Medication Management Psychiatrists in West Linn, OR

Photo of Ana Tattersall-Cocke, PMHNP, CNS, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Ana Tattersall-Cocke
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, PMHNP, CNS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Linn, OR 97068
Navigating the complexities of psychiatric medication management can be time-consuming and daunting.
Lost your keys? You misplaced the phone you were using a minute ago and then asked your loved one, "Can you call it again?" Do you see the same patterns in your child? ADHD can run in families with symptoms that present as primarily inattentive, mostly hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both types of symptoms. Many other problems can present as ADHD, like sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, and certain types of learning disabilities. Sometimes, you can have co-occurring conditions that need to be evaluated and treated with medications.
Navigating the complexities of psychiatric medication management can be time-consuming and daunting.
Lost your keys? You misplaced the phone you were using a minute ago and then asked your loved one, "Can you call it again?" Do you see the same patterns in your child? ADHD can run in families with symptoms that present as primarily inattentive, mostly hyperactive-impulsive, or a combination of both types of symptoms. Many other problems can present as ADHD, like sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, and certain types of learning disabilities. Sometimes, you can have co-occurring conditions that need to be evaluated and treated with medications.
(971) 328-4672 View (971) 328-4672
Photo of Megan Lewis, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Megan Lewis
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
West Linn, OR 97068
I am an ANCC Board Certified Psychiatric Mental Health and Family Nurse Practitioner offering psychiatry assessment, medication management, adult ADHD testing. I also provide innovative alternative treatments for depression such as TMS Therapy and Eskatmine Nasal Treatment. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, or other psychiatric conditions, My goal is to address your unique needs and help you achieve meaningful progress.
I am an ANCC Board Certified Psychiatric Mental Health and Family Nurse Practitioner offering psychiatry assessment, medication management, adult ADHD testing. I also provide innovative alternative treatments for depression such as TMS Therapy and Eskatmine Nasal Treatment. Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, or other psychiatric conditions, My goal is to address your unique needs and help you achieve meaningful progress.
(971) 318-5230 View (971) 318-5230
Photo of Katelyn Smith, PA-C, MPAS, Physician Assistant
Katelyn Smith
Physician Assistant, PA-C, MPAS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Linn, OR 97068
In my practice, I offer a range of services, including diagnosis, medication management, and advanced treatments like TMS and Spravato.
Are you looking for a compassionate and holistic approach to your mental health? I’m Katelyn Smith, a Board-Certified Physician Assistant dedicated to supporting adults who are committed to their well-being. Whether you’re managing depression, anxiety, or other mental health challenges, my goal is to help you achieve meaningful progress.
In my practice, I offer a range of services, including diagnosis, medication management, and advanced treatments like TMS and Spravato.
Are you looking for a compassionate and holistic approach to your mental health? I’m Katelyn Smith, a Board-Certified Physician Assistant dedicated to supporting adults who are committed to their well-being. Whether you’re managing depression, anxiety, or other mental health challenges, my goal is to help you achieve meaningful progress.
(971) 791-2754 View (971) 791-2754
Photo of Lesley Arle, PMHNP, RN, Psychiatric Nurse
Lesley Arle
Psychiatric Nurse, PMHNP, RN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Linn, OR 97068
I am OPEN & Accepting new patients at this time. Are you looking for mental health prescriber who also provides therapy in the same session? I combine these two specialties so that I can treat the whole person at the same time. I also provide just medication management or just therapy. I am a board certified PMHNP for ages 18-65 years. I have extensive training in Trauma focused treatment, and am certified to provide EMDR therapy.I attend updates on medications yearly. I collaborate with therapists, PCPs, Naturopaths, and other providers who support you in your health journey.
I am OPEN & Accepting new patients at this time. Are you looking for mental health prescriber who also provides therapy in the same session? I combine these two specialties so that I can treat the whole person at the same time. I also provide just medication management or just therapy. I am a board certified PMHNP for ages 18-65 years. I have extensive training in Trauma focused treatment, and am certified to provide EMDR therapy.I attend updates on medications yearly. I collaborate with therapists, PCPs, Naturopaths, and other providers who support you in your health journey.
(503) 400-7192 View (503) 400-7192
Photo of Brooke Call, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Brooke Call
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
West Linn, OR 97068
I practice evidence-based medication management and I also support your use of alternative treatment modalities that are working well.
My practice is focused on the initiation and management of psychiatric medications, a supportive psychotherapeutic relationship and lifestyle interventions. I treat a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, bipolar disorders and OCD. I work with clients aged 14 years and older and really enjoy supporting teens and adults as they navigate the challenges of mental health diagnoses and treatment. I want my clients to be active participants in their mental health care and will collaborate with their treatment team to ensure optimal outcomes.
I practice evidence-based medication management and I also support your use of alternative treatment modalities that are working well.
My practice is focused on the initiation and management of psychiatric medications, a supportive psychotherapeutic relationship and lifestyle interventions. I treat a wide range of issues including depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, bipolar disorders and OCD. I work with clients aged 14 years and older and really enjoy supporting teens and adults as they navigate the challenges of mental health diagnoses and treatment. I want my clients to be active participants in their mental health care and will collaborate with their treatment team to ensure optimal outcomes.
(503) 966-9910 View (503) 966-9910
Photo of Annemieke Emch - Compass Psychiatric Wellness, MSN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Compass Psychiatric Wellness
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
West Linn, OR 97068
Compass Psychiatric Wellness is a Portland based clinic with offices in NE Portland, Lake Oswego and Hazel Dell. We work with older teens and adults dealing with a wide range of psychiatric concerns who are looking for medication management with adjunctive psychotherapy and lifestyle interventions. Our goal is to conduct a thorough psychiatric evaluation and make evidence based recommendations that align with our clients' preferences and needs.
Compass Psychiatric Wellness is a Portland based clinic with offices in NE Portland, Lake Oswego and Hazel Dell. We work with older teens and adults dealing with a wide range of psychiatric concerns who are looking for medication management with adjunctive psychotherapy and lifestyle interventions. Our goal is to conduct a thorough psychiatric evaluation and make evidence based recommendations that align with our clients' preferences and needs.
(971) 306-4749 View (971) 306-4749
Photo of Dr. Mark Chofla - Dr Mark Chofla | Empathy Therapy, DO, Psychiatrist
Dr Mark Chofla | Empathy Therapy
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
West Linn, OR 97068  (Online Only)
As a family and community psychiatrist, he performs respectful psychotherapy with empathy in addition to careful medication management.
Dr. Mark Chofla is a board-certified psychiatrist and physician who completed his specialty residency training at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center. After receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior from the University of California at Davis, Dr. Chofla earned his medical degree from Midwestern University: Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine.
As a family and community psychiatrist, he performs respectful psychotherapy with empathy in addition to careful medication management.
Dr. Mark Chofla is a board-certified psychiatrist and physician who completed his specialty residency training at the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center. After receiving his Bachelor of Science degree in Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior from the University of California at Davis, Dr. Chofla earned his medical degree from Midwestern University: Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine.
(503) 461-8744 View (503) 461-8744
Photo of James Trott, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
James Trott
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Linn, OR 97068
I provide assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders primarily through medication management, with psychotherapy being available on a limited basis.
I work with clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, attention deficits, life transitions, or simply feel that they want to improve their mental health. My clients are looking for a mental health expert that they can collaborate with as they develop their own treatment goals, and are willing to be intentional in their pursuit of these goals. At this time, I am accepting Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Regence, Pacific Source, Moda, Cigna, and private pay.
I provide assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental health disorders primarily through medication management, with psychotherapy being available on a limited basis.
I work with clients who are experiencing anxiety, depression, attention deficits, life transitions, or simply feel that they want to improve their mental health. My clients are looking for a mental health expert that they can collaborate with as they develop their own treatment goals, and are willing to be intentional in their pursuit of these goals. At this time, I am accepting Blue Cross/Blue Shield, Regence, Pacific Source, Moda, Cigna, and private pay.
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Photo of Heather L. Knott - Cognitive Care Medical Group, MD, Psychiatrist
Cognitive Care Medical Group
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
West Linn, OR 97068
Welcome to Cognitive Care Medical Group (CCMG). CCMG is a psychiatric medical practice consisting of Psychiatrists, Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and Psychologist with the sole focus of providing mental health care for individuals utilizing evidence based medicine and therapy. CCMG provides services to evaluate, diagnose, establish treatment plan options, education of treatment options, and care management, so that individuals can make an informed decision that is most helpful to their needs.
Welcome to Cognitive Care Medical Group (CCMG). CCMG is a psychiatric medical practice consisting of Psychiatrists, Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, and Psychologist with the sole focus of providing mental health care for individuals utilizing evidence based medicine and therapy. CCMG provides services to evaluate, diagnose, establish treatment plan options, education of treatment options, and care management, so that individuals can make an informed decision that is most helpful to their needs.
(503) 966-3876 View (503) 966-3876
Photo of Lisa Rodriguez, DNP, PMHNP-, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Lisa Rodriguez
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP-, BC
Verified Verified
West Linn, OR 97068
CurrentIy accepting new clients. I see patients both via tele-health and in-person in Vancouver, Washington. I feel it is an honor to work alongside clients on their personal journey to mental health and wellness. It is important for me to understand what a client's primary goal is for treatment, what their past experiences have been, what personal strengths they possess, and what their value systems are. Above all, I hope to work with clients in a way that is meaningful and that positively impacts their daily lives. I enjoy working with clients who are motivated and willing to meet me halfway in our work together.
CurrentIy accepting new clients. I see patients both via tele-health and in-person in Vancouver, Washington. I feel it is an honor to work alongside clients on their personal journey to mental health and wellness. It is important for me to understand what a client's primary goal is for treatment, what their past experiences have been, what personal strengths they possess, and what their value systems are. Above all, I hope to work with clients in a way that is meaningful and that positively impacts their daily lives. I enjoy working with clients who are motivated and willing to meet me halfway in our work together.
(503) 946-3734 View (503) 946-3734
Photo of Becky Gordon, MD, Psychiatrist
Becky Gordon
Psychiatrist, MD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Linn, OR 97068
I am currently accepting women and teens that need support related to focusing, organization and time planning challenges. I offer a dynamic three or four month process of: 1) assessing to the extent possible whether ADHD and/or other mental health conditions exist, 2) identifying your personal strengths and challenges related to organizational and time management, and 3) do a 'deep dive' into what many call executive function skills of the brain and explore what external supports strengthen these abilities for you.
I am currently accepting women and teens that need support related to focusing, organization and time planning challenges. I offer a dynamic three or four month process of: 1) assessing to the extent possible whether ADHD and/or other mental health conditions exist, 2) identifying your personal strengths and challenges related to organizational and time management, and 3) do a 'deep dive' into what many call executive function skills of the brain and explore what external supports strengthen these abilities for you.
(971) 231-3449 View (971) 231-3449

More Psychiatrists Nearby

Photo of Leah Bloomberg, DNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Leah Bloomberg
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97035
Waitlist for new clients
I use a combination of medication management, brief therapy, and holistic wellness.
I am board-certified in psychiatric care as a PMHNP (Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner). I work primarily with medications for people seeking relief from mental health symptoms that have impacted their happiness, connections with others, and quality of life.
I use a combination of medication management, brief therapy, and holistic wellness.
I am board-certified in psychiatric care as a PMHNP (Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner). I work primarily with medications for people seeking relief from mental health symptoms that have impacted their happiness, connections with others, and quality of life.
(503) 395-3865 View (503) 395-3865
Photo of Dr. Christopher Galbick, DO, Psychiatrist
Dr. Christopher Galbick
Psychiatrist, DO
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015  (Online Only)
Dr. Galbick sees OHP patients with Health Share of Oregon, Jackson Care Connect, and Columbia Pacific CCO. He is currently welcoming new patients and can usually offer appointment availability within 2 weeks! He specializes in medication management, and he emphasizes active listening and empathy in his approach to patient care.
Dr. Galbick sees OHP patients with Health Share of Oregon, Jackson Care Connect, and Columbia Pacific CCO. He is currently welcoming new patients and can usually offer appointment availability within 2 weeks! He specializes in medication management, and he emphasizes active listening and empathy in his approach to patient care.
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Photo of Frances Murphy, APRN, FNP, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Frances Murphy
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, APRN, FNP, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223  (Online Only)
Frances Murphy is a dual-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) and Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP-C) offering comprehensive psychiatric evaluations and follow-up visits remotely through telemedicine for adults. She provides medication management and psychoeducation to those suffering from various mental health conditions. She specializes in ADHD, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, addictions, and trauma.
Frances Murphy is a dual-certified Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP-BC) and Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP-C) offering comprehensive psychiatric evaluations and follow-up visits remotely through telemedicine for adults. She provides medication management and psychoeducation to those suffering from various mental health conditions. She specializes in ADHD, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, addictions, and trauma.
(503) 436-6629 View (503) 436-6629
Photo of Dana Jones, MSN, RN, PMHNP, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Dana Jones
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MSN, RN, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oregon City, OR 97045
Hello, I provide medication services to individuals ages 18-60 who are experiencing difficulty with a variety of mental health conditions including, ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, trauma, and insomnia. I offer comprehensive initial evaluations and ongoing medication management. My personality style is informal, practical, and sincere. You will find I put high value on laughter and the love of dogs! I utilize evidence-based practice perspectives to address emotional and mental health issues in a thoughtful, caring, and comprehensive manner, rooted in the core values of nursing. I embrace a collaborative style.
Hello, I provide medication services to individuals ages 18-60 who are experiencing difficulty with a variety of mental health conditions including, ADHD, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, trauma, and insomnia. I offer comprehensive initial evaluations and ongoing medication management. My personality style is informal, practical, and sincere. You will find I put high value on laughter and the love of dogs! I utilize evidence-based practice perspectives to address emotional and mental health issues in a thoughtful, caring, and comprehensive manner, rooted in the core values of nursing. I embrace a collaborative style.
(971) 315-4821 View (971) 315-4821
Photo of Cayley Mesterheide, MPAS, PA-C, CAQ-psy, Physician Assistant
Cayley Mesterheide
Physician Assistant, MPAS, PA-C, CAQ-psy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Portland, OR 97223
My services include diagnosis and medication management.
I'm Cayley, a certified Physician Assistant (PA-C) with specialized qualifications in psychiatry. My unwavering commitment is to support individuals from diverse backgrounds, and I'm currently welcoming new clients. In my professional journey, I'm dedicated to empowering individuals to lead fulfilling lives through effective therapeutic interventions.
My services include diagnosis and medication management.
I'm Cayley, a certified Physician Assistant (PA-C) with specialized qualifications in psychiatry. My unwavering commitment is to support individuals from diverse backgrounds, and I'm currently welcoming new clients. In my professional journey, I'm dedicated to empowering individuals to lead fulfilling lives through effective therapeutic interventions.
(503) 843-8657 View (503) 843-8657
Photo of Katie Molczan - Balance Psychiatric Services, DNP, CRNP, PHMNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Balance Psychiatric Services
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, CRNP, PHMNP
Verified Verified
Lake Oswego, OR 97035  (Online Only)
We provide psychiatric evaluation and medication management to ages 5 & up via telehealth.
We understand that you are coming to us at one of the most vulnerable and difficult times in your life. We will listen to your concerns without judgement and offer a safe space to overcome your unique challenges. We are here to help if you are struggling with overwhelming feelings of sadness, irritability, anxious thoughts, or chaotic shifts in your mood. We can assess for ADHD if you feel unable to focus or struggle with completing tasks without distraction. We are experienced in providing trauma informed care.
We provide psychiatric evaluation and medication management to ages 5 & up via telehealth.
We understand that you are coming to us at one of the most vulnerable and difficult times in your life. We will listen to your concerns without judgement and offer a safe space to overcome your unique challenges. We are here to help if you are struggling with overwhelming feelings of sadness, irritability, anxious thoughts, or chaotic shifts in your mood. We can assess for ADHD if you feel unable to focus or struggle with completing tasks without distraction. We are experienced in providing trauma informed care.
(412) 274-8510 View (412) 274-8510
Photo of Kristen Fernandez-Kong, DNP, APRN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Kristen Fernandez-Kong
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
Clackamas, OR 97015
I am passionate about partnering with patients to achieve their goals and holistic wellbeing through psychiatric evaluation, medication management, and supportive psychotherapy.
I believe that patients are essential members of their healthcare team and should be involved in making decisions that affect their wellbeing. Patients are often experts of their own body and experiences; if not, we will work through blockages disconnecting oneself from one's body to gain insights. It can be overwhelming to seek help for mental health and be vulnerable with a new provider, so I want patients to know that I am here for you with an open heart and nonjudgmental mind. Since I have worked with patients who felt misunderstood or mistreated by healthcare professionals, I intentionally endeavor to break that pattern.
I am passionate about partnering with patients to achieve their goals and holistic wellbeing through psychiatric evaluation, medication management, and supportive psychotherapy.
I believe that patients are essential members of their healthcare team and should be involved in making decisions that affect their wellbeing. Patients are often experts of their own body and experiences; if not, we will work through blockages disconnecting oneself from one's body to gain insights. It can be overwhelming to seek help for mental health and be vulnerable with a new provider, so I want patients to know that I am here for you with an open heart and nonjudgmental mind. Since I have worked with patients who felt misunderstood or mistreated by healthcare professionals, I intentionally endeavor to break that pattern.
(503) 744-6625 View (503) 744-6625
Photo of Dr. Ann Marie Buchanan-Cummings - Welina Psychiatric Health Services, LLC, DNP, APRN, PMHNP, BC, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Welina Psychiatric Health Services, LLC
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, DNP, APRN, PMHNP, BC
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97034  (Online Only)
She is skilled at psychiatric evaluations, treatment, and medication management.
VIRTUAL visits in AZ, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, NM, NY, ND, SC, UT, VT, WA, OR, MD, IA, & MT. Dr. Ann Marie Buchanan-Cummings is a doctoral prepared, board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with 18 years of experience in the Dept of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Dr. Buchanan-Cummings earned a BS in Nursing from the College of New Rochelle, NY, a Master of Science in Nursing and Doctorate in Nursing Practice from the Medical University of South Carolina. Our prescriber can prescribe all medications excluding Controlled Substances such as Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, Ritalin, Adderall, and others in some states.
She is skilled at psychiatric evaluations, treatment, and medication management.
VIRTUAL visits in AZ, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, NM, NY, ND, SC, UT, VT, WA, OR, MD, IA, & MT. Dr. Ann Marie Buchanan-Cummings is a doctoral prepared, board certified psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner with 18 years of experience in the Dept of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Dr. Buchanan-Cummings earned a BS in Nursing from the College of New Rochelle, NY, a Master of Science in Nursing and Doctorate in Nursing Practice from the Medical University of South Carolina. Our prescriber can prescribe all medications excluding Controlled Substances such as Xanax, Ativan, Klonopin, Ritalin, Adderall, and others in some states.
(678) 293-7821 View (678) 293-7821
Photo of Adrienne Elyse Harmon, MN, PMHNP, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner
Adrienne Elyse Harmon
Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, MN, PMHNP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lake Oswego, OR 97035
I provide both psychotherapy and medication management.
I understand mental wellness or illness to be a dynamic interplay between environmental, physical, psychological, and social factors with the individual or family at the center of the healing process. I work in collaboration with children, families, and individuals to provide evidence-based individualized care to attain mental wellness and improve the quality of life. I diagnose and treat patients across the lifespan, specializing in children, adolescents, and young adults. I provide holistic care, taking into consideration the diverse elements in the patient's life that are barriers and strengths to improving mental health.
I provide both psychotherapy and medication management.
I understand mental wellness or illness to be a dynamic interplay between environmental, physical, psychological, and social factors with the individual or family at the center of the healing process. I work in collaboration with children, families, and individuals to provide evidence-based individualized care to attain mental wellness and improve the quality of life. I diagnose and treat patients across the lifespan, specializing in children, adolescents, and young adults. I provide holistic care, taking into consideration the diverse elements in the patient's life that are barriers and strengths to improving mental health.
(971) 251-1177 View (971) 251-1177

Medication Management Psychiatrists

What are the most effective ways to manage medications?

One of the most effective ways a patient can manage their medications is to keep a list of each drug and dosage they take. Such a list can be helpful in keeping to their schedule and can also be something they bring to their psychiatrist or other physician so that the healthcare provider has a clear picture of what they’re taking and in what quantity. Using a pill organizer can be useful for memory and organization. Patients should discuss their medications and their effects at every appointment.

What are the risks if medications are not managed properly?

A suboptimal approach to medication management can lead to potentially harmful health outcomes. Most psychiatric drugs have side effects, and if a patient is not aware of them, they may seek additional medical help or over the counter or prescription drugs to treat the side effects, which may have its own side effects, a process called “prescription cascade.” Another risk to disorganization is that a psychiatrist without full knowledge of a patient’s regimen could prescribe a medication that should not be mixed with a patient’s existing drugs.

What’s the best way to encourage someone to get help managing their medications?

It’s helpful to express concern and love for the person while framing medication management as a tool for improving their life and avoiding dangerous side effects. Offering specific examples of an individual’s failure to properly manage their medication regimen should be done with compassion and with empathy. It may be useful to break management down into parts, and there are several apps that can be used to organize which drugs are ingested, when they need to be refilled, and how they should be stored.

Are there natural treatments that can replace medications?

While there are many medications that can be vital to mental health, there are some natural lifestyle changes that can help reduce the need for drugs. Regular exercise, good sleep habits, a healthy diet, and therapy can all go a long way in symptom relief. Psychiatric medications typically treat symptoms but do not necessarily treat the cause of the condition. Many clinicians consider medications an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment in and of itself.