clients.
I specializes in the field of psychiatry (ages 12+) with a focus on the treatment of ADHD, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, binge eating disorder, substance use disorders, personality disorders and other psychiatric diagnoses.
Hi there, my name is Nadine. I'm a psychiatric nurse practitioner whose mission is to help you live a balanced life. My goal is to meet you where you are in your journey to get to the goals that you have for your own life. I enjoy educating patients, their families, clinicians, and other prescribers on psychopharmacology, lifestyle modifications, nutritional support and pharmacogenomics. I value conservative but effective, medication management paired with thorough evaluation and rapport-building with my clients.
(484) 642-8279 View (484) 642-8279
Photo of Laura Moyer, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Laura Moyer
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Havertown, PA 19083  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a board certified psychiatric nurse practitioner based in Pennsylvania. I received my Masters from Purdue University Global and I have been practicing for 5 years. My specialties include treatment of anxiety, depression, and mood disorders base upon evidenced-based practice. My mission is to treat individuals with compassion and empathy to assist each individual become the best version of themselves.
Hello! I am a board certified psychiatric nurse practitioner based in Pennsylvania. I received my Masters from Purdue University Global and I have been practicing for 5 years. My specialties include treatment of anxiety, depression, and mood disorders base upon evidenced-based practice. My mission is to treat individuals with compassion and empathy to assist each individual become the best version of themselves.
(717) 482-6934 View (717) 482-6934
Photo of Katelin Crane, MSN, CRNP, PMHNP-B, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Katelin Crane
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, CRNP, PMHNP-B
Verified Verified
11 Endorsed
Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
I am dedicated to being the supportive relationship that you need to gain mastery of your mental health as you navigate life’s ups and downs. No matter what you are facing, whether it be depression, anxiety, trauma, mood swings, sleep troubles, substance use, or something else, I am here to help. Deciding to get help can be intimidating, but I am committed to helping you feel safe to share your thoughts and feelings, building confidence within vulnerability, and I will be there every step of the way.
I am dedicated to being the supportive relationship that you need to gain mastery of your mental health as you navigate life’s ups and downs. No matter what you are facing, whether it be depression, anxiety, trauma, mood swings, sleep troubles, substance use, or something else, I am here to help. Deciding to get help can be intimidating, but I am committed to helping you feel safe to share your thoughts and feelings, building confidence within vulnerability, and I will be there every step of the way.
(484) 263-5287 View (484) 263-5287
Photo of David Danish, MD, Psychiatrist
David Danish
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Wayne, PA 19087
I treat Mood Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Affective Disorder, Dysthymia), symptoms related to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Anxiety Disorders (OCD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, among others), Intermittent Explosive Disorder, ADHD, Oppositional Defiance, DMDD, Substance Abuse, and PTSD.
I enjoy working with clients of all ages and from all walks of life. Clients typically seek me out when they are looking for help with various psychiatric conditions. My training at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, work in area crisis centers and emergency rooms, years of inpatient work at the University of Pennsylvania followed by The Horsham Clinic, and starting ketamine infusion for treatment resistant depression, have all shaped me into the psychiatrist I am today.
I treat Mood Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Affective Disorder, Dysthymia), symptoms related to Autism Spectrum Disorders, Anxiety Disorders (OCD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, among others), Intermittent Explosive Disorder, ADHD, Oppositional Defiance, DMDD, Substance Abuse, and PTSD.
I enjoy working with clients of all ages and from all walks of life. Clients typically seek me out when they are looking for help with various psychiatric conditions. My training at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, work in area crisis centers and emergency rooms, years of inpatient work at the University of Pennsylvania followed by The Horsham Clinic, and starting ketamine infusion for treatment resistant depression, have all shaped me into the psychiatrist I am today.
(610) 999-6414 View (610) 999-6414
Photo of Raena Khorram, MD, Psychiatrist
Raena Khorram
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
I treat patients 16 years old and up with a range of disorders including depression, anxiety, ADHD and addiction as well as other mental health issues such as low self-esteem, bullying, trauma, job/school related stress, work/life balance and relationship problems.
I am a board certified, Harvard trained psychiatrist with a private practice in the Mainline seeing patients both in the office and online using a leading telepsychiatry platform. I work with patients to identify, understand, and solve problems. Together we transform that understanding into positive action. I believe treatment must be highly individualized, compassionate and in a safe and confidential environment. It is a collaboration between the patient and the physician that allows for the greatest results. Together we will determine the best treatment for you whether that is therapy or medication or a combination of both.
I treat patients 16 years old and up with a range of disorders including depression, anxiety, ADHD and addiction as well as other mental health issues such as low self-esteem, bullying, trauma, job/school related stress, work/life balance and relationship problems.
I am a board certified, Harvard trained psychiatrist with a private practice in the Mainline seeing patients both in the office and online using a leading telepsychiatry platform. I work with patients to identify, understand, and solve problems. Together we transform that understanding into positive action. I believe treatment must be highly individualized, compassionate and in a safe and confidential environment. It is a collaboration between the patient and the physician that allows for the greatest results. Together we will determine the best treatment for you whether that is therapy or medication or a combination of both.
(484) 813-4864 View (484) 813-4864
Photo of Joyce Yablunksy, CRNP, MSN, RN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Joyce Yablunksy
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CRNP, MSN, RN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ardmore, PA 19003
Welcome! I am glad you found my profile and are looking to feel better (whether it's with me or someone else). I help people, just like you, find the right medication. Whether it's for ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, Personality Disorders, or Addiction, I want to find the best thing for you and your lifestyle. I am incredibly passionate about working for my clients, just like you, to provide them with the best possible outcomes so they can start feeling better fast. I focus my treatment around providing empathy, and individualized patient-centered care/support with a holistic approach.
Welcome! I am glad you found my profile and are looking to feel better (whether it's with me or someone else). I help people, just like you, find the right medication. Whether it's for ADHD, Depression, Anxiety, Personality Disorders, or Addiction, I want to find the best thing for you and your lifestyle. I am incredibly passionate about working for my clients, just like you, to provide them with the best possible outcomes so they can start feeling better fast. I focus my treatment around providing empathy, and individualized patient-centered care/support with a holistic approach.
(267) 454-1811 View (267) 454-1811
Photo of Funmilayo Whitaker, NP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Funmilayo Whitaker
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, NP
Verified Verified
Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004  (Online Only)
I'm here for you, whether you're dealing with cycles of anxiety, depression, mood disorder, PTSD, panic attacks, irritability, anger issues, psychosis or other mental health issues, I am here for you.
Do you feel overwhelmed and pulled in different directions, unable to be happy? Are you struggling to keep up with your daily activities, relationship, work, and health? Is it hard to be good to yourself and breathe in and out?
I'm here for you, whether you're dealing with cycles of anxiety, depression, mood disorder, PTSD, panic attacks, irritability, anger issues, psychosis or other mental health issues, I am here for you.
Do you feel overwhelmed and pulled in different directions, unable to be happy? Are you struggling to keep up with your daily activities, relationship, work, and health? Is it hard to be good to yourself and breathe in and out?
(215) 608-2803 View (215) 608-2803
Photo of Frederick Stoddard, MD, PhD, Psychiatrist
Frederick Stoddard
Psychiatrist, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
Narberth, PA 19072
I specialize in treatment resistant depression, mindfulness based treatments for anxiety/PTSD, and addiction. I believe in a holistic approach which utilizes a combination of intensive psychotherapy and focused medication management when appropriate. In treatment-resistant cases, I have experience in using aggressive medication management with TCAs, MAOIs, and S-Ketamine. Therapy is a critical component of my management combining elements of psychoanalysis and CBT techniques.
I specialize in treatment resistant depression, mindfulness based treatments for anxiety/PTSD, and addiction. I believe in a holistic approach which utilizes a combination of intensive psychotherapy and focused medication management when appropriate. In treatment-resistant cases, I have experience in using aggressive medication management with TCAs, MAOIs, and S-Ketamine. Therapy is a critical component of my management combining elements of psychoanalysis and CBT techniques.
(484) 214-2434 View (484) 214-2434
Photo of Aviva Zohar, MD, Psychiatrist
Aviva Zohar
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Narberth, PA 19072
We offer cutting edge Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy combining psychotherapy with psychedelics to help those suffering from treatment-resistant depression.
Here at Thalia Medical Center, we don’t tolerate self-shame. We don’t care what you look like, the car you drive, your background, or your history. Our treatment philosophy balances meeting you where you are and supporting you to get to where you want to be. TMC's services include medication management for depression, anxiety, ADHD, substance use disorder therapy and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. We are powered by a balanced approach — curating an individualized, evidence-based program that supports our clients not just medically, but emotionally, physically, and socially as well. Now offering Telehealth in Delaware & Florida.
We offer cutting edge Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy combining psychotherapy with psychedelics to help those suffering from treatment-resistant depression.
Here at Thalia Medical Center, we don’t tolerate self-shame. We don’t care what you look like, the car you drive, your background, or your history. Our treatment philosophy balances meeting you where you are and supporting you to get to where you want to be. TMC's services include medication management for depression, anxiety, ADHD, substance use disorder therapy and Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy. We are powered by a balanced approach — curating an individualized, evidence-based program that supports our clients not just medically, but emotionally, physically, and socially as well. Now offering Telehealth in Delaware & Florida.
(610) 365-1743 View (610) 365-1743
Photo of Thomas Scary, MD, Psychiatrist
Thomas Scary
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Paoli, PA 19301
I offer psychiatric evaluations and medication management for anxiety, depression, bipolar/mood disorders, OCD, and ADHD.
I am currently scheduling patients for both in-person (Philadelphia and Paoli) and telehealth appointments. I welcome patients who are looking for medication management, therapy, a second opinion, or any combination of the above. My interests include diagnostic clarification of mood/anxiety/attention disorders, evaluation of young adults who may be seeking help for the first time, and treatment of substance use disorders that often present with other common diagnoses.
I offer psychiatric evaluations and medication management for anxiety, depression, bipolar/mood disorders, OCD, and ADHD.
I am currently scheduling patients for both in-person (Philadelphia and Paoli) and telehealth appointments. I welcome patients who are looking for medication management, therapy, a second opinion, or any combination of the above. My interests include diagnostic clarification of mood/anxiety/attention disorders, evaluation of young adults who may be seeking help for the first time, and treatment of substance use disorders that often present with other common diagnoses.
(856) 672-7720 View (856) 672-7720
Photo of Zakiyyah Muhsin-Fall - BetterU Wellness and Psychiatric Services, PLLC, CRNP, PMHNP, FNP-BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
BetterU Wellness and Psychiatric Services, PLLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CRNP, PMHNP, FNP-BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
King Of Prussia, PA 19406  (Online Only)
Zakiyyah Muhsin-Fall is a board-certified psychiatric-mental health and family nurse practitioner who treats clients across the lifespan with various mental health and behavioral issues. She works with clients of all ages and treats client with mood , addiction medicine and various mental health disorders. These disorders include but not limited to bipolar disorder, depression, ADHD, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, anxiety, panic disorder and sleep disturbance. She is dedicated to wellness, functional medicine and treating each client with respect and dignity.
Zakiyyah Muhsin-Fall is a board-certified psychiatric-mental health and family nurse practitioner who treats clients across the lifespan with various mental health and behavioral issues. She works with clients of all ages and treats client with mood , addiction medicine and various mental health disorders. These disorders include but not limited to bipolar disorder, depression, ADHD, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, anxiety, panic disorder and sleep disturbance. She is dedicated to wellness, functional medicine and treating each client with respect and dignity.
(484) 559-5691 View (484) 559-5691
Photo of Mitchell Kho, Psychiatrist
Mitchell Kho
Psychiatrist
Verified Verified
King Of Prussia, PA 19406
P.S. Psychiatry is a private psychiatry practice serving Doylestown and all of Pennsylvania. Our offices are located in the center of Doylestown Borough in the Historic Landmark Building. We work in-person and virtually. Dr Kho and Eileen Peirce work with children, adolescents, young adults, adults, and older adults. Their clients are a dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, OCD, ODD, ADHD, self harm, ODD, eating disorders, postpartum depression, mood instability, bipolar disorder, addictions, autism spectrum disorders, and personality disorders such as Borderline Personality Disorder and others.
P.S. Psychiatry is a private psychiatry practice serving Doylestown and all of Pennsylvania. Our offices are located in the center of Doylestown Borough in the Historic Landmark Building. We work in-person and virtually. Dr Kho and Eileen Peirce work with children, adolescents, young adults, adults, and older adults. Their clients are a dealing with issues such as depression, anxiety, OCD, ODD, ADHD, self harm, ODD, eating disorders, postpartum depression, mood instability, bipolar disorder, addictions, autism spectrum disorders, and personality disorders such as Borderline Personality Disorder and others.
(267) 523-2983 View (267) 523-2983

See more therapy options for Radnor

Depression Psychiatrists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.