Depression Psychiatrists in Jenkintown, PA

Photo of Vincenzo R Sanguineti, MD, Psychiatrist
Vincenzo R Sanguineti
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Jenkintown, PA 19046
My areas of expertise in Adult Psychiatry include: anxiety disorders (obsessive-compulsive, PTSD, dissociative disorders); depression (including atypical and treatment resistant subtypes); bipolar disorders; pain management and other medico-psychiatric conditions; addictions and substance abuse; problems of aging. By practicing for over 40 years I came to realize that every individual is able to change his or her way of thinking and feeling, provided the client is willing to do so. My role is to individualize which role medications and psychotherapy may play for each client, in which combination, and to act accordingly.
My areas of expertise in Adult Psychiatry include: anxiety disorders (obsessive-compulsive, PTSD, dissociative disorders); depression (including atypical and treatment resistant subtypes); bipolar disorders; pain management and other medico-psychiatric conditions; addictions and substance abuse; problems of aging. By practicing for over 40 years I came to realize that every individual is able to change his or her way of thinking and feeling, provided the client is willing to do so. My role is to individualize which role medications and psychotherapy may play for each client, in which combination, and to act accordingly.
(215) 995-0209 View (215) 995-0209
Photo of Dr. Denise Chase, PhD, PMHNP, FNP, Psychiatric Nurse
Dr. Denise Chase
Psychiatric Nurse, PhD, PMHNP, FNP
Verified Verified
Jenkintown, PA 19046  (Online Only)
I am here to offer my expertise, whether you're seeking support for anxiety, depression, or any other mental health concern.
With an extensive background in nursing and psychiatric care, I am a seasoned Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, dedicated to providing compassionate and comprehensive mental health services. My journey began with a solid foundation in nursing education at Gwynedd Mercy University, where I developed and revised curricula for various nurse practitioner programs, ensuring that future healthcare providers are well-equipped to meet the needs of their patients. My commitment to excellence in mental health care is reflected in my work as a consultant for various organizations, where I've played a key role in it
I am here to offer my expertise, whether you're seeking support for anxiety, depression, or any other mental health concern.
With an extensive background in nursing and psychiatric care, I am a seasoned Family Nurse Practitioner and Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, dedicated to providing compassionate and comprehensive mental health services. My journey began with a solid foundation in nursing education at Gwynedd Mercy University, where I developed and revised curricula for various nurse practitioner programs, ensuring that future healthcare providers are well-equipped to meet the needs of their patients. My commitment to excellence in mental health care is reflected in my work as a consultant for various organizations, where I've played a key role in it
(267) 517-8066 View (267) 517-8066
Photo of Franklin George Maleson, MD, Psychiatrist
Franklin George Maleson
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Jenkintown, PA 19046
I regard empathy, responsiveness, and respect for the patient as core therapeutic values. While I tailor treatment to the individual, as a psychoanalyst I place special importance on gaining insight about unconscious contributors to current difficulties. I also appreciate the importance of clarifying and resolving here-and-now problems. When appropriate I prescribe medications or work short-term. My style is collaborative rather than authoritarian. For many years I have taught psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to trainees in these fields. I also teach professional ethics. I have published in the major journals in my field and am a training and supervising psychoanalyst.
I regard empathy, responsiveness, and respect for the patient as core therapeutic values. While I tailor treatment to the individual, as a psychoanalyst I place special importance on gaining insight about unconscious contributors to current difficulties. I also appreciate the importance of clarifying and resolving here-and-now problems. When appropriate I prescribe medications or work short-term. My style is collaborative rather than authoritarian. For many years I have taught psychotherapy and psychoanalysis to trainees in these fields. I also teach professional ethics. I have published in the major journals in my field and am a training and supervising psychoanalyst.
(215) 821-9941 View (215) 821-9941
Photo of Mee Park, MD, Psychiatrist
Mee Park
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Jenkintown, PA 19046
I am an ABPN Board Certified, licensed psychiatrist providing comprehensive psychiatric services for adult men and women in the Philadelphia area and surrounding suburbs. I have a particular interest and spent many years specializing in the evaluation and treatment of complex trauma. My other interests involve helping those with significant interpersonal relationship difficulties, helping women navigate the various transitions they may experience in the course of their life, as well as working with individuals in the creative and performing arts and the particular challenges they may face.
I am an ABPN Board Certified, licensed psychiatrist providing comprehensive psychiatric services for adult men and women in the Philadelphia area and surrounding suburbs. I have a particular interest and spent many years specializing in the evaluation and treatment of complex trauma. My other interests involve helping those with significant interpersonal relationship difficulties, helping women navigate the various transitions they may experience in the course of their life, as well as working with individuals in the creative and performing arts and the particular challenges they may face.
(267) 460-5534 View (267) 460-5534
Photo of Irene Hurford, MD, Psychiatrist
Irene Hurford
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Jenkintown, PA 19046
MY PRACTICE IS CURRENTLY FULL. I DO NOT ACCEPT INSURANCE. I am a board-certified psychiatrist specializing in the treatment of individuals struggling to make sense of themselves, and their place in their life and in the world. I have worked for many years with individuals with psychosis, which has taught me to respect our innately human ability to construct narratives of our experiences, and the power of narrative to define our sense of purpose. I work with individuals who want to create lasting change in their lives and bring meaning back to their life story.
MY PRACTICE IS CURRENTLY FULL. I DO NOT ACCEPT INSURANCE. I am a board-certified psychiatrist specializing in the treatment of individuals struggling to make sense of themselves, and their place in their life and in the world. I have worked for many years with individuals with psychosis, which has taught me to respect our innately human ability to construct narratives of our experiences, and the power of narrative to define our sense of purpose. I work with individuals who want to create lasting change in their lives and bring meaning back to their life story.
(267) 415-8517 View (267) 415-8517

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Samuel P Wyche, DO, Psychiatrist
Samuel P Wyche
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Wyncote, PA 19095
These problems are a manifestation of Adjustment Disorders, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, Personality Disorder or Substance use.
Life is full of distractions, the expected and unexpected. Activities of daily living keep us from what we treasure most. These distractions cause problems in our relationships, at home, work, school and socially, disrupting the harmony between our inner self and the world around us. Talk therapy alone works in most situations. Talk treatments I use include psychoanalytic psychotherapy, insight oriented psychotherapy, supportive therapy and psychoanalysis. In some circumstances, the addition of medication is recommended and discussed.
These problems are a manifestation of Adjustment Disorders, Depression, Anxiety Disorders, PTSD, Personality Disorder or Substance use.
Life is full of distractions, the expected and unexpected. Activities of daily living keep us from what we treasure most. These distractions cause problems in our relationships, at home, work, school and socially, disrupting the harmony between our inner self and the world around us. Talk therapy alone works in most situations. Talk treatments I use include psychoanalytic psychotherapy, insight oriented psychotherapy, supportive therapy and psychoanalysis. In some circumstances, the addition of medication is recommended and discussed.
(215) 346-7443 View (215) 346-7443
Photo of June Greenspan-Margolis, MD, Psychiatrist
June Greenspan-Margolis
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Glenside, PA 19038  (Online Only)
I have many years experience treating children, adolescents and adults of all ages. I have a special interest also in career and relationship issues of women. My main expertise is with psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. I also have many male patients with career and relationship issues. I have expertise in treating anxiety and depression without medication.
I have many years experience treating children, adolescents and adults of all ages. I have a special interest also in career and relationship issues of women. My main expertise is with psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. I also have many male patients with career and relationship issues. I have expertise in treating anxiety and depression without medication.
(856) 242-7984 View (856) 242-7984
Photo of Amy Szajna, PhD, CRNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Amy Szajna
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PhD, CRNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Abington, PA 19001
I am experienced in providing individualized care to clients facing a wide range of mental health concerns including anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, PTSD, sleep disorders, OCD, maternal mental health, emotional dysregulation, premenstrual and postmenopausal challenges, grief, and impulse control.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Nurse Practitioner, board-certified in Psychiatric Mental Health. I am passionate about helping individuals improve their mental health and well-being through holistic, client-centered care. I offer personalized mental health services including psychiatric evaluation, medication management, psychotherapy and evidence-based complementary and alternative therapies based on the client's individual goals.
I am experienced in providing individualized care to clients facing a wide range of mental health concerns including anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, PTSD, sleep disorders, OCD, maternal mental health, emotional dysregulation, premenstrual and postmenopausal challenges, grief, and impulse control.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Nurse Practitioner, board-certified in Psychiatric Mental Health. I am passionate about helping individuals improve their mental health and well-being through holistic, client-centered care. I offer personalized mental health services including psychiatric evaluation, medication management, psychotherapy and evidence-based complementary and alternative therapies based on the client's individual goals.
(267) 459-3499 View (267) 459-3499
Photo of Samuel Stevenson, MSN, RN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Samuel Stevenson
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, RN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001
With two years of professional experience, Samuel Stevenson, MSN, RN, PMHNP-BC, has developed a deep expertise in psychiatric mental health. His clinical practice spans comprehensive medication management and psychotherapy for a variety of mental health conditions, including ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and depression. Samuel has worked in diverse settings, which has enabled him to refine his approach to care, ensuring that it is both evidence-based and tailored to the individual needs of his patients.
With two years of professional experience, Samuel Stevenson, MSN, RN, PMHNP-BC, has developed a deep expertise in psychiatric mental health. His clinical practice spans comprehensive medication management and psychotherapy for a variety of mental health conditions, including ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and depression. Samuel has worked in diverse settings, which has enabled him to refine his approach to care, ensuring that it is both evidence-based and tailored to the individual needs of his patients.
(484) 353-6037 View (484) 353-6037
Photo of Amanda Kingston - Brave Counseling & Wellness, MD, Psychiatrist
Brave Counseling & Wellness
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wyncote, PA 19095
We treat trauma, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, ADHD, and more using evidence-based practice!.
You’ve been searching for help for a long time. You’ve tried every approach to find a psychiatrist, counselor, or coach you connect with. You’ve browsed countless websites and spoken in confidence to those you trust. You crave a real connection with a mental health professional—a person who understands you and has the expertise to help you achieve lasting change. You're looking for feedback and concrete tools. A clinician who affirms your values and who you are. We've got you if you're ready to dive in and do the real work! Our Brave mental health experts love working with teens, college students, young adults, and adults.
We treat trauma, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, ADHD, and more using evidence-based practice!.
You’ve been searching for help for a long time. You’ve tried every approach to find a psychiatrist, counselor, or coach you connect with. You’ve browsed countless websites and spoken in confidence to those you trust. You crave a real connection with a mental health professional—a person who understands you and has the expertise to help you achieve lasting change. You're looking for feedback and concrete tools. A clinician who affirms your values and who you are. We've got you if you're ready to dive in and do the real work! Our Brave mental health experts love working with teens, college students, young adults, and adults.
(573) 766-4587 View (573) 766-4587
Photo of Dr. Jonathan A Beatty, MD, Psychiatrist
Dr. Jonathan A Beatty
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Wyndmoor, PA 19038
Accepting new patients treatment-resistant depression with TMS and Spravato/ketamine. We continue to offer harm reduction and medication options to meet your goals when struggling w/ substance dependence. Triple-board certified and provide a comprehensive medical approach and psychotherapy. Extensive experience treating the most complex issues that you are facing. I will help you to break down these issues and identify recurring themes that may be the barriers to your mental and physical wellness. Addiction is a medical disorder not a moral failure; together we will address the neurobiology of addiction AND its psychological impact.
Accepting new patients treatment-resistant depression with TMS and Spravato/ketamine. We continue to offer harm reduction and medication options to meet your goals when struggling w/ substance dependence. Triple-board certified and provide a comprehensive medical approach and psychotherapy. Extensive experience treating the most complex issues that you are facing. I will help you to break down these issues and identify recurring themes that may be the barriers to your mental and physical wellness. Addiction is a medical disorder not a moral failure; together we will address the neurobiology of addiction AND its psychological impact.
(610) 756-0432 View (610) 756-0432
Photo of Sharon R Katz, FPMHNP, CNS, CRNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Sharon R Katz
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, FPMHNP, CNS, CRNP
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001
Have you been frustrated with not being able to understand your thoughts or being able to talk to your psychiatric provider? Have a complex family, medical or mental health illness that has frustrated other providers? I am very experienced: 25 years of working as a nurse and marriage and family therapist combined with an additional 13 years of prescribing holistic and traditional medications resulting in significant experience seeing patients for significant mental illnesses, I work to keep patients healthy, prescribing holistic as well as traditional methods of psychiatry and focused on improving functioning at home and work.
Have you been frustrated with not being able to understand your thoughts or being able to talk to your psychiatric provider? Have a complex family, medical or mental health illness that has frustrated other providers? I am very experienced: 25 years of working as a nurse and marriage and family therapist combined with an additional 13 years of prescribing holistic and traditional medications resulting in significant experience seeing patients for significant mental illnesses, I work to keep patients healthy, prescribing holistic as well as traditional methods of psychiatry and focused on improving functioning at home and work.
(267) 762-2765 View (267) 762-2765
Photo of Danielle Giuliano, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Danielle Giuliano
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001
Everyone’s journey with mental health is not the same, so it’s important to have a personalized treatment plan, to fit each individual’s need. Often times, patients I work with have only ever been offered medication as the solution to their symptoms. I recognize the value in medication management, while also being an advocate for alternate therapies, such as TMS and esketamine. I believe it is important to establish an honest and trustworthy relationship, to ensure optimal quality care, through effective and safe approaches to care.
Everyone’s journey with mental health is not the same, so it’s important to have a personalized treatment plan, to fit each individual’s need. Often times, patients I work with have only ever been offered medication as the solution to their symptoms. I recognize the value in medication management, while also being an advocate for alternate therapies, such as TMS and esketamine. I believe it is important to establish an honest and trustworthy relationship, to ensure optimal quality care, through effective and safe approaches to care.
(215) 767-2777 View (215) 767-2777
Photo of Ife Ajuwon - Ife Ajuwon, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ife Ajuwon
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Wyncote, PA 19095
I am a board-certified psychiatric nurse practitioner passionate about working with clients to improve their quality of life as it relates to their mental health. I believe in empathetic communication, patient advocacy, empowering my patients, and proactive and timely pharmacological and psychitherapeutic interventions. My mission at Psychtitude NP is to treat you in a therapeutic, respectful, and nonjudgmental environment while following evidence-based guidelines as well as clinical experience.
I am a board-certified psychiatric nurse practitioner passionate about working with clients to improve their quality of life as it relates to their mental health. I believe in empathetic communication, patient advocacy, empowering my patients, and proactive and timely pharmacological and psychitherapeutic interventions. My mission at Psychtitude NP is to treat you in a therapeutic, respectful, and nonjudgmental environment while following evidence-based guidelines as well as clinical experience.
(267) 490-4684 View (267) 490-4684
Photo of Sudha Jairaj, MD, Psychiatrist
Sudha Jairaj
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001  (Online Only)
Dr. Jairaj is an established and highly skilled psychiatrist with over 44 years of practice experience, having worked in both inpatient and outpatient settings. While she has extensive experience in understanding medication dosing and drug interactions, she provides holistic treatments, to ensure optimal patient care. Dr. Jairaj's passion is driven by the bonds she builds with her patients and the enjoyment she holds in keeping them healthy and well.
Dr. Jairaj is an established and highly skilled psychiatrist with over 44 years of practice experience, having worked in both inpatient and outpatient settings. While she has extensive experience in understanding medication dosing and drug interactions, she provides holistic treatments, to ensure optimal patient care. Dr. Jairaj's passion is driven by the bonds she builds with her patients and the enjoyment she holds in keeping them healthy and well.
(215) 888-8791 View (215) 888-8791
Photo of Lacy Clayton, DNP, CRNP, MSN, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Lacy Clayton
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, CRNP, MSN
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001
Waitlist for new clients
At this time Lacy Clayton Wellness is at full capacity. You may reach out via our website to be added to our waitlist. Thank you. Hello, I'm Lacy and I am glad you are here. Are you looking for a medication provider who considers you as an individual? Listening, compassion, understanding, and clinical expertise are the cornerstones of my practice. It is a privilege to be part of someone’s mental health care and my promise to you is to make every effort to ensure you feel heard, supported, and actively engaged in your health care. I value getting to know you as an individual and tailoring a treatment plan specifically for you.
At this time Lacy Clayton Wellness is at full capacity. You may reach out via our website to be added to our waitlist. Thank you. Hello, I'm Lacy and I am glad you are here. Are you looking for a medication provider who considers you as an individual? Listening, compassion, understanding, and clinical expertise are the cornerstones of my practice. It is a privilege to be part of someone’s mental health care and my promise to you is to make every effort to ensure you feel heard, supported, and actively engaged in your health care. I value getting to know you as an individual and tailoring a treatment plan specifically for you.
(215) 999-4562 View (215) 999-4562
Photo of Venkat Chakkaravarthi, MD, Psychiatrist
Venkat Chakkaravarthi
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Abington, PA 19001  (Online Only)
Visit our website for fees, services & to book an appointment. Dr. Venkat Chakkaravarthi is a Board Certified Psychiatrist in both Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and General Psychiatry. He provides medication management and therapy services. Virtual appointments are available for patients who are physically located at the time of their appointment in Pennsylvania only (this means, you do not need to be living in these states).
Visit our website for fees, services & to book an appointment. Dr. Venkat Chakkaravarthi is a Board Certified Psychiatrist in both Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and General Psychiatry. He provides medication management and therapy services. Virtual appointments are available for patients who are physically located at the time of their appointment in Pennsylvania only (this means, you do not need to be living in these states).
(215) 798-5476 View (215) 798-5476
Photo of Ayanna Logan, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ayanna Logan
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Glenside, PA 19038  (Online Only)
Do you feel like your life is not where you want it to be? Are you experiencing mental difficulties and believe that this is preventing you from moving forward in your life? Well I'm here to lend you some assistance. Whatever you're going through, I want to help you work through it so you can be the best you possible.
Do you feel like your life is not where you want it to be? Are you experiencing mental difficulties and believe that this is preventing you from moving forward in your life? Well I'm here to lend you some assistance. Whatever you're going through, I want to help you work through it so you can be the best you possible.
(267) 704-8657 View (267) 704-8657
Photo of Richard Yudell - Complete Mind Care of Pa , MD, Psychiatrist
Complete Mind Care of Pa
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001  (Online Only)
Dr. Richard Yudell is a licensed psychiatrist with 41 years of experience. He received his medical degree from Universitat di Bologna Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia in Bologna, Italy. After medical school, he completed his residency at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is currently affiliated with Friends Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Yudell association with Complete Mind Care of PA allows him to work with CMC of PA providers to help diagnose and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
Dr. Richard Yudell is a licensed psychiatrist with 41 years of experience. He received his medical degree from Universitat di Bologna Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia in Bologna, Italy. After medical school, he completed his residency at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is currently affiliated with Friends Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Yudell association with Complete Mind Care of PA allows him to work with CMC of PA providers to help diagnose and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.
(215) 767-7444 View (215) 767-7444
Photo of Alexandria Dougherty - Complete Mind Care, CRNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Complete Mind Care
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, CRNP
Verified Verified
Abington, PA 19001
I am a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, with almost 20 years of experience working in the mental health field. I was called to work in psychiatric care from an early age, entering nursing specifically to practice in psychiatry after obtaining my Bachelor's Degree in Psychology. I aim to understand my patients' symptoms and the root of their aliments, in order to provide the most appropriate care. In addition to medication management, I have been trained in ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, as an alternative treatment modality.
I am a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, with almost 20 years of experience working in the mental health field. I was called to work in psychiatric care from an early age, entering nursing specifically to practice in psychiatry after obtaining my Bachelor's Degree in Psychology. I aim to understand my patients' symptoms and the root of their aliments, in order to provide the most appropriate care. In addition to medication management, I have been trained in ketamine-assisted psychotherapy, as an alternative treatment modality.
(215) 767-7444 View (215) 767-7444

See more therapy options for Jenkintown

Depression Psychiatrists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.